Alison Palmer v. George P. Shultz, as Secretary of State. Marguerite Cooper v. George P. Shultz, as Secretary of State

How courts have described this case

Verbatim parenthetical descriptions written by other courts when citing this decision. Ranked by citation-network relevance.

• noting that Supreme Court has not established “an exact legal threshold at which statistical evidence, standing alone, establishes an inference of discrimination”
• suggesting that a \5% probability of randomness\ in disparate outcomes would raise an inference of intentional discrimination under Title VII
• noting that a finding of significance at the .05 level, which corresponds to a difference of 1.96 standard deviations under a two-tailed test, is significant enough to create an inference of discrimination
• explaining that, while a plaintiff may rely entirely on statistical evidence, a “Title VII pattern and practice case[ ] need not rely on statistical evidence alone”
• noting that “statistical evidence meeting the .05 level of significance is certainly sufficient to support an inference of discrimination” (citation, internal quotation marks, and alterations omitted)
• noting the admissions of an Undersecretary of State regarding the fact the Foreign Service “had a long way to go” to correct biased attitudes

Source: CourtListener parenthetical corpus (CC0).