David Knickerbocker v. City of Stockton, a California Municipal Corporation, George Lerner, Ralph Womack and Kenneth Wilbon

How courts have described this case

Verbatim parenthetical descriptions written by other courts when citing this decision. Ranked by citation-network relevance.

• requiring that retaliation be a “substantial factor” in adverse action
• holding same in the FLSA retaliation context
• requiring retaliation to be a “substantial factor” in adverse employment action
• applying “but for” standard for 27 causation during trial and on appeal
• “It is the defendant’s affirmative burden to prove that it would have taken the adverse action if the proper reason alone had existed.”
• adverse action closely 12 following protected activity can support inference of retaliation

Source: CourtListener parenthetical corpus (CC0).