Alejandro Cruz-Guzman, as guardian and next friend of his minor children v. State of Minnesota, ...

Syllabus

1. The certified question from the district court is reformulated to read as follows: Are racial imbalances in Minneapolis and Saint Paul public schools, as compared to other schools in the same school district, sufficient, standing alone, to establish a violation of the Education Clause of the Minnesota Constitution? 2. Racial imbalances in Minneapolis and Saint Paul public schools, as compared to other schools in the same school district, are not sufficient, standing alone, to establish a violation of the Education Clause of the Minnesota Constitution, Minn. Const. art. XIII, § 1. 3. To prevail on a claim alleging a violation of the Education Clause of the Minnesota Constitution based on racial imbalances in Minneapolis and Saint Paul public schools, appellants do not need to establish that state action caused the racial imbalances they do need to establish, however, that the racial imbalances are a substantial factor in causing their children to receive an inadequate education. Certified question, as reformulated, answered in the negative. Remanded.