Miller v. California

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1973 U.S. Supreme Court case on obscenity

1973 United States Supreme Court case

Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15 (1973), is a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court clarifying the legal definition of obscenity . The ruling was the origin of the three-part judicial test for determining obscene media content that can be banned by government authorities, which is now known as the Miller test .

Background

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In 1971, Marvin Miller, owner of a California mail-order business specializing in pornographic films and books, mass-mailed a brochure advertising products that graphically depicted sexual activity between men and women. Five of the brochures were mailed to a restaurant in Newport Beach , California . The owner and his mother opened the envelope and, upon seeing the brochures, called the police.

Miller was arrested and charged with violating California Penal Code 311.2(a) which says in part: "Every person who knowingly sends or causes to be sent, or brings or causes to be brought, into this state for sale or distribution, [...] any obscene matter is for a first offense, guilty of a misdemeanor ." California lawmakers wrote the statute based on two previous Supreme Court obscenity rulings: _Memoirs v. Massachusetts _ and _Roth v. United States _.

Miller was tried by jury at the Superior Court of Orange County . The judge instructed the jury to evaluate the evidence by the community standards of California as defined by the statute. The jury returned a guilty verdict.

Miller appealed to the Appellate Division of the Superior Court, arguing that the jury instructions did not use the standard set in Memoirs v. Massachusetts which said that in order to be judged obscene, materials must be "utterly without redeeming social value." The appellate division rejected this argument and upheld the jury verdict. Miller then filed an appeal with the California Court of Appeal for the Third District , which declined to review the lower court rulings.

Adopting a freedom of speech argument, Miller applied to the U.S. Supreme Court for _certiorari _, which was granted. The first oral arguments were heard in January 1972.

Supreme Court precedents on obscenity

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The U.S. Supreme Court granted certiorari to Miller because the California statute at issue was based on two previous obscenity precedents that the Court wanted to revisit. Chief Justice Warren Burger believed that the Court's obscenity jurisprudence was misguided and that governments should be given more leeway to ban obscene materials. Burger pushed for a looser definition of "obscenity" which would allow local prosecutions. Meanwhile, Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. , pushed for First Amendment protection for all "obscenity" unless distributed to minors or exposed offensively to unconsenting adults. These disagreements among the Justices resulted in three different hearings, pushing Miller's case into 1973.

Since the _Roth v. United States _ ruling in 1957, the Supreme Court had struggled to define what embodied constitutionally unprotected obscene material. Under the Comstock laws controlling mail distribution that prevailed before Roth, any material that tended to "deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences" was deemed "obscene" and could be banned on that basis. Roth defined obscenity more strictly, as material whose "dominant theme taken as a whole appeals to the prurient interest" to the "average person, applying contemporary community standards ". Only material meeting this test could now be banned as "obscene".

In _Jacobellis v. Ohio _ in 1964, concerning a state ban of an adult-oriented film, Justice Potter Stewart opined that the Court "was faced with the task of trying to define what may be indefinable", and that criminal laws were constitutionally limited to hardcore pornography , which he did not try to define: "perhaps I could never succeed in intelligibly doing so. But I know it when I see it ". In _Memoirs v. Massachusetts _ in 1966, the Supreme Court refined the Roth test to material that is "patently offensive" and "utterly without redeeming social value ". These precedents resulted in an unclear definition of obscene material that could be banned by government authorities.

Opinion of the Court

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Miller had based his appeal in California on the _Memoirs v. Massachusetts _ precedent, particularly its test for material without any redeeming social value. Miller believed that such material had value for consenting adults who purchased it voluntarily. Per this argument positioning such material as items of expression, the question before the Court was whether the sale and distribution of that material was protected under the First Amendment's guarantee of freedom of speech . The Court determined that the material at issue in Miller's case was pornography that could have been banned under the Roth precedent.

However, the Court acknowledged "the inherent dangers of undertaking to regulate any form of expression", and said that "State statutes designed to regulate obscene materials must be carefully limited." The Court, in an attempt to set such limits, devised a set of three criteria which must be met for a media item to be legitimately subjected to state regulatory bans:

1. whether the average person, applying contemporary community standards , would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest;
2. whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct or excretory functions, as specifically defined by applicable state law; and
3. whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary , artistic , political , or scientific value.

This test clarified the definition of obscenity originally set out in the Memoirs precedent. This three-part analysis became known as the Miller test .

The result of the ruling was that the Supreme Court overturned Miller's criminal conviction and remanded the case back to the California Superior Court for reconsideration of whether Miller had committed a misdemeanor. On overturning Miller's conviction, the Court stated: "Under the holdings announced today, no one w

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