United States v. Gilbert Frazier, United States of America v. Aaron Singleton, United States of America v. Dionne Pettus

How courts have described this case

Verbatim parenthetical descriptions written by other courts when citing this decision. Ranked by citation-network relevance.

• noting that rational basis review applies “absent a racially discriminatory purpose, explicit or inferable, on the part of the [decisionmaker].”
• noting that “even conscious awareness” that the law will have a racially disparate impact does not invalidate law, so long as “that awareness played no causal role” in the passage of the law
• “Even conscious awareness on the part of the legislature that the law will have a racially disparate impact does not invalidate an otherwise valid law, so long as that awareness played no causal role in the passage of the statute.”

Source: CourtListener parenthetical corpus (CC0).