Legal Terms: J

The joining of parties or claims in a single lawsuit to promote judicial efficiency.

A legal doctrine making each defendant independently liable for the full amount of damages, regardless of their individual share of fault.

A legal doctrine in which two or more entities are considered to share control over an employee's terms and conditions of employment, making both liable for labor law compliance.

A form of co-ownership of property where two or more persons hold equal shares with the right of survivorship.

A public official appointed or elected to preside over and decide cases in a court of law.

A military officer who is a licensed attorney serving as a legal adviser, prosecutor, or defense counsel within the military justice system.

The final decision of a court resolving the dispute between the parties and determining their rights and obligations.

A court's acceptance of a well-known fact without requiring formal proof, such as the date of a holiday or a scientific principle.

The power of courts to examine legislative and executive actions and determine whether they are constitutional.

The authority of a court to hear and decide a case. Includes subject-matter jurisdiction (types of cases) and personal jurisdiction (authority over parties).

The theory and philosophy of law, or the body of legal knowledge and principles.

A group of citizens selected to hear evidence in a trial and render a verdict based on the facts presented.

The civic obligation to serve as a juror in a court of law when summoned. Federal law (28 U.S.C. § 1866) and state statutes prohibit employers from penalizing employees for jury service. Exemptions vary by jurisdiction but may include age, prior service, undue hardship, and certain occupations.

Directions given by a judge to a jury explaining the applicable law and how to apply it to the facts of the case.

The payment the government must make to a property owner when taking private property through eminent domain, typically fair market value.

The fair market value that the government must pay a property owner when taking private property through eminent domain.

A person who has not yet reached the age of legal majority (typically 18). Juvenile proceedings are generally separate from adult criminal proceedings.