Article 1, Section 3, Clause 6 — Impeaching The President

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Article I, Section 3, Clause 6:

The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present.

The Senate has held impeachment trials for three Presidents. The first was the trial of President Andrew Johnson,[1](https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-1/section-3/clause-6/impeaching-the-president#fn1art1 " For a more thorough examination of the Johnson impeachment, see . ") who was impeached in the shadow of the Civil War and significant disputes with Congress over the policy of Reconstruction.[2](https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-1/section-3/clause-6/impeaching-the-president#fn2art1 " See Michael J. Gerhardt, Grand Inquests: The Historic Impeachments of Justice Samuel Chase and President Andrew Johnson; William H. Rehnquist, 16 Const. Comment. 433, 435 (1999); Eric Foner, A Short History of Reconstruction (2015). ") In the first major impeachment trial of a President, the Senate formed a committee to adopt procedures for use at trial. The procedures adopted during the Johnson impeachment are largely unchanged today.[3](https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-1/section-3/clause-6/impeaching-the-president#fn3art1 " See Michael J. Gerhardt, The Federal Impeachment Process: A Constitutional and Historical Analysis 33 (2000); Procedure and Guidelines for Impeachment Trials in the Senate, S. Doc. No. 93-33, 99th Cong., 2d Sess., at 61 (1986). ") Chief Justice Salmon Chase administered the oath to the Senate sitting as an impeachment trial and presided over the proceedings.

The primary issue at the trial was whether President Johnson’s violation of the Tenure of Office Act was an impeachable offense. The statute barred the removal of federal officeholders absent Senate approval; Johnson violated it by removing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton without the Senate’s consent.[4](https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-1/section-3/clause-6/impeaching-the-president#fn4art1 " Tenure of Office Act, ch. 154, 14 Stat. 430 (1867) (amended by Act of Apr. 5, 1869, ch. 10, 16 Stat. 6, repealed by Act of Mar. 3, 1887, ch. 353, 24 Stat. 500); see . ") The Johnson Administration thought the law unconstitutional,[5](https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-1/section-3/clause-6/impeaching-the-president#fn5art1 " Such tenure protections were later invalidated as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. See Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52 (1926). ") and there was disagreement about the applicability of the Act to Stanton because he had been appointed by President Lincoln, rather than Johnson.[6](https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-1/section-3/clause-6/impeaching-the-president#fn6art1 " William H. Rehnquist, Grand Inquests: The Historic impeachments 228–29 (1992). ") Counsel for Johnson at the Senate trial argued that impeachment was inappropriate for violating a statute whose meaning was unclear and that the law itself was unconstitutional.[7](https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-1/section-3/clause-6/impeaching-the-president#fn7art1 " Id. at 228–30. ") The Senate voted to acquit President Johnson by one vote.[8](https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-1/section-3/clause-6/impeaching-the-president#fn8art1 " Id. at 234. ") The failure to convict Johnson seems to have established a precedent that impeachment is not appropriate for political or policy disagreements with the President; instead, impeachment is reserved for serious abuses of the office.[9](https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-1/section-3/clause-6/impeaching-the-president#fn9art1 " Peter Hoffer & N.E.H. Hull, Impeachment in America, 1635–1805, at 101 (1984); Michael J. Gerhardt, Putting the Law of Impeachment in Perspective, 43 St. Louis U. L.J. 905, 921–22 (1999). ")

The impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton was the second Senate trial of a president.[10](https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-1/section-3/clause-6/impeaching-the-president#fn10art1 " For a more thorough examination of the Clinton impeachment, see . ") The impeachment of President Clinton stemmed from the investigation by an independent counsel into a wide range of alleged scandals in the Clinton Administration. Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr’s investigation eventually expanded into whether President Clinton committed perjury in his response to a civil suit regarding the existence of a sexual relationship he had with a White House staffer and obstructed justice by encouraging others to lie about his relationship with the staffer.[11](https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-1/section-3/clause-6/impeaching-the-president#fn11art1 "

, Wash. Post (1998), http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/icreport/icreport.htm. ")

The Starr Report

, Wash. Post (1998), http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/icreport/icreport.htm .

