Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Farmers Union Cooperative Exchange

How courts have described this case

Verbatim parenthetical descriptions written by other courts when citing this decision. Ranked by citation-network relevance.

• holding that the burden is on the plaintiff to establish as a matter of law whether an official is a final policymaker
• ruling that informal policy of harassing and intimidating jail staff members who exercise First Amendment rights to reveal wrongdoing by coworkers is attributable to county
• holding that, for the municipality to be liable, the official must be responsible for making policy with respect to the challenged conduct
• concluding that sheriff was the county’s final policy-maker and that such a finding “would suffice for the imposition of liability on the County”
• holding that the question of whether an official is a final policymaker under state law is a question of law on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof
• holding that a municipality “cannot properly be held liable . . . unless the injury was inflicted by [its] lawmakers or by those whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy.”

Source: CourtListener parenthetical corpus (CC0).