Proposed Rule2026-20123
General Provisions; Revised List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
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Published
October 1, 2026
Issuing agencies
Interior DepartmentFish and Wildlife Service
Abstract
We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose to revise the List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) by both adding and removing species and changing names to conform to accepted use by the scientific community. Reasons for the proposed changes to the list include adding species based on new taxonomy and new evidence of natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories, removing species no longer known to occur within the United States or U.S. territories, and changing names to reflect currently accepted taxonomy and nomenclature. The net increase of 25 species (32 added and 7 removed) would bring the total number of species protected by the MBTA to 1,131. We also propose to revise the names of species subject to specific migratory bird permit regulations to reflect currently accepted taxonomy and nomenclature. We are taking this proposed action because an accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for public notification, regulatory, and law-enforcement purposes, and to ensure consistency in the use of common and scientific names across Service regulations.
Full Text
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[Federal Register Volume 91, Number 189 (Thursday, October 1, 2026)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 62411-62457]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [<a href="http://www.gpo.gov">www.gpo.gov</a>]
[FR Doc No: 2026-20123]
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Parts 10 and 21
[Docket No. FWS-HQ-MB-2026-0133; FXMB12320900000-267-FF9M30000]
RIN 1018-BI13
General Provisions; Revised List of Birds Protected by the
Migratory Bird Treaty Act
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Proposed rule.
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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose to
revise the List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
(MBTA) by both adding and removing species and changing names to
conform to accepted use by the scientific community. Reasons for the
proposed changes to the list include adding species based on new
taxonomy and new evidence of natural occurrence in the United States or
U.S. territories, removing species no longer known to occur within the
United States or U.S. territories, and changing names to reflect
currently accepted taxonomy and nomenclature. The net increase of 25
species (32 added and 7 removed) would bring the total number of
species protected by the MBTA to 1,131. We also propose to revise the
names of species subject to specific migratory bird permit regulations
to reflect currently accepted taxonomy and nomenclature. We are taking
this proposed action because an accurate and up-to-date list of species
protected by the MBTA is essential for public notification, regulatory,
and law-enforcement purposes, and to ensure consistency in the use of
common and scientific names across Service regulations.
DATES: We will accept comments received or postmarked on or before
November 30, 2026. Comments submitted electronically using the Federal
eRulemaking Portal (see ADDRESSES, below) must be received by 11:59
p.m. Eastern Time on the closing date.
ADDRESSES: You may submit comments by one of the following methods: (1)
Electronically: Go to the Federal eRulemaking Portal: <a href="https://www.regulations.gov">https://www.regulations.gov</a>. In the Search box, enter FWS-HQ-MB-2026-0133,
which is the docket number for this rulemaking. Then, click on the
Search button. On the resulting page, in the Search panel on the left
side of the screen, under the Document Type heading, click on the
Proposed Rule box to locate this document. You may submit a comment by
clicking on ``Comment.''
(2) By hard copy: Submit by U.S. mail or hand-delivery to: Public
Comments Processing, Attn: FWS-HQ-MB-2026-0133, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, MS: PRB/3W, 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041-3803.
We request that you send comments only by the methods described
above. We will post all comments on <a href="https://www.regulations.gov">https://www.regulations.gov</a>. This
generally means that we will post any personal information you provide
us.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Eric L. Kershner, Chief, Division of
Bird Conservation, Permits, and Regulations; Migratory Bird Program;
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; MS:MB; 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls
Church, VA 22041-3803; (571) 565-0109. Individuals in the United States
who are deaf, deafblind, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability
may dial 711 (TTY, TDD, or TeleBraille) to access telecommunications
relay services. Individuals outside the United States should use the
relay services offered within their country to make international calls
to the point-of-contact in the United States. Please see Docket No.
FWS-HQ-MB-2026-0133 on <a href="https://www.regulations.gov">https://www.regulations.gov</a> for a document that
summarizes this proposed rule.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (50 CFR
10.13)
Statutory Authority for Maintaining and Revising the List of Birds
Protected by the MBTA
The Service (as delegated by the Secretary of the Interior) has the
statutory authority and responsibility to implement and enforce the
MBTA (16 U.S.C. 703-712), the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978
(Pub. L. 95-616; 16 U.S.C. 742l), and the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956
(16 U.S.C. 742a-742j, not including 742d-1). The MBTA implements
conventions (bilateral treaties) between the United States and four
neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as
follows:
(1) Canada: Convention between the United States and Great Britain
[on behalf of Canada] for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16,
1916, 39 Stat. 1702 (T.S. No. 628), as amended by Protocol between the
Government of the United States and the Government of Canada Amending
the 1916 Convention between the United Kingdom and the United States of
America for the Protection of Migratory Birds, Sen. Treaty Doc. 104-28
(December 14, 1995);
(2) Mexico: Convention between the United States and Mexico for the
Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, 50
Stat. 1311 (T.S. No. 912), as amended March 10, 1972 (23 U.S.T. 260;
T.I.A.S. 7302), and by Protocol with Mexico amending Convention for
Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, Sen. Treaty Doc. 105-26
(May 5, 1997);
(3) Japan: Convention between the Government of the United States
of America and the Government of Japan for the Protection of Migratory
Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March
4, 1972, 25 U.S.T. 3329 (T.I.A.S. No. 7990); and
(4) Russia: Convention between the United States of America and the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning the Conservation of
Migratory Birds and Their Environment, November 19, 1976, 29 U.S.T.
4647 (T.I.A.S. No. 9073).
[[Page 62412]]
What is the purpose of this proposed rulemaking?
Our purpose is to inform the public of updates to the list of
species protected by the MBTA and its implementing regulations. These
regulations are found in title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations
(CFR) at parts 10, 20, 21, and 92. We regulate the taking, possession,
transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of
birds protected by the MBTA. An accurate and up-to-date list of species
protected by the MBTA is essential for notifying the public and other
Federal, State, Tribal, and Territorial agencies of which species are
subject to regulatory protections.
Why is this amendment of the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA
necessary?
The amendments we are proposing are needed to:
(1) Add 13 species based on new distributional records documenting
their natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories since
2022;
(2) Add 19 species newly recognized because of recent taxonomic
changes;
(3) Remove seven species not known to occur within the boundaries
of the United States or U.S. territories because of recent taxonomic
changes;
(4) Change the common (English) names of 25 species to conform to
accepted use;
(5) Change the scientific names of 32 species to conform to
accepted use;
(6) Correct the spelling of one species name on the alphabetized
list; and
(7) Correct the spelling of one species name on the taxonomic list.
The List of Birds Protected by the MBTA (50 CFR 10.13) was last
revised on July 31, 2023 (88 FR 49310). The amendments proposed in this
rule are necessitated by three published supplements to the 7th (1998)
edition of the American Ornithologists' Union (AOU, now recognized as
the American Ornithological Society (AOS)) Checklist of North American
Birds (AOS 2023, 2024, 2025, and 2026 (in press)) and the 2016, 2023,
2024, and 2025 publications of the Clements Checklist of Birds of the
World (Clements et al. 2016, 2023, 2024, and 2025).
What scientific authorities are used to amend the List of Birds
Protected by the MBTA?
Although bird names (common and scientific) are relatively stable,
staying current with standardized use is necessary to avoid confusion
in communications. In making our determinations, we primarily relied on
the AOS's Checklist of North American birds (AOU 1998), as amended
annually (AOS 2023, 2024, 2025, and 2026 (in press)), on matters of
taxonomy, nomenclature, and the sequence of species and other higher
taxonomic categories (Orders, Families, Subfamilies) for species that
occur in North America. The AOS Checklist of North American Birds
(Checklist), developed by the AOS Committee on Classification and
Nomenclature, has been the recognized taxonomic authority for North
American birds since publication of the first edition of the Checklist
in 1886. The committee compiles the taxonomic foundation for
ornithology in North America by evaluating and publishing the latest
scientific developments in the systematics, classification,
nomenclature, and distribution of North American birds. Thus, the AOS
Checklist represents the best scientific information available for
developing the North American component of this List of Birds Protected
by the MBTA. In keeping with the increasing number of study areas on
which taxonomy relies, the committee incorporates expertise in
phylogenetics, genomics, vocalizations, morphology, behavior, and
geographical distribution, as well as general ornithological knowledge.
The AOS Checklist contains all bird species that have occurred in North
America from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and
the Hawaiian Islands, and includes distributional information for each
species, which specifies whether the species is known to occur in the
United States. The committee also keeps and updates a list of species
known to occur in the United States.
For the species that occur in the U.S. territories outside the
geographic area covered by the AOS Checklist, we relied primarily on
the Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements Checklist)
(Clements et al. 2007), the Clements Checklist 2016, 2023, 2024, and
2025 installment of updates and corrections (Clements et al. 2016,
2023, 2024, and 2025), and other peer-reviewed literature where
appropriate. The Clements Checklist is a list of all known bird species
in the world and is maintained and updated annually by the Cornell
Laboratory of Ornithology (CLO). The CLO relies on different regional
ornithological authorities to compile the Clements Checklist, using the
AOS for the western hemisphere. Taxonomy and nomenclature are the
primary focus of the Clements Checklist. Range descriptions are
maintained and updated based on the best available information, but do
not include records of vagrancy.
