George Thomas Franklin v. Jim Fox Martin Murray Robert Morse Bryan Cassandro John Cuneo, Sergeant Eileen Franklin-Lipsker

How courts have described this case

Verbatim parenthetical descriptions written by other courts when citing this decision. Ranked by citation-network relevance.

• recognizing four 5 tests articulated by Supreme Court in analyzing whether a private party’s actions amount to state 6 action
• holding that under the joint action test, “[a] 19 plaintiff may demonstrate joint action by proving the existence of a conspiracy or by showing that 20 the private party was ‘a willful participant in joint action with the State or its agents’”
• noting that civil rights claims under 42 U.S.C. Section 1983 generally do not lie against a private 28 individual or business entity that does not act under color of state law
• describing four tests to determine 19 when private actor may be deemed to act under color of state law
• outlining four potential circumstances in which private action can amount to state 1 action for purposes of § 1983
• noting, generally, 25 that Section 1983 claims do not lie against a private individuals or business entity that does not act under color of state law

Source: CourtListener parenthetical corpus (CC0).