Harlan Fiske Stone

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Chief Justice of the United States from 1941 to 1946

"Attorney General Stone" and "Chief Justice Stone" redirect here. For other uses, see Attorney General Stone (disambiguation) and Justice Stone (disambiguation) .

Harlan Fiske Stone (October 11, 1872 – April 22, 1946) was an American attorney who served as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1925 to 1941 and then as the 12th chief justice of the United States from 1941 until his death in 1946. He also served as the U.S. Attorney General from 1924 to 1925 under President Calvin Coolidge , with whom he had attended Amherst College as a young man. His most famous dictum was that "Courts are not the only agency of government that must be assumed to have capacity to govern."

Raised in Western Massachusetts , Stone practiced law in New York City after graduating from Columbia Law School . He became the Dean of Columbia Law School and a partner with Sullivan & Cromwell . During World War I , he served on the U.S. Department of War 's Board of Inquiry, which evaluated the sincerity of conscientious objectors . In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge appointed Stone as the Attorney General. Stone sought to reform the U.S. Department of Justice in the aftermath of several scandals that occurred during the administration of President Warren G. Harding . He also pursued several antitrust cases against large corporations.

In 1925, Coolidge nominated Stone to the Supreme Court to succeed retiring Associate Justice Joseph McKenna , and Stone won U.S. Senate confirmation with little opposition. On the Taft Court , Stone joined with Justices Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. and Louis Brandeis in calling for judicial restraint and deference to the legislative will. On the Hughes Court , Stone and Justices Brandeis and Benjamin N. Cardozo formed a liberal bloc called the Three Musketeers that generally voted to uphold the constitutionality of the New Deal . His majority opinions in _United States v. Darby Lumber Co. _ (1941) and _United States v. Carolene Products Co. _ (1938) were influential in shaping standards of judicial scrutiny.

In 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt nominated Stone to succeed the retiring Charles Evans Hughes as Chief Justice, and the Senate quickly confirmed Stone. The Stone Court presided over several cases during World War II , and Stone's majority opinion in _Ex parte Quirin _ upheld the jurisdiction of a U.S. military tribunal over the trial of eight German saboteurs . His majority opinion in _International Shoe Co. v. Washington _ (1945) was influential with regard to personal jurisdiction . Stone was the chief justice in _Korematsu v. United States _ (1944), ruling the exclusion of Japanese Americans into internment camps as constitutional. Stone served as Chief Justice until his death in 1946. He had one of the shortest terms of any chief justice, and was the first chief justice not to have served in elected office.

Early years

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Birthplace of Stone

Stone was born in Chesterfield, New Hampshire , on October 11, 1872, to Fred Lauson Stone and Ann Sophia (née Butler) Stone. When Stone was two years old, his family moved to Western Massachusetts where he grew up.

He graduated from Amherst High School. His father wished him to become a scientific farmer, and Stone matriculated at the Massachusetts Agricultural College where he attended classes from 1888 to 1890 and was later expelled at the end of his second year for a scuffle with an instructor. He later enrolled at Amherst College , where he graduated in 1894 Phi Beta Kappa .

From 1894 to 1895, he was the sub master of Newburyport High School in Massachusetts , from which he also taught physics and chemistry . From 1895 to 1896, he was an instructor in history at Adelphi Academy in Brooklyn .

Legal career

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Stone attended Columbia Law School from 1895 to 1898, received an LL.B. , and was admitted to the New York bar in 1898. Stone practiced law in [New

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