Although we primarily rely on the above sources, when informed
taxonomic opinion is inconsistent or controversial, we evaluate
available published and unpublished information and come to our own
conclusion regarding the validity of taxa and whether to include
taxonomic changes. For example, we include the Purple Swamphen,
Porphyrio porphyrio, as classified by the AOS, even though the Clements
Checklist splits this taxon into six species. Distinguishing
characteristics within the Purple Swamphen clade are widely studied
across its global range, yet scientific evidence remains inconclusive,
leaving experts divided on how best to split these taxa. Because this
taxonomy is complex and subject to ongoing revision, we chose to follow
the AOS treatment of a single species, Purple Swamphen, Porphyrio
porphyrio. We also evaluate available information for new species
documented to occur naturally in the United States or U.S. territories
and come to our own conclusion regarding whether to add those species
to the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA.
A 2025 publication, AviList: a unified global bird checklist
(Rheindt et al. 2025), introduced a new global bird checklist, known as
AviList, which has a single taxonomy for birds across the world. The
scientific authorities cited above, and who are referenced for amending
the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA, participated in the
development of AviList. While these authorities may one day align with
AviList, currently, there are several differences in classification and
nomenclature, and we decided to consider developing a process to align
with AviList in subsequent updates. Notably, we include updates at the
subfamily level, which enables us to track when a family included in
one of the bilateral treaties is subsumed into another as a subfamily,
ensuring that species within the family, as originally included in the
treaty, are appropriately protected under the MBTA.
For this update, we reviewed 13 species that were added to the AOS
Checklist based on new natural distribution in the United States or
U.S. territories (AOS 2023, 2024, 2025, and 2026(in press)). Based on
the available evidence and criteria we use to identify individual
species that qualify for protection by the MBTA (see below), we propose
to add 12 of the 13 species. We elected not to add one of the 13
species, Eurasian Goshawk, Accipiter gentilis. In 2023, AOS split
Northern Goshawk,
[[Page 62413]]
Accipiter gentilis, into American Goshawk, Accipiter atricapillus,
which regularly occurs in the United States, and Eurasian Goshawk,
Accipiter gentilis (AOS 2023). The distribution statement for Eurasian
Goshawk includes two extralimital records in the United States from
Alaska in 2001 (AOS 2023), the details of which are included in a 2015
Service report (Schwitters 2015). When we reviewed the details of the
published records, we found insufficient evidence to conclusively
identify the birds as Eurasian Goshawks and therefore do not propose to
add this species at this time. We may revisit this decision not to add
the Eurasian Goshawk in a subsequent update if there is new evidence of
its natural occurrence in the United States.
We reconsidered two species that were previously added to the AOS
Checklist based on new natural distribution in the United States or
U.S. territories (AOS 2020) and for which we concluded the evidence, at
the time, did not support proposing to add those species to the List of
Birds Protected by the MBTA (see July 31, 2023 (88 FR 49310)). We once
again explored whether to add Graylag Goose, Anser anser, based on new
information on natural distribution in the United States or U.S.
territories and found no new evidence since our last update. Therefore,
at this time, we do not propose adding Graylag Goose, Anser anser, to
the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA. We received new information
for documented records of Red-backed Shrike, Lanius collurio, in Alaska
and concluded that there is sufficient evidence demonstrating that the
species naturally occurs in the United States, and thus propose to add
Red-backed Shrike, Lanius collurio, to the List of Birds Protected by
the MBTA.
What criteria are used to identify individual species protected by the
MBTA?
A species qualifies for protection under the MBTA by meeting one or
more of the following criteria:
(1) It is individually listed in the Annex to the Japan Convention
or the Appendix to the Russia Convention.
(2) It occurs in the United States or U.S. territories as the
result of natural biological or ecological processes and is currently,
or was previously listed as, a member of a family protected by the
Canada or Mexico Conventions or their amendments. A naturally occurring
species is protected by the MBTA as a member of a protected family,
even if the species is ecologically nonmigratory (meaning it does not
exhibit seasonal movements--also known as a resident species). For
example, the Bushtit (Psaltriparus minimus) is a resident, nonmigratory
species and is included in 50 CFR 10.13 because it occurs in a family
(Aegithalidae) that is protected by the bilateral treaty with Canada
and naturally occurs within the United States or U.S. Territories. Any
species that is a member of a family protected by the Canada or Mexico
Conventions but does not occur in the United States or U.S.
territories, or occurs solely as a result of intentional or
unintentional human-assisted introduction, does not qualify for the
MBTA list, unless:
(a) It was either native to the United States or U.S. territories
and extant in 1918; or
(b) It was extirpated after 1918 throughout its range in the United
States or U.S. territories, and, after such extirpation, it was
reintroduced in the United States or U.S. territories as part of a
program carried out by a Federal agency.
(3) Revised taxonomy results in it being newly split from a species
that was previously on the list, and the new species occurs in the
United States or U.S. territories as the result of natural biological
or ecological processes. If a newly recognized native species is
considered extinct (following the classification of the AOS or, for
species not covered by the AOS, the Clements Checklist or peer-reviewed
literature), that species will still be included if either of the
following criteria apply:
(a) The species closely resembles extant species included in the
list that may be affected by trade or other commercial activities if
the species is not included; or
(b) Not including the species may create difficulties implementing
the MBTA and its underlying conventions.
(4) New evidence exists for its natural occurrence in the United
States or U.S. territories resulting from new or natural distributional
changes and the species belongs to a protected family in the Canada and
Mexico Conventions. Records must be documented, accepted, and published
by the AOS committee. For the U.S. Pacific territories that fall
outside the geographic scope of the AOS and for which there is no
identified ornithological authority, new evidence of a species' natural
occurrence will be based on the Clements Checklist and then published
peer-reviewed literature, in that order. Records and the evidence
supporting their acceptance by the AOS, Clements Checklist, or peer-
reviewed literature are reviewed independently by the Service before we
propose adding the species to the list.
In accordance with the Migratory Bird Treaty Reform Act of 2004
(Pub. L. 108-447, December 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 2809, 3071-72), we only
include migratory bird species that are native to the United States or
U.S. territories, unless a species not currently known to be native is
specifically listed in the Japan or Russia Conventions, which provide
their own mechanisms for mutually adding or removing species designated
for protection by those Conventions. A native migratory bird species is
one that occurs as a result of natural biological or ecological
processes. The list at 50 CFR 10.13 does not include nonnative species
belonging to families protected by the Canada and Mexico Conventions
that occur in the United States or U.S. territories solely as a result
of intentional or unintentional human-assisted introduction(s). An
amended list of the nonnative bird species that have been introduced by
humans into the United States or U.S. territories and to which the MBTA
does not apply was published in the Federal Register on April 16, 2020
(85 FR 21262), with a correction published on May 3, 2021 (86 FR
23422).
What species are not protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act?
The MBTA does not apply to:
(1) Nonnative species introduced into the United States or U.S.
territories by means of intentional or unintentional human assistance
that belong to families or groups covered by the Canada or Mexico
Conventions. Note, though, that native species that are introduced into
parts of the United States where they are not native are still
protected under the MBTA regardless of where they occur in the United
States or U.S. territories.
(2) Species native or nonnative to the United States or U.S.
territories that either belong to families or groups not referred to in
the Canada and Mexico Conventions or are not included by species name
in the Russia and Japan Conventions. This includes the families
Tinamidae (tinamous), Megapodiidae (megapodes), Cracidae (chachalacas),
Odontophoridae (New World quail), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and
turkeys), Pteroclidae (sandgrouse), Heliornithidae (finfoots),
Burhinidae (thick-knees), Glareolidae (pratincoles), Todidae (todies),
Psittacidae (parrots), Psittaculidae (Old World parrots), Meliphagidae
(honeyeaters), Dicruridae (drongos), Monarchidae (monarchs),
Pycnonotidae (bulbuls), Scotocercidae (bush warblers and allies),
Zosteropidae (white-eyes), Sturnidae (starlings, except as listed in
Japanese treaty), Ploceidae (weavers), Estrildidae (estrildid finches),
and Passeridae (Old World sparrows, including house or English
sparrow), as well as numerous
[[Page 62414]]
other families not represented in the United States or U.S.
territories.
How do the changes affect the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA?
Taxonomic changes were made at the family and subfamily levels by
the AOS since our 2023 publication of the list (88 FR 49310; July 31,
2023). These changes affect the taxonomic order of species on this
list. Specifically, new subfamilies were created. Within the family
Charadriidae, a new subfamily, Pluvialinae, was created. The Golden-
Plovers were moved to Pluvialinae, and Northern Lapwing was moved from
Vanellinae to Charadriinae, and Vanellinae is deleted. Within the
family Ardeidae, three new subfamilies were created: the Bare-Throated
Tiger-Heron was moved to Tigriornithinae, Least Bittern and Yellow
Bittern were moved to Botaurinae, and the herons and egrets were moved
to Ardeinae. Within the family Columbidae, two new subfamilies were
created: the ground doves were moved to Claravinae, and the quail-
doves, White-tipped Dove, White-winged Dove, Zenaida Dove, and Mourning
Dove were moved to Columbinae. Within the family Laridae, two new
subfamilies were created: the noddies were moved to Anoinae, and the
white-terns were moved to Gyginae. The families Spindalidae and
Nesospingidae were merged into Phaenicophilidae, and species formerly
placed in Nesospingidae and Spindalidae were moved to the new subfamily
Spindalinae.
