United States v. Visa U.S.A., Inc., Visa International Corp., and Mastercard International, Incorporated

How courts have described this case

Verbatim parenthetical descriptions written by other courts when citing this decision. Ranked by citation-network relevance.

• holding that after demonstrating market power, the government must show that “defendants’ actions have had substantial adverse effects on competition” (emphasis supplied)
• explaining that defendants “must provide a procompetitive justification for the challenged restraint” and sustaining the district court’s finding that “no evidence” showed that the restraint advanced the proffered justifications
• noting “there are no products reasonably interchangeable ... with the network services provided by the four major brands”
• affirming the district court’s determination that “there are no products reasonably interchangeable ... with the network services provided by the four major brands”
• affirming district court’s finding that defendants had harmed competition because “product innovation ... ha[d] been stunted by the challenged policies”
• finding market power where defendants had 47% and 26% shares in the relevant market

Source: CourtListener parenthetical corpus (CC0).