United States v. Rodriguez-Enriquez

How courts have described this case

Verbatim parenthetical descriptions written by other courts when citing this decision. Ranked by citation-network relevance.

• concluding that “the adjective physical must refer to the mechanism by which the force is imparted to the ‘person of another’” because it “seems highly unlikely” that it “is being used to distinguish the described force from a force generated by emotion, psychology, religion, or rhetoric”
• exposing a victim to hazardous chemicals or poison is not “physical force” without using some actual kinetic force to cause the harm
• defining “physical” force through the “mechanism by which the force is imparted”: “[k]inetic energy from [a] fist, bat, or projectile” as opposed to poison, whose effect “is achieved by chemical means, not mechanical impact”
• “[T]he adjective physical must refer to the mechanism by which the force is imparted to the ‘person of another.’”

Source: CourtListener parenthetical corpus (CC0).