The proposed amendments (additions, removals, and name changes)
would affect a total of 88 species and would result in a net addition
of 25 species to the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA, increasing
the number of species on the list from 1,106 to 1,131. Nineteen species
that we would add to the list are new species that have been recognized
as a result of a taxonomic split, occur in the United States or U.S.
territories, and were previously covered under the MBTA as members of
listed species (conspecific). These proposed amendments can be
logically arranged in the following five categories:
(1) Add 13 species based on review and acceptance by the AOS (since
2022), or by other appropriate ornithological authorities, and the
Service of new distributional records documenting their occurrence in
the United States or U.S. territories. These species belong to families
covered by at least one of the two international conventions that
designate families for protection. For each species, we list the State
or U.S. territory in which it has been recorded, plus the relevant
publication:
Bat Falcon, Falco rufigularis--Texas (AOS 2023);
Rufous-tailed Rock-thrush, Monticola saxatilis--Alaska (AOS 2023);
Western Marsh Harrier, Circus aeruginosus--Maine and New Jersey
(AOS 2024);
Icterine Warbler, Hippolais icterina--Alaska (AOS 2024);
Ainley's Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates cheimomnestes--California and
Hawaii (AOS 2025);
Blue-black Grassquit, Volatinia jacarina--Arizona (AOS 2025);
Eurasian Sparrowhawk, Accipiter nisus--Alaska (AOS 2025);
Gray Gull, Leucophaeus modestus--Florida and Alabama (AOS 2025);
Southern Lapwing, Vanellus chilensis--Michigan, Texas, Florida, and
Maryland (AOS 2025);
Yellow-headed Caracara, Milvago chimachima--Florida and Texas (AOS
2025);
Hen Harrier, Circus cyaneus--Alaska (AOS 2026, in press);
Oriental Honey-buzzard, Pernis ptilorhynchus--(AOS 2026, in press);
Red-backed Shrike, Lanius collurio--Alaska (AOS 2020).
(2) Add 19 species because of recent taxonomic changes in which
taxa formerly treated as conspecific have been determined to be
distinct species (i.e., a taxonomic split). Given that each of these
species was formerly treated as conspecific with a listed species,
these additions would not change the protective status of any of these
taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we
reference the AOS or relevant publication supporting the change:
Puerto Rican Euphonia, Chlorophonia sclateri--formerly considered
conspecific with Antillean Euphonia, Chlorophonia musica (AOS 2023);
Siberian House-Martin, Delichon lagopodum--formerly considered
conspecific with Common House-Martin, Delichon urbicum (AOS 2023);
Scopoli's Shearwater, Calonectris diomedea--formerly considered
conspecific with Cory's Shearwater, Calonectris diomedea (AOS 2024);
Cocos Booby, Sula brewsteri--formerly considered conspecific with
Brown Booby, Sula leucogaster (AOS 2024);
Eastern Cattle-Egret, Ardea coromanda--formerly considered
conspecific with Cattle Egret, Ardea ibis (AOS 2024);
American Barn Owl, Tyto furcata--formerly considered conspecific
with Barn Owl, Tyto alba (AOS 2024);
Siberian Pipit, Anthus japonicus--formerly considered conspecific
with American Pipit, Anthus rubescens (AOS 2024);
Western Warbling-Vireo, Vireo swainsoni--formerly considered
conspecific with Warbling Vireo, Vireo gilvus (AOS 2025);
Vega Gull, Larus vegae--formerly considered conspecific with
Herring Gull, Larus argentatus (AOS 2025);
American Herring Gull, Larus smithsonianus--formerly considered
conspecific with Herring Gull, Larus argentatus (AOS 2025);
Blue-billed White-Tern, Gygis candida--formerly considered
conspecific with White Tern, Gygis alba, (AOS 2025);
Little White-Tern, Gygis microrhyncha--formerly considered
conspecific with White Tern, Gygis alba, (AOS 2025);
Hudsonian Whimbrel, Numenius hudsonicus--formerly considered
conspecific with Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus, (AOS 2026, in press);
Prairie Willet, Tringa inornata--formerly considered conspecific
with Willet, Tringa semipalmata, (AOS 2026, in press);
American Egret, Ardea egretta--formerly considered conspecific with
Great Egret, Ardea alba, (AOS 2026, in press);
Western Marsh-Wren, Cistothorus paludicola--formerly considered
conspecific with Marsh Wren, Cistothorus palustris, (AOS 2026, in
press);
Eastern Red-legged Thrush, Turdus ardosiaceus--formerly considered
conspecific with Red-legged Thrush, Turdus plumbeus, (AOS 2026, in
press);
Mangrove Warbler, Setophaga petechia--formerly considered
conspecific with Yellow Warbler, Setophaga petechia, (AOS 2026, in
press); and
Desertas Petrel, Pterodroma deserta--formerly considered
conspecific with Fea's Petrel Pterodroma feae, (AOS 2026, in press).
(3) Remove seven species based on revised taxonomic treatments,
either because a species is taxonomically merged with another species,
either on or off the list; a species previously on the list is
taxonomically split into multiple species and the new species is not
known to occur within the United States or U.S. territories; or the
species is considered extinct (following the classification of the AOS
or, for species not covered by the AOS, the Clements Checklist or peer-
reviewed literature) unless any of the following criteria apply: It is
protected under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (ESA; 16
U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), or the Convention on International
[[Page 62415]]
Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES; 27 U.S.T.
1087); it resembles extant species included in the list that may be
affected by its removal; or its removal would create difficulties
implementing the MBTA and its underlying Conventions. In each case, we
reference the publication supporting these changes:
Antillean Euphonia, Chlorophonia musica (AOS 2023);
Cordilleran Flycatcher, Empidonax occidentalis, is combined with
Western Flycatcher, Empidonax difficilis (AOS 2023);
Common House-Martin, Delichon urbicum (AOS 2023);
Barn Owl, Tyto alba (AOS 2024);
Hoary Redpoll, Acanthis hornemanni, is combined with Redpoll,
Acanthis flammea (AOS 2024);
White Tern, Gygis alba (AOS 2025); and
Fea's Petrel, Pterodroma feae (AOS 2026, in press).
(4) Revise the common (English) names of 25 species to conform to
the most recent nomenclatural treatment as described in AOS and
Clements et al. publications. These revisions do not change the
protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they
are known. In each case, the update is described in the table, below.
(5) Revise the scientific names of 32 species to conform to the
most recent nomenclatural treatment as described in AOS and Clements et
al. publications. These revisions do not change the protective status
of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each
case, the update is described in the table, below.
(6) Correct the spelling of one scientific name on the alphabetized
and taxonomic lists:
Stejneger's Scoter, Melanitta stejneger, becomes Melanitta
stejnegeri.
Table of Proposed Name Changes, as Described in Categories 4, 5, 6, and
7 Above
[The table is organized following AOS (2026, in press) taxonomic order.
The relevant AOS or Clements et al. publication is provided.]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Publication source and year Previous common name Current common name
------------------------------------------------------------------------
AOS 2023.................... Pacific-slope Western Flycatcher,
Flycatcher, Empidonax
Empidonax difficilis.
difficilis.
AOS 2024.................... Audubon's Sargasso Shearwater,
Shearwater, Puffinus
Puffinus lherminieri.
lherminieri.
AOS 2024.................... Intermediate Egret, Medium Egret, Ardea
Ardea intermedia. intermedia.
AOS 2024.................... Common Redpoll, Redpoll, Acanthis
Acanthis flammea. flammea.
AOS 2024.................... Black-crowned Night- Black-crowned Night
Heron, Nycticorax Heron, Nycticorax
nycticorax. nycticorax.
AOS 2024.................... Yellow-crowned Night- Yellow-crowned Night
Heron, Nyctanassa Heron, Nyctanassa
violacea. violacea.
AOS 2024.................... House Wren, Northern House Wren,
Troglodytes aedon. Troglodytes aedon.
AOS 2025.................... Warbling Vireo, Eastern Warbling-
Vireo gilvus. Vireo, Vireo
gilvus.
AOS 2025.................... Eurasian Hoopoe, Common Hoopoe, Upupa
Upupa epops. epops.
AOS 2025.................... Herring Gull, Larus European Herring
argentatus. Gull, Larus
argentatus.
Clements et al. 2023........ Nankeen Night-Heron, Nankeen Night Heron,
Nycticorax Nycticorax
caledonicus. caledonicus.
Clements et al. 2023........ Japanese Night- Japanese Night
Heron, Gorsachius Heron, Gorsachius
goisagi. goisagi.
Clements et al. 2023........ Malayan Night-Heron, Malayan Night Heron,
Gorsachius Gorsachius
melanolophus. melanolophus.
Clements et al. 2023........ Eastern Marsh- Eastern Marsh
Harrier, Circus Harrier, Circus
spilonotus. spilonotus.
AOS 2026, in press.......... Tufted Flycatcher, Tawny Tufted
Mitrephanes Flycatcher,
phaeocercus. Mitrephanes
phaeocercus.
