Federal Case

How courts have described this case

Verbatim parenthetical descriptions written by other courts when citing this decision. Ranked by citation-network relevance.

• recognizing that likelihood that actual results will fall more than two standard deviations beyond the expected results is only about 4.6%
• noting that “risks of using a written test were substantially minimized” because “[t]he reading level necessary to understand the questions was in some cases equal to, but generally well below, the training materials used in the Police Academy”
• distinguishing content validation, which determines whether employment examination’s testing of specific abilities is related to job, from construct validation, which determines whether employment examination’s testing of general mental processes and traits is related to job
• rejecting City’s reliance on civil service law requirements for setting rank-ordering
• “Title VII explicitly relieves employers from any duty to observe a state hiring provision which purports to require or permit any discriminatory employment practice.”
• “statistics showing a significantly disparate racial impact have consistently been held to create a presumption of Title VII discrimination”

Source: CourtListener parenthetical corpus (CC0).