Federal Case

How courts have described this case

Verbatim parenthetical descriptions written by other courts when citing this decision. Ranked by citation-network relevance.

• holding that statistical evidence is insufficient to raise an inference of intent notwithstanding evidence that officers were trained to consider race as a factor in stopping drivers
• concluding that without reliable comparison data, plaintiffs statistics did not show discriminatory effect
• holding that a supervisory defendant to a § 1983 suit would be deemed sufficiently involved if he “directed the conduct causing the constitutional violation, or if it occurred with his knowledge or consent.”
• stating that the “welcome visitor” prong of the right to travel is “expressly protected by Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution”
• finding that the first prong was met when the plaintiff proved he was similarly situated to one other individual who was not pulled over
• finding that even though officer stated that one can never tell with “you people” during the stop, racially insensitive remarks by themselves do not violate the constitution

Source: CourtListener parenthetical corpus (CC0).