AOS 2026, in press.......... Whimbrel, Numenius Eurasian Whimbrel,
phaeopus. Numenius phaeopus.
AOS 2026, in press.......... Willet, Tringa Saltmarsh Willet,
semipalmata. Tringa semipalmata.
AOS 2026, in press.......... Great Egret, Ardea Great White Egret,
alba. Ardea alba.
AOS 2026, in press.......... Marsh Wren, Eastern Marsh-Wren,
Cistothorus Cistothorus
palustris. palustris.
AOS 2026, in press.......... Red-legged Thrush, Western Red-legged
Turdus plumbeus. Thrush, Turdus
plumbeus.
AOS 2026, in press.......... Painted Redstart, Painted Whitestart,
Myioborus pictus. Myioborus pictus.
AOS 2026, in press.......... Slate-throated Slate-throated
Redstart, Myioborus Whitestart,
miniatus. Myioborus miniatus.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Publication source and year Previous scientific Current scientific
name name
------------------------------------------------------------------------
AOS 2023.................... Paint-billed Crake, Paint-billed Crake,
Neocrex erythrops. Mustelirallus
erythrops.
AOS 2023.................... Crimson-collared Crimson-collared
Grosbeak, Grosbeak,
Rhodothraupis Periporphyrus
celaeno. celaeno.
AOS 2024.................... Eurasian Dotterel, Eurasian Dotterel,
Charadrius Eudromias
morinellus. morinellus.
AOS 2024.................... Greater Sand-Plover, Greater Sand-Plover,
Charadrius Anarhynchus
leschenaultii. leschenaultii.
AOS 2024.................... Wilson's Plover, Wilson's Plover,
Charadrius wilsonia. Anarhynchus
wilsonia.
AOS 2024.................... Collared Plover, Collared Plover,
Charadrius collaris. Anarhynchus
collaris.
AOS 2024.................... Mountain Plover, Mountain Plover,
Charadrius montanus. Anarhynchus
montanus.
AOS 2024.................... Snowy Plover, Snowy Plover,
Charadrius nivosus. Anarhynchus
nivosus.
AOS 2024.................... Brown Jay, Brown Jay,
Psilorhinus morio. Cyanocorax morio.
AOS 2024.................... Cory's Shearwater, Cory's Shearwater,
Calonectris Calonectris
diomedea. borealis.
AOS 2024.................... Least Bittern, Least Bittern,
Ixobrychus exilis. Botaurus exilis.
AOS 2024.................... Yellow Bittern, Yellow Bittern,
Ixobrychus sinensis. Botaurus sinensis.
AOS 2025.................... Little Ringed Little Ringed
Plover, Charadrius Plover, Thinornis
dubius. dubius.
AOS 2025.................... Chinese Sparrowhawk, Chinese Sparrowhawk,
Accipiter soloensis. Tachyspiza
soloensis.
AOS 2025.................... Cooper's Hawk, Cooper's Hawk, Astur
Accipiter cooperii. cooperii.
AOS 2025.................... Eurasian Jackdaw, Eurasian Jackdaw,
Corvus monedula. Coloeus monedula.
AOS 2025.................... Lesser Whitethroat, Lesser Whitethroat,
Sylvia curruca. Curruca curruca.
AOS 2025.................... Bluethroat, Bluethroat, Luscinia
Cyanecula svecica. svecica.
AOS 2025.................... Fan-tailed Warbler, Fan-tailed Warbler,
Basileuterus Euthlypis
lachrymosa. lachrymosa.
AOS 2025.................... Alpine Swift, Apus Alpine Swift,
melba. Tachymarptis melba.
Clements et al. 2023........ Shy Ground Dove, Shy Ground Dove,
Alopecoenas stairi. Pampusana stairi.
Clements et al. 2023........ White-throated White-throated
Ground Dove, Ground Dove,
Alopecoenas Pampusana
xanthonurus. xanthonura.
Clements et al. 2016........ Spotless Crake, Spotless Crake,
Porzana tabuensis. Zapornia tabuensis.
Clements et al. 2023........ Kentish Plover, Kentish Plover,
Charadrius Anarhynchus
alexandrinus. alexandrinus.
Clements et al. 2024........ Black Bittern, Black Bittern,
Ixobrychus Botaurus
flavicollis. flavicollis.
Clements et al. 2024........ Schrenck's Bittern, Schrenck's Bittern,
Ixobrychus Botaurus
eurhythmus. eurhythmus.
[[Page 62416]]
AOS 2026, in press.......... Yellow Warbler, Yellow Warbler,
Setophaga petechia. Setophaga aestiva.
AOS 2026, in press.......... Pacific Wren, Pacific Wren, Nannus
Troglodytes pacificus.
pacificus.
AOS 2026, in press.......... Winter Wren, Winter Wren, Nannus
Troglodytes hiemalis.
hiemalis.
Correction.................. Stejneger's Scoter, Stejneger's Scoter,
Melanitta stejneger. Melanitta
stejnegeri.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Publication source and year Previous common and Current common and
scientific name. scientific name
------------------------------------------------------------------------
AOS 2023, AOS 2025.......... Northern Goshawk, American Goshawk,
Accipiter gentilis. Astur atricapillus.
AOS 2024.................... Lesser Sand-Plover, Siberian Sand-
Charadrius mongolus. Plover, Anarhynchus
mongolus.
AOS 2024.................... Cattle Egret, Western Cattle-
Bubulcus ibis. Egret, Ardea ibis.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
How is the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA organized?
The species are listed in two formats to suit the needs of
different segments of the public: alphabetically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(1)
and taxonomically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(2). In the alphabetical listing,
species are grouped alphabetically by common name group (e.g.,
Warbler), followed by the species common names in alphabetical order
within the group, and then the scientific name. This format is most
useful to members of the lay public. In the taxonomic listing, species
are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the
English name following the scientific name. To help clarify species
relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of
Order, Family, and Subfamily. This format follows the sequence adopted
by the AOS (1998, 2026) and is most useful to ornithologists and other
scientists.
II. Revisions to 50 CFR Part 21
Because we are proposing to revise common and scientific names on
the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA at 50 CFR 10.13, as described
above, we also propose to make changes in 50 CFR part 21 where
appropriate. The proposed changes are purely administrative and do not
change the underlining meaning or requirements of any regulations in
part 21. The following changes are proposed:
(1) Under 50 CFR 21.82 (Falconry standards and falconry
permitting), we propose to change goshawk and northern goshawk to
American goshawk. Where the scientific name is provided, we propose
changing Accipiter gentilis to Astur atricapillus.
(2) Under 50 CFR 21.177 (Control order for invasive migratory birds
in Hawaii), we propose revising the names for cattle egret and barn
owl. The ibis group of cattle egret was introduced to the Hawaiian
islands in 1959 (AOU 1998). Similarly, the barn owl was introduced to
the Hawaiian islands in 1958 (AOU 1998). Therefore, throughout 50 CFR
21.177, we propose changing cattle egret and barn owl to western
cattle-egret and American barn owl, respectively. We also propose
revising the scientific names to Ardea ibis and Tyto furcata for
western cattle-egret and American barn owl, respectively.
III. Required Determinations
Regulatory Planning and Review (Executive Orders 12866 and 13563)
Executive Order (E.O.) 12866 provides that the Office of
Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) in the Office of Management
and Budget will review all significant rules. OIRA has determined that
this rule is not significant.
E.O. 13563 reaffirms the principles of E.O. 12866 while calling for
improvements in the Nation's regulatory system to promote
predictability, to reduce uncertainty, and to use the best, most
innovative, and least burdensome tools for achieving regulatory ends.
E.O. 13563 directs agencies to consider regulatory approaches that
reduce burdens and maintain flexibility and freedom of choice for the
public where these approaches are relevant, feasible, and consistent
with regulatory objectives. E.O. 13563 emphasizes further that
regulations must be based on the best available science and that the
rulemaking process must allow for public participation and an open
exchange of ideas. We have developed these proposed revisions and
additions to the CFR in a manner consistent with these requirements.
Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)
Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as
amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act
(SBREFA) of 1996 (5 U.S.C. 804(2)), whenever an agency is required to
publish a notice of rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must
prepare and make available for public comment a regulatory flexibility
analysis that describes the effect of the rule on small entities (i.e.,
small businesses, small organizations, and small government
jurisdictions). However, no regulatory flexibility analysis is required
if the head of an agency certifies the rule does not have a significant
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
SBREFA amended the Regulatory Flexibility Act to require Federal
agencies to provide the statement of the factual basis for certifying
that a rule will not have a significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities. We have examined this rule's
potential effects on small entities as required by the Regulatory
Flexibility Act and have determined that this action will not have a
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
This rule is an administrative action to update the list of migratory
bird species protected under the Conventions. Because of the
administrative nature of this rulemaking, the rule will have no known
economic impacts on small entities. Consequently, we certify that this
rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial
number of small entities; therefore, a regulatory flexibility analysis
is not required.
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501
et seq.), we have determined the following:
a. This rule does not ``significantly or uniquely'' affect small
governments. A small government agency plan is not required. This rule
is an administrative action to update the list of migratory bird
species protected under the
[[Page 62417]]
Conventions; it does not affect small government activities in any
significant way.
b. This rule does not produce a federal mandate of $100 million or
greater in any year; i.e., it is not a ``significant regulatory
action'' under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act.