Starr referred a report to the House of Representatives on September 9, 1998, noting that under the Independent Counsel Act in effect at the time, his office was required to notify Congress about potentially impeachable behavior discovered during the course of the independent counsel investigation.[12](https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-1/section-3/clause-6/impeaching-the-president#fn12art1 "

, Wash. Post (1998), http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/icreport/5intro.htm; see 28 U.S.C. § 595(c) (1994). The independent counsel statute expired in 1999. 28 U.S.C. § 599. ")

The Starr Report, Introduction

, Wash. Post (1998), http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/icreport/5intro.htm ; see 28 U.S.C. § 595(c) (1994). The independent counsel statute expired in 1999. 28 U.S.C. § 599. The House eventually impeached President Clinton for perjury to a grand jury and obstruction of justice.[13](https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-1/section-3/clause-6/impeaching-the-president#fn13art1 " H.R. Rep. No. 105–830, at 28 (1998). ") In a departure from past impeachment trials of judges and Executive Branch officials, the Senate voted to require separate votes to approve each individual witness offered by the House managers.[14](https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-1/section-3/clause-6/impeaching-the-president#fn14art1 " 5 Cong. Rec. S50 (daily ed. Jan. 8, 1999). ") Due to the infrequency of presidential impeachments, the relevance of the Senate’s decisions concerning the procedures employed in the Clinton trial for future impeachments is uncertain.

The constitutional significance of the Clinton impeachment experience is still a matter of dispute. To the extent the impeachment of President Clinton stemmed from behavior arguably unconnected to the office, some might view the ultimate acquittal of President Clinton by the Senate as evidence that impeachment only applies to behavior distinctly public in nature.[15](https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-1/section-3/clause-6/impeaching-the-president#fn15art1 " See Michael J. Gerhardt, The Perils of Presidential Impeachment, 67 U. Chi. L. Rev. 293, 300–01 (2000) ( “[M]ost senators who voted to acquit President Clinton explained that they did not perceive his misconduct as having a sufficiently public dimension or injury to warrant his removal from office. The former decision, coupled with Clinton’s acquittal, likely signals that there is a zone of a president’s private life that will be treated as largely off limits in the federal impeachment process.” ). ") However, the majority report of the House Judiciary Committee argued that just as perjury, for example, was an impeachable offense for a federal judge, so it was also an impeachable offense for a President because it was “just as devastating to our system of government.” [16](https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-1/section-3/clause-6/impeaching-the-president#fn16art1 " H. Comm. on the Judiciary, Impeachment of William Jefferson Clinton, President of the United States, 105th Cong., 2d Sess., H.R. Rep. No.

, at 110–18 (1998). ")

105-830

, at 110–18 (1998). In addition, the charge of obstruction of justice brought by the House alleged that President Clinton used the powers of his office to impede and conceal the existence of evidence in both a civil lawsuit brought against him and during the investigation of the independent counsel.[17](https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-1/section-3/clause-6/impeaching-the-president#fn17art1 " Id. at 63–64. ") Complicating matters further, the acquittal might not represent any particular view of the standards for impeachable behavior, but simply either that the House managers did not prove their case, or that other considerations drove the votes of certain Senators.[18](https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-1/section-3/clause-6/impeaching-the-president#fn18art1 " See generally Gerhardt, supra note 3, at 175–85. ")

The third President to face a Senate impeachment trial was Donald Trump—the only President to be impeached, tried, and acquitted twice. The first impeachment trial stemmed primarily from a telephone conversation President Trump had with President Volodymyr Zelenskyy of Ukraine in which President Trump asked the Ukrainian President to announce two investigations: one involving President Trump’s potential opponent in the upcoming 2020 presidential election and a second into unsubstantiated allegations that entities within Ukraine had interfered in the 2016 presidential election.[19](https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-1/section-3/clause-6/impeaching-the-president#fn19art1 " H.R. Rep. No.

, at 81–83 (2019). ")

116-346

, at 81–83 (2019). At the time of the phone call, the Office of Management and Budget had frozen $400 million in military aid to Ukraine at the direction of the President.[20](https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-1/section-3/clause-6/impeaching-the-president#fn20art1 " Id. at 82. ") Revelations about the phone call, first brought to light by a whistleblower, prompted the initiation of a number of House investigations that eventually evolved into an impeachment investigation.

The House ultimately approved two articles of impeachment against the President. The first charged the President with abuse of power, alleging that he had used the powers of his office to solicit Ukraine’s interference in the 2020 election and had conditioned official acts, including the release of military aid to Ukraine and a White House meeting, on President Zelenskyy agreeing to announce the investigations.[21](https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-1/section-3/clause-6/impeaching-the-president#fn21art1 " H.R. Res. 755, 116th Cong. (2019). ") “President Trump,” the article alleged, “engaged in this scheme or course of conduct for corrupt purposes in pursuit of personal political benefit.” [22](https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-1/section-3/clause-6/impeaching-the-president#fn22art1 " Id. ") The second article charged the President with obstruction of the House impeachment investigation by directing the “unprecedented, categorical, and indiscriminate defiance of subpoenas issued by the House o