Specter v. United States

How courts have described this case

Verbatim parenthetical descriptions written by other courts when citing this decision. Ranked by citation-network relevance.

• holding that \[l]iability for improper custom may not be predicated on isolated or sporadic incidents\
• holding that plaintiff prove the existence of a widespread policy or custom as a matter of fact
• holding that a Monell policy must be 16 founded on practices of sufficient duration, frequency, and consistency
• holding that police chief may be considered final 4 policymaker in some circumstances, but individual police officers who shot plaintiff’s father were 5 not officials with final policymaking authority
• holding that Monell liability cannot be predicated on isolated or sporadic incidents
• ruling that a city council’s decision to pay punitive 11 damages to victims of constitutional deprivations committed by its subordinates did not constitute 12 a decision to approve the subordinates’ conduct, and thus fell short of ratification

Source: CourtListener parenthetical corpus (CC0).