Takings
In accordance with E.O. 12630, this rule does not have significant
takings implications. This rule does not contain a provision for the
taking of private property. Therefore, a takings-implication assessment
is not required.
Federalism
This rule does not have sufficient Federalism effects to warrant
preparation of a federalism summary impact statement under E.O. 13132.
It does not interfere with the States' ability to manage themselves or
their funds. No significant economic impacts are expected to result
from updating the list of migratory bird species protected by the MBTA.
Civil Justice Reform
In accordance with E.O. 12988, the Office of the Solicitor has
determined that this rule does not unduly burden the judicial system
and meets the requirements of sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order.
Paperwork Reduction Act
This rule does not contain information collection requirements, and
a submission to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under the
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.) is not
required. We may not conduct or sponsor, and you are not required to
respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently
valid OMB control number.
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
We have analyzed this rule in accordance with the National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA; 42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) and Department
of Interior (DOI) regulations at 43 CFR part 46. We find that the
action fits within a categorical exclusion listed in 43 CFR 46.210,
specifically: (i) Policies, directives, regulations, and guidelines:
that are of an administrative, financial, legal, technical, or
procedural nature; or whose environmental effects are too broad,
speculative, or conjectural to lend themselves to meaningful analysis
and will later be subject to the NEPA process, either collectively or
case-by-case. We have assessed whether any of the extraordinary
circumstances listed in 43 CFR 46.215 apply and concluded that none are
relevant to this proposed action and thus do not apply because it is an
administrative action that would have no impacts on the human or
natural environment.
Endangered Species Act (ESA)
Of the species on the List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird
Treaty Act, 86 are also listed as endangered or threatened species,
subspecies, or distinct population segments under section 4 of the ESA
of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.). No legal complications
arise from the dual listing as the two lists are developed under
separate authorities for different purposes. Because this rule is
strictly administrative in nature, it has no effect on endangered or
threatened species or their designated critical habitats. Thus, it does
not require consultation under section 7 of the ESA.
Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes
In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994
(``Government-to-Government Relations With Native American Tribal
Governments;'' 59 FR 22951, May 4, 1994), E.O. 13175 (``Consultation
and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments''), the President's
memorandum of November 30, 2022 (``Uniform Standards for Tribal
Consultation;'' 87 FR 74479, December 5, 2022), and the Department of
the Interior's manual at 512 DM 2, we readily acknowledge our
responsibility to communicate meaningfully with federally recognized
Tribes and Alaska Native Corporations on a government-to-government
basis. In accordance with S.O. 3206 of June 5, 1997 (``American Indian
Tribal Rights, Federal-Tribal Trust Responsibilities, and the
Endangered Species Act''), we readily acknowledge our responsibilities
to work directly with Tribes in developing programs for healthy
ecosystems, to acknowledge that Tribal lands are not subject to the
same controls as Federal public lands, to remain sensitive to Indian
culture, and to make information available to Tribes.
Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use (Executive Order 13211)
On May 18, 2001, the President issued E.O. 13211 addressing
regulations that significantly affect energy supply, distribution, or
use. E.O. 13211 requires agencies to prepare Statements of Energy
Effects when undertaking certain actions. Because this rule is an
administrative action to update the list of migratory bird species
protected under the Conventions, it is not a significant regulatory
action under E.O. 12866, and it does not significantly affect energy
supplies, distribution, or use. Therefore, this action is not a
significant energy action, and no Statement of Energy Effects is
required.
Clarity of the Proposed Rule
We are required by E.O.s 12866 and 12988 and by the Presidential
memorandum of June 1, 1998, to write all rules in plain language. This
means that each rule we publish must:
(1) Be logically organized;
(2) Use the active voice to address readers directly;
(3) Use clear language rather than jargon;
(4) Be divided into short sections and sentences; and
(5) Use lists and tables wherever possible.
If you believe that we have not met these requirements, send us
comments by one of the methods listed in ADDRESSES. To better help us
revise the rule, your comments should be as specific as possible. For
example, you should tell us the numbers of the sections or paragraphs
that you believe are unclearly written, identify any sections or
sentences that you believe are too long, and identify the sections
where you believe lists or tables would be useful.
References Cited
A complete list of all references cited is available on <a href="https://www.regulations.gov">https://www.regulations.gov</a> under Docket No. FWS-HQ-MB-2026-0133, and upon
request (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT, above).
List of Subjects
50 CFR Part 10
Exports, Fish, Imports, Law enforcement, Plants, Transportation,
Wildlife.
50 CFR Part 21
Exports, Hunting, Imports, Reporting and recordkeeping
requirements, Transportation, Wildlife.
Regulation Promulgation
For the reasons discussed in the preamble, we propose to amend
title 50, chapter I, subchapter B of the Code of Federal Regulations,
as follows:
PART 10--GENERAL PROVISIONS
0
1. The authority citation for part 10 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 668a-d, 703-712, 742a-j-l, 1361-1384,
1401-1407, 1531-1543, 3371-3378; 18 U.S.C. 42; 19 U.S.C. 1202.
[[Page 62418]]
0
2. Amend Sec. 10.13 by revising the section heading and paragraph (c)
to read as follows:
Sec. 10.13 List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act.
* * * * *
(c) What species are protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act?
Species protected as migratory birds are listed in two formats to suit
the varying needs of the user: Alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of
this section and taxonomically in paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
Taxonomy and nomenclature generally follow the 7th edition of the
American Ornithologists' Union's (AOU, now recognized as American
Ornithological Society (AOS)) Checklist of North American birds (1998,
as amended through 2025). For species not treated by the AOS Checklist,
we generally follow Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements
et al. 2007, as updated through 2025).
(1) Alphabetical listing. The table lists species alphabetically by
common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species
following the common name.
Table 1 to Paragraph (c)--Alphabetical Listing of Birds Protected by the
Migratory Bird Treaty Act
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species common Species scientific
Common name group name name
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Accentor........................ Siberian Accentor. Prunella
montanella.
[revaps]Akeke[revaps]e.......... [revaps]Akeke[reva Loxops
ps]e. caeruleirostris.
[revaps]Akepa................... Hawaii Loxops coccineus.
[revaps]Akepa.
Maui [revaps]Akepa Loxops ochraceus.
O[revaps]ahu Loxops
[revaps]Akepa. wolstenholmei.
[revaps]Akialoa................. Kauai Akialoa
[revaps]Akialoa. stejnegeri.
Maui Nui Akialoa
[revaps]Akialoa. lanaiensis.
O[revaps]ahu Akialoa ellisiana.
[revaps]Akialoa.
[revaps]Akiapola[revaps]au...... [revaps]Akiapola[r Hemignathus
evaps]au. wilsoni.
[revaps]Akikiki................. [revaps]Akikiki... Oreomystis bairdi.
[revaps]Akohekohe............... [revaps]Akohekohe. Palmeria dolei.
[revaps]Alauahio................ Maui Paroreomyza
[revaps]Alauahio. montana.
O[revaps]ahu Paroreomyza
[revaps]Alauahio. maculata.
Albatross....................... Black-browed Thalassarche
Albatross. melanophris.
Black-footed Phoebastria
Albatross. nigripes.
Chatham Albatross. Thalassarche
eremita.
Laysan Albatross.. Phoebastria
immutabilis.
Light-mantled Phoebetria
Albatross. palpebrata.
Salvin's Albatross Thalassarche
salvini.
Short-tailed Phoebastria
Albatross. albatrus.
Wandering Diomedea exulans.
Albatross.
White-capped Thalassarche
Albatross. cauta.
Yellow-nosed Thalassarche
Albatross. chlororhynchos.
[revaps]Amakihi................. Hawaii Chlorodrepanis
[revaps]Amakihi. virens.
Kaua[revaps]i Chlorodrepanis
[revaps]Amakihi. stejnegeri.
O[revaps]ahu Chlorodrepanis
[revaps]Amakihi. flava.
Anhinga......................... Anhinga........... Anhinga anhinga.
Ani............................. Groove-billed Ani. Crotophaga
sulcirostris.
Smooth-billed Ani. Crotophaga ani.
[revaps]Anianiau................ [revaps]Anianiau.. Magumma parva.
[revaps]Apapane................. [revaps]Apapane... Himatione
sanguinea.
Auklet.......................... Cassin's Auklet... Ptychoramphus
aleuticus.
Crested Auklet.... Aethia
cristatella.
Least Auklet...... Aethia pusilla.
Parakeet Auklet... Aethia psittacula.
Rhinoceros Auklet. Cerorhinca
monocerata.
Whiskered Auklet.. Aethia pygmaea.
Avocet.......................... American Avocet... Recurvirostra
americana.
Bananaquit...................... Bananaquit........ Coereba flaveola.
Bean-Goose...................... Taiga Bean-Goose.. Anser fabalis.
Tundra Bean-Goose. Anser
serrirostris.
Beardless-Tyrannulet............ Northern Beardless- Camptostoma
Tyrannulet. imberbe.
Becard.......................... Gray-collared Pachyramphus
Becard. major.
Rose-throated Pachyramphus
Becard. aglaiae.
Bittern......................... American Bittern.. Botaurus
lentiginosus.
