United States v. Ronald Berkowitz, Paul D'alessandro, Kevin Van Coughnett, Bisan Vafaie, and Wendall Howell

How courts have described this case

Verbatim parenthetical descriptions written by other courts when citing this decision. Ranked by citation-network relevance.

• finding that defenses, noninvolvement in the criminal activity, not mutually exclusive
• finding that defenses, noninvolvement in the criminal activity, not mutually exclusive
• finding that defenses, noninvolvement in the criminal activity, not mutually exclusive
• explaining that “although defendants’ versions were in conflict, their defenses did not compel the jury to believe one defendant at the expense of the other in order to reach a verdict”
• stating that defenses are mutually antagonistic when the essence or core of the defenses are in conflict to such a degree that the jury in order to believe the core of one defense must necessarily disbelieve the core of the other
• defenses must be “more than merely antagonistic — they must be antagonistic to the point of being mutually exclusive”

Source: CourtListener parenthetical corpus (CC0).