Charles Evans Hughes

Chief Justice of the United States from 1930 to 1941

For other people named Charles Evans Hughes, see Charles Evans Hughes (disambiguation) .

Charles Evans Hughes (April 11, 1862 – August 27, 1948) was an American politician, academic, and jurist who served as the 11th chief justice of the United States from 1930 to 1941. A member of the Republican Party , he previously was the 36th governor of New York (1907–1910), an associate justice of the Supreme Court (1910–1916), and 44th U.S. secretary of state (1921–1925). He was the Republican nominee in the 1916 presidential election , narrowly losing to incumbent president Woodrow Wilson .

Born to a Welsh immigrant preacher and his wife in Glens Falls, New York , Hughes graduated from Brown University and Columbia Law School and practiced law in New York City . After working in private practice for several years, in 1905 he led successful state investigations into public utilities and the life insurance industry. He won election as the governor of New York in 1906, and implemented several progressive reforms. In 1910, President William Howard Taft appointed Hughes as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . During his tenure on the Supreme Court, Hughes often joined Associate Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. in voting to uphold state and federal regulations.

Hughes served as an associate justice until 1916, when he resigned from the bench to accept the Republican presidential nomination. Though Hughes was widely viewed as the favorite in the race against incumbent Democratic president Woodrow Wilson , Wilson won a narrow victory. After Warren G. Harding won the 1920 presidential election , Hughes accepted Harding's invitation to serve as secretary of state. Serving under Harding and Calvin Coolidge , he negotiated the Washington Naval Treaty , which was designed to prevent a naval arms race among the United States, the United Kingdom and Japan . Hughes left office in 1925 and returned to private practice, becoming one of the most prominent attorneys in the country.

In 1930, President Herbert Hoover appointed him to succeed Chief Justice Taft. Along with Associate Justice Owen Roberts , Hughes emerged as a key swing vote on the bench, positioned between the liberal Three Musketeers and the conservative Four Horsemen . The Hughes Court struck down several New Deal programs in the early and the mid-1930s; 1937 marked a turning point for the Supreme Court and the New Deal as Hughes and Roberts joined with the Three Musketeers to uphold the Wagner Act and a state minimum wage law. That same year saw the defeat of the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 , which would have expanded the size of the Supreme Court. Hughes served until 1941, when he retired and was succeeded by Associate Justice Harlan F. Stone .

Early life and family

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Hughes at the age of 16

Hughes's father, David Charles Hughes, immigrated to the United States from Wales in 1855 after he was inspired by _The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin _. David became a Baptist preacher in Glens Falls, New York , and married Mary Catherine Connelly, whose family had been in the United States for several generations. Charles Evans Hughes, the only child of David and Mary, was born in Glens Falls on April 11, 1862.

The Hughes family moved to Oswego, New York , in 1866, but relocated soon after to Newark, New Jersey , and then to Brooklyn . With the exception of a brief period of attendance at Newark High School, Hughes received no formal education until 1874, instead being educated by his parents. In September 1874, he enrolled in New York City's prestigious Public School 35, graduating the following year.

At the age of 14, Hughes entered Madison University (now Colgate University ), where he studied for two years. He then transferred to Brown University . He graduated from Brown third in his class at the age of 19, having been elected to Phi Beta Kappa in his junior year. He was also a member of Delta Upsilon fraternity; he later served as its first international president. While at Brown, Hughes volunteered for the successful 1880 presidential campaign of Republican nominee and fraternity brother James A. Garfield . After graduating from Brown, Hughes spent a year working as a teacher in Delhi, New York . He then enrolled in Columbia Law School , graduating with a Bachelor of Laws in 1884 and ranked first in his class. That same year, he passed the New York bar exam with the highest score ever awarded.

In 1888, Hughes married Antoinette Carter,

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