Black Bittern..... Botaurus
flavicollis.
Least Bittern..... Botaurus exilis.
Schrenck's Bittern Botaurus
eurhythmus.
Yellow Bittern.... Botaurus sinensis.
Blackbird....................... Brewer's Blackbird Euphagus
cyanocephalus.
Red-winged Agelaius
Blackbird. phoeniceus.
Rusty Blackbird... Euphagus
carolinus.
Tawny-shouldered Agelaius
Blackbird. humeralis.
Tricolored Agelaius tricolor.
Blackbird.
Yellow-headed Xanthocephalus
Blackbird. xanthocephalus.
Yellow-shouldered Agelaius
Blackbird. xanthomus.
Bluebird........................ Eastern Bluebird.. Sialia sialis.
Mountain Bluebird. Sialia
currucoides.
Western Bluebird.. Sialia mexicana.
Bluetail........................ Red-flanked Tarsiger cyanurus.
Bluetail.
[[Page 62419]]
Bluethroat...................... Bluethroat........ Luscinia svecica.
Bobolink........................ Bobolink.......... Dolichonyx
oryzivorus.
Boobook......................... Northern Boobook.. Ninox japonica.
Booby........................... Abbott's Booby.... Papasula abbotti.
Blue-footed Booby. Sula nebouxii.
Brown Booby....... Sula leucogaster.
Cocos Booby....... Sula brewsteri.
Masked Booby...... Sula dactylatra.
Nazca Booby....... Sula granti.
Red-footed Booby.. Sula sula.
Brambling....................... Brambling......... Fringilla
montifringilla.
Brant........................... Brant............. Branta bernicla.
Bufflehead...................... Bufflehead........ Bucephala albeola.
Bullfinch....................... Eurasian Bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula.
Puerto Rican Melopyrrha
Bullfinch. portoricensis.
Bunting......................... Blue Bunting...... Cyanocompsa
parellina.
Gray Bunting...... Emberiza
variabilis.
Indigo Bunting.... Passerina cyanea.
Lark Bunting...... Calamospiza
melanocorys.
Lazuli Bunting.... Passerina amoena.
Little Bunting.... Emberiza pusilla.
McKay's Bunting... Plectrophenax
hyperboreus.
Painted Bunting... Passerina ciris.
Pallas's Bunting.. Emberiza pallasi.
Pine Bunting...... Emberiza
leucocephalos.
Reed Bunting...... Emberiza
schoeniclus.
Rustic Bunting.... Emberiza rustica.
Snow Bunting...... Plectrophenax
nivalis.
Varied Bunting.... Passerina
versicolor.
Yellow-breasted Emberiza aureola.
Bunting.
Yellow-browed Emberiza
Bunting. chrysophrys.
Yellow-throated Emberiza elegans.
Bunting.
Bushtit......................... Bushtit........... Psaltriparus
minimus.
Buzzard......................... Gray-faced Buzzard Butastur indicus.
Long-legged Buteo rufinus.
Buzzard.
Canvasback...................... Canvasback........ Aythya
valisineria.
Caracara........................ Crested Caracara.. Caracara plancus.
Yellow-headed Milvago
Caracara. chimachima.
Cardinal........................ Northern Cardinal. Cardinalis
cardinalis.
Carib........................... Green-throated Eulampis
Carib. holosericeus.
Purple-throated Eulampis
Carib. jugularis.
Catbird......................... Black Catbird..... Melanoptila
glabrirostris.
Gray Catbird...... Dumetella
carolinensis.
Cattle-Egret.................... Eastern Cattle- Ardea coromanda.
Egret.
Western Cattle- Ardea ibis.
Egret.
Chaffinch....................... Common Chaffinch.. Fringilla coelebs.
Chat............................ Yellow-breasted Icteria virens.
Chat.
Chickadee....................... Black-capped Poecile
Chickadee. atricapillus.
Boreal Chickadee.. Poecile
hudsonicus.
Carolina Chickadee Poecile
carolinensis.
Chestnut-backed Poecile rufescens.
Chickadee.
Gray-headed Poecile cinctus.
Chickadee.
Mexican Chickadee. Poecile sclateri.
Mountain Chickadee Poecile gambeli.
Chiffchaff...................... Common Chiffchaff. Phylloscopus
collybita.
Chuck-will's-widow.............. Chuck-will's-widow Antrostomus
carolinensis.
Condor.......................... California Condor. Gymnogyps
californianus.
Coot............................ American Coot..... Fulica americana.
Eurasian Coot..... Fulica atra.
Hawaiian Coot..... Fulica alai.
Cormorant....................... Brandt's Cormorant Urile
penicillatus.
Double-crested Nannopterum
Cormorant. auritum.
Great Cormorant... Phalacrocorax
carbo.
Little Pied Microcarbo
Cormorant. melanoleucos.
Neotropic Nannopterum
Cormorant. brasilianum.
Pelagic Cormorant. Urile pelagicus.
Red-faced Urile urile.
Cormorant.
Cowbird......................... Bronzed Cowbird... Molothrus aeneus.
Brown-headed Molothrus ater.
Cowbird.
Shiny Cowbird..... Molothrus
bonariensis.
Crake........................... Corn Crake........ Crex crex.
[[Page 62420]]
Paint-billed Crake Mustelirallus
erythrops.
Spotless Crake.... Zapornia
tabuensis.
Yellow-breasted Hapalocrex
Crake. flaviventer.
Crane........................... Common Crane...... Grus grus.
Hooded Crane...... Grus monacha.
Sandhill Crane.... Antigone
canadensis.
Whooping Crane.... Grus americana.
Creeper......................... Brown Creeper..... Certhia americana.
Hawaii Creeper.... Loxops mana.
Crossbill....................... Cassia Crossbill.. Loxia sinesciuris.
Red Crossbill..... Loxia curvirostra.
White-winged Loxia leucoptera.
Crossbill.
Crow............................ American Crow..... Corvus
brachyrhynchos.
Fish Crow......... Corvus ossifragus.
Hawaiian Crow..... Corvus
hawaiiensis.
Mariana Crow...... Corvus kubaryi.
Tamaulipas Crow... Corvus imparatus.
White-necked Crow. Corvus
leucognaphalus.
Cuckoo.......................... Black-billed Coccyzus
Cuckoo. erythropthalmus.
Chestnut-winged Clamator
Cuckoo. coromandus.
Common Cuckoo..... Cuculus canorus.
Dark-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus
melacoryphus.
Mangrove Cuckoo... Coccyzus minor.
Oriental Cuckoo... Cuculus optatus.
Yellow-billed Coccyzus
Cuckoo. americanus.
Curlew.......................... Bristle-thighed Numenius
Curlew. tahitiensis.
Eskimo Curlew..... Numenius borealis.
Eurasian Curlew... Numenius arquata.
Far Eastern Curlew Numenius
madagascariensis.
Little Curlew..... Numenius minutus.
Long-billed Curlew Numenius
americanus.
Dickcissel...................... Dickcissel........ Spiza americana.
Dipper.......................... American Dipper... Cinclus mexicanus.
Dotterel........................ Eurasian Dotterel. Eudromias
morinellus.
Dove............................ Common Ground Dove Columbina
passerina.
Inca Dove......... Columbina inca.
Mourning Dove..... Zenaida macroura.
Ruddy Ground Dove. Columbina
talpacoti.
Shy Ground Dove... Pampusana stairi.
White-throated Pampusana
Ground Dove. xanthonura.
White-tipped Dove. Leptotila
verreauxi.
White-winged Dove. Zenaida asiatica.
Zenaida Dove...... Zenaida aurita.
Dovekie......................... Dovekie........... Alle alle.
Dowitcher....................... Long-billed Limnodromus
Dowitcher. scolopaceus.
Short-billed Limnodromus
Dowitcher. griseus.
Duck............................ American Black Anas rubripes.
Duck.
Eastern Spot- Anas zonorhyncha.
billed Duck.
Falcated Duck..... Mareca falcata.
Harlequin Duck.... Histrionicus
histrionicus.
Hawaiian Duck..... Anas wyvilliana.
Laysan Duck....... Anas laysanensis.
Long-tailed Duck.. Clangula hyemalis.
Masked Duck....... Nomonyx dominicus.
Mexican Duck...... Anas diazi.
Mottled Duck...... Anas fulvigula.
Muscovy Duck...... Cairina moschata.
Pacific Black Duck Anas superciliosa.
Ring-necked Duck.. Aythya collaris.
Ruddy Duck........ Oxyura
jamaicensis.
Tufted Duck....... Aythya fuligula.
Wood Duck......... Aix sponsa.
Dunlin.......................... Dunlin............ Calidris alpina.
Eagle........................... Bald Eagle........ Haliaeetus
leucocephalus.
Golden Eagle...... Aquila chrysaetos.
White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus
albicilla.
Egret........................... American Egret.... Ardea egretta.
Chinese Egret..... Egretta
eulophotes.
Great White Egret. Ardea alba.
Medium Egret...... Ardea intermedia.
Little Egret...... Egretta garzetta.
[[Page 62421]]
Reddish Egret..... Egretta rufescens.
Snowy Egret....... Egretta thula.
Eider........................... Common Eider...... Somateria
mollissima.
King Eider........ Somateria
spectabilis.
Spectacled Eider.. Somateria
fischeri.
Steller's Eider... Polysticta
stelleri.
Elaenia......................... Caribbean Elaenia. Elaenia martinica.
Greenish Elaenia.. Myiopagis
viridicata.
Small-billed Elaenia
Elaenia. parvirostris.
White-crested Elaenia albiceps.
Elaenia.
Emerald......................... Puerto Rican Riccordia
Emerald. maugaeus.
Euphonia........................ Puerto Rican Chlorophonia
Euphonia. sclateri.
Falcon.......................... Amur Falcon....... Falco amurensis.
Aplomado Falcon... Falco femoralis.
Bat Falcon........ Falco rufigularis.
Peregrine Falcon.. Falco peregrinus.
Prairie Falcon.... Falco mexicanus.
Red-footed Falcon. Falco vespertinus.
Fieldfare....................... Fieldfare......... Turdus pilaris.
Finch........................... Cassin's Finch.... Haemorhous
cassinii.
House Finch....... Haemorhous
mexicanus.
Laysan Finch...... Telespiza cantans.
Nihoa Finch....... Telespiza ultima.
Purple Finch...... Haemorhous
purpureus.
Flamingo........................ American Flamingo. Phoenicopterus
ruber.
Flicker......................... Gilded Flicker.... Colaptes
chrysoides.
Northern Flicker.. Colaptes auratus.
Flycatcher...................... Acadian Flycatcher Empidonax
virescens.
Alder Flycatcher.. Empidonax alnorum.
Ash-throated Myiarchus
Flycatcher. cinerascens.
Asian Brown Muscicapa
Flycatcher. dauurica.
Brown-crested Myiarchus
Flycatcher. tyrannulus.
Buff-breasted Empidonax
Flycatcher. fulvifrons.
Crowned Slaty Empidonomus
Flycatcher. aurantioatrocrist
atus.
Dark-sided Muscicapa
Flycatcher. sibirica.
Dusky Flycatcher.. Empidonax
oberholseri.
Dusky-capped Myiarchus
Flycatcher. tuberculifer.
Fork-tailed Tyrannus savana.
Flycatcher.
Gray Flycatcher... Empidonax
wrightii.
Gray-streaked Muscicapa
Flycatcher. griseisticta.
Great Crested Myiarchus
Flycatcher. crinitus.
Hammond's Empidonax
Flycatcher. hammondii.
La Sagra's Myiarchus sagrae.
Flycatcher.
Least Flycatcher.. Empidonax minimus.
Mugimaki Ficedula mugimaki.
Flycatcher.
Narcissus Ficedula
Flycatcher. narcissina.
Nutting's Myiarchus
Flycatcher. nuttingi.
Olive-sided Contopus cooperi.
Flycatcher.
Pine Flycatcher... Empidonax affinis.
Piratic Flycatcher Legatus
leucophaius.
Puerto Rican Myiarchus
Flycatcher. antillarum.
Scissor-tailed Tyrannus
Flycatcher. forficatus.
Social Flycatcher. Myiozetetes
similis.
Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata.
Sulphur-bellied Myiodynastes
Flycatcher. luteiventris.
Taiga Flycatcher.. Ficedula
albicilla.
Tawny Tufted Mitrephanes
Flycatcher. phaeocercus.
Variegated Empidonomus
Flycatcher. varius.
Vermilion Pyrocephalus
Flycatcher. rubinus.
Western Flycatcher Empidonax
difficilis.
Willow Flycatcher. Empidonax
traillii.
Yellow-bellied Empidonax
Flycatcher. flaviventris.
Forest-Falcon................... Collared Forest- Micrastur
Falcon. semitorquatus.
Frigatebird..................... Great Frigatebird. Fregata minor.
Lesser Frigatebird Fregata ariel.
Magnificent Fregata
Frigatebird. magnificens.
Fruit-Dove...................... Crimson-crowned Ptilinopus
Fruit-Dove. porphyraceus.
Many-colored Fruit- Ptilinopus
Dove. perousii.
Mariana Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus
roseicapilla.
Fulmar.......................... Northern Fulmar... Fulmarus
glacialis.
Gadwall......................... Gadwall........... Mareca strepera.
[[Page 62422]]
Gallinule....................... Azure Gallinule... Porphyrio
flavirostris.
Common Gallinule.. Gallinula galeata.
Purple Gallinule.. Porphyrio
martinicus.
Gannet.......................... Northern Gannet... Morus bassanus.
Garganey........................ Garganey.......... Spatula
querquedula.
Giant-Petrel.................... Northern Giant- Macronectes halli.
Petrel.
Gnatcatcher..................... Black-capped Polioptila
Gnatcatcher. nigriceps.
Black-tailed Polioptila
Gnatcatcher. melanura.
Blue-Gray Polioptila
Gnatcatcher. caerulea.
California Polioptila
Gnatcatcher. californica.
Godwit.......................... Bar-tailed Godwit. Limosa lapponica.
Black-tailed Limosa limosa.
Godwit.
Hudsonian Godwit.. Limosa haemastica.
Marbled Godwit.... Limosa fedoa.
Goldeneye....................... Barrow's Goldeneye Bucephala
islandica.
Common Goldeneye.. Bucephala
clangula.
Golden-Plover................... American Golden- Pluvialis
Plover. dominica.
European Golden- Pluvialis
Plover. apricaria.
Pacific Golden- Pluvialis fulva.
Plover.
Goldfinch....................... American Goldfinch Spinus tristis.
Lawrence's Spinus lawrencei.
Goldfinch.
Lesser Goldfinch.. Spinus psaltria.
Goose........................... Barnacle Goose.... Branta leucopsis.
Cackling Goose.... Branta hutchinsii.
Canada Goose...... Branta canadensis.
Emperor Goose..... Anser canagicus.
Greater White- Anser albifrons.
fronted Goose.
Hawaiian Goose.... Branta
sandvicensis.
Lesser White- Anser erythropus.
fronted Goose.
Pink-footed Goose. Anser
brachyrhynchus.
Ross's Goose...... Anser rossii.
Snow Goose........ Anser
caerulescens.
Goshawk......................... American Goshawk.. Astur
atricapillus.
Grackle......................... Boat-tailed Quiscalus major.
Grackle.
Common Grackle.... Quiscalus
quiscula.
Greater Antillean Quiscalus niger.
Grackle.
Great-tailed Quiscalus
Grackle. mexicanus.
Grassquit....................... Black-faced Melanospiza
Grassquit. bicolor.
Blue-black Volatinia
Grassquit. jacarina.
Yellow-faced Tiaris olivaceus.
Grassquit.
Grebe........................... Clark's Grebe..... Aechmophorus
clarkii.
Eared Grebe....... Podiceps
nigricollis.
Horned Grebe...... Podiceps auritus.
Least Grebe....... Tachybaptus
dominicus.
Pied-billed Grebe. Podilymbus
podiceps.
Red-necked Grebe.. Podiceps
grisegena.
Western Grebe..... Aechmophorus
occidentalis.
Greenfinch...................... Oriental Chloris sinica.
Greenfinch.
Greenshank...................... Common Greenshank. Tringa nebularia.
Nordmann's Tringa guttifer.
Greenshank.
Grosbeak........................ Black-headed Pheucticus
Grosbeak. melanocephalus.
Blue Grosbeak..... Passerina
caerulea.
Crimson-collared Periporphyrus
Grosbeak. celaeno.
Evening Grosbeak.. Coccothraustes
vespertinus.
Pine Grosbeak..... Pinicola
enucleator.
Rose-breasted Pheucticus
Grosbeak. ludovicianus.
Yellow Grosbeak... Pheucticus
chrysopeplus.
Guillemot....................... Black Guillemot... Cepphus grylle.
Pigeon Guillemot.. Cepphus columba.
Gull............................ American Herring Larus
Gull. smithsonianus.
Belcher's Gull.... Larus belcheri.
Black-headed Gull. Chroicocephalus
ridibundus.
Black-tailed Gull. Larus
crassirostris.
Bonaparte's Gull.. Chroicocephalus
philadelphia.
California Gull... Larus
californicus.
Common Gull....... Larus canus.
European Herring Larus argentatus.
Gull.
Franklin's Gull... Leucophaeus
pipixcan.
Glaucous Gull..... Larus hyperboreus.
Glaucous-winged Larus glaucescens.
Gull.
Gray Gull......... Leucophaeus
modestus.
[[Page 62423]]
Gray-hooded Gull.. Chroicocephalus
cirrocephalus.
Great Black-backed Larus marinus.
Gull.
Heermann's Gull... Larus heermanni.
Iceland Gull...... Larus glaucoides.
Ivory Gull........ Pagophila eburnea.
Kelp Gull......... Larus dominicanus.
Laughing Gull..... Leucophaeus
atricilla.
Lesser Black- Larus fuscus.
backed Gull.
Little Gull....... Hydrocoloeus
minutus.
Pallas's Gull..... Ichthyaetus
ichthyaetus.
Ring-billed Gull.. Larus
delawarensis.
Ross's Gull....... Rhodostethia
rosea.
Sabine's Gull..... Xema sabini.
Short-billed Gull. Larus
brachyrhynchus.
Slaty-backed Gull. Larus
schistisagus.
Swallow-tailed Creagrus furcatus.
Gull.
Vega Gull......... Larus vegae.
Western Gull...... Larus
occidentalis.
Yellow-footed Gull Larus livens.
Yellow-legged Gull Larus michahellis.
Gyrfalcon....................... Gyrfalcon......... Falco rusticolus.
Harrier......................... Eastern Marsh Circus spilonotus.
Harrier.
Hen Harrier....... Circus cyaneus.
Northern Harrier.. Circus hudsonius.
Western Marsh Circus
Harrier. aeruginosus.
Hawfinch........................ Hawfinch.......... Coccothraustes
coccothraustes.
Hawk............................ Broad-winged Hawk. Buteo platypterus.
Common Black Hawk. Buteogallus
anthracinus.
Cooper's Hawk..... Astur cooperii.
Crane Hawk........ Geranospiza
caerulescens.
Ferruginous Hawk.. Buteo regalis.
Gray Hawk......... Buteo plagiatus.
Great Black Hawk.. Buteogallus
urubitinga.
Harris's Hawk..... Parabuteo
unicinctus.
Hawaiian Hawk..... Buteo solitarius.
Red-shouldered Buteo lineatus.
Hawk.
Red-tailed Hawk... Buteo jamaicensis.
Roadside Hawk..... Rupornis
magnirostris.
Rough-legged Hawk. Buteo lagopus.
Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter
striatus.
Short-tailed Hawk. Buteo brachyurus.
Swainson's Hawk... Buteo swainsoni.
White-tailed Hawk. Geranoaetus
albicaudatus.
Zone-tailed Hawk.. Buteo albonotatus.
Hawk-Cuckoo..................... Hodgson's Hawk- Hierococcyx
Cuckoo. nisicolor.
Heron........................... Black-crowned Nycticorax
Night Heron. nycticorax.
Gray Heron........ Ardea cinerea.
Great Blue Heron.. Ardea herodias.
Green Heron....... Butorides
virescens.
Japanese Night Gorsachius
Heron. goisagi.
Little Blue Heron. Egretta caerulea.
Malayan Night Gorsachius
Heron. melanolophus.
Nankeen Night Nycticorax
Heron. caledonicus.
Tricolored Heron.. Egretta tricolor.
Yellow-crowned Nyctanassa
Night Heron. violacea.
Hobby........................... Eurasian Hobby.... Falco subbuteo.
Honey-buzzard................... Oriental Honey- Pernis
buzzard. ptilorhynchus.
Honeycreeper.................... Laysan Himatione
Honeycreeper. fraithii.
Red-legged Cyanerpes cyaneus.
Honeycreeper.
Hoopoe.......................... Common Hoopoe..... Upupa epops.
House-Martin.................... Siberian House- Delichon
Martin. lagopodum.
Hummingbird..................... Allen's Selasphorus sasin.
Hummingbird.
Anna's Hummingbird Calypte anna.
Antillean Crested Orthorhyncus
Hummingbird. cristatus.
Berylline Saucerottia
Hummingbird. beryllina.
Black-chinned Archilochus
Hummingbird. alexandri.
Broad-billed Cynanthus
Hummingbird. latirostris.
Broad-tailed Selasphorus
Hummingbird. platycercus.
Buff-bellied Amazilia
Hummingbird. yucatanensis.
Bumblebee Selasphorus
Hummingbird. heloisa.
Calliope Selasphorus
Hummingbird. calliope.
[[Page 62424]]
Cinnamon Amazilia rutila.
Hummingbird.
Costa's Calypte costae.
Hummingbird.
Lucifer Calothorax
Hummingbird. lucifer.
Rivoli's Eugenes fulgens.
Hummingbird.
Ruby-throated Archilochus
Hummingbird. colubris.
Rufous Hummingbird Selasphorus rufus.
Vervain Mellisuga minima.
Hummingbird.
Violet-crowned Ramosomyia
Hummingbird. violiceps.
White-eared Basilinna
Hummingbird. leucotis.
Xantus's Basilinna
Hummingbird. xantusii.
Ibis............................ Glossy Ibis....... Plegadis
falcinellus.
Scarlet Ibis...... Eudocimus ruber.
White Ibis........ Eudocimus albus.
White-faced Ibis.. Plegadis chihi.
[revaps]I[revaps]iwi............ [revaps]I[revaps]i Drepanis coccinea.
wi.
Imperial-Pigeon................. Pacific Imperial- Ducula pacifica.
Pigeon.
Jabiru.......................... Jabiru............ Jabiru mycteria.
Jacana.......................... Northern Jacana... Jacana spinosa.
Jackdaw......................... Eurasian Jackdaw.. Coloeus monedula.
Jaeger.......................... Long-tailed Jaeger Stercorarius
longicaudus.
Parasitic Jaeger.. Stercorarius
parasiticus.
Pomarine Jaeger... Stercorarius
pomarinus.
Jay............................. Blue Jay.......... Cyanocitta
cristata.
Brown Jay......... Cyanocorax morio.
Canada Jay........ Perisoreus
canadensis.
Green Jay......... Cyanocorax yncas.
Mexican Jay....... Aphelocoma
wollweberi.
Pinyon Jay........ Gymnorhinus
cyanocephalus.
Steller's Jay..... Cyanocitta
stelleri.
Junco........................... Dark-eyed Junco... Junco hyemalis.
Yellow-eyed Junco. Junco phaeonotus.
K[amacr]k[amacr]wahie........... Kakawahie......... Paroreomyza
flammea.
K[amacr]ma[revaps]o............. Kama[revaps]o..... Myadestes
myadestinus.
Kestrel......................... American Kestrel.. Falco sparverius.
Eurasian Kestrel.. Falco tinnunculus.
Killdeer........................ Killdeer.......... Charadrius
vociferus.
Kingbird........................ Cassin's Kingbird. Tyrannus
vociferans.
Couch's Kingbird.. Tyrannus couchii.
Eastern Kingbird.. Tyrannus tyrannus.
Gray Kingbird..... Tyrannus
dominicensis.
Loggerhead Tyrannus
Kingbird. caudifasciatus.
Thick-billed Tyrannus
Kingbird. crassirostris.
Tropical Kingbird. Tyrannus
melancholicus.
Western Kingbird.. Tyrannus
verticalis.
Kingfisher...................... Amazon Kingfisher. Chloroceryle
amazona.
Belted Kingfisher. Megaceryle alcyon.
Common Kingfisher. Alcedo atthis.
Green Kingfisher.. Chloroceryle
americana.
Guam Kingfisher... Todiramphus
cinnamominus.
Mariana Kingfisher Todiramphus
albicilla.
Pacific Kingfisher Todiramphus sacer.
Ringed Kingfisher. Megaceryle
torquata.
Kinglet......................... Golden-crowned Regulus satrapa.
Kinglet.
Ruby-crowned Corthylio
Kinglet. calendula.
Kiskadee........................ Great Kiskadee.... Pitangus
sulphuratus.
Kite............................ Black Kite........ Milvus migrans.
Double-toothed Harpagus
Kite. bidentatus.
Hook-billed Kite.. Chondrohierax
uncinatus.
Mississippi Kite.. Ictinia
mississippiensis.
Snail Kite........ Rostrhamus
sociabilis.
Swallow-tailed Elanoides
Kite. forficatus.
White-tailed Kite. Elanus leucurus.
Kittiwake....................... Black-legged Rissa tridactyla.
Kittiwake.
Red-legged Rissa
Kittiwake. brevirostris.
Knot............................ Great Knot........ Calidris
tenuirostris.
Red Knot.......... Calidris canutus.
Koel............................ Long-tailed Koel.. Urodynamis
taitensis.
Lapwing......................... Northern Lapwing.. Vanellus vanellus.
Southern Lapwing.. Vanellus
chilensis.
Lark............................ Horned Lark....... Eremophila
alpestris.
Limpkin......................... Limpkin........... Aramus guarauna.
[[Page 62425]]
Lizard-Cuckoo................... Puerto Rican Coccyzus
Lizard-Cuckoo. vieilloti.
Longspur........................ Chestnut-collared Calcarius ornatus.
Longspur.
Lapland Longspur.. Calcarius
lapponicus.
Smith's Longspur.. Calcarius pictus.
Thick-billed Rhynchophanes
Longspur. mccownii.
Loon............................ Arctic Loon....... Gavia arctica.
Common Loon....... Gavia immer.
Pacific Loon...... Gavia pacifica.
Red-throated Loon. Gavia stellata.
Yellow-billed Loon Gavia adamsii.
Magpie.......................... Black-billed Pica hudsonia.
Magpie.
Yellow-billed Pica nuttalli.
Magpie.
Mallard......................... Mallard........... Anas
platyrhynchos.
Mango........................... Puerto Rican Mango Anthracothorax
aurulentus.
Green Mango....... Anthracothorax
viridis.
Green-breasted Anthracothorax
Mango. prevostii.
Marsh-Wren...................... Eastern Marsh-Wren Cistothorus
palustris.
Western Marsh-Wren Cistothorus
paludicola.
Martin.......................... Brown-chested Progne tapera.
Martin.
Caribbean Martin.. Progne
dominicensis.
Cuban Martin...... Progne
cryptoleuca.
Gray-breasted Progne chalybea.
Martin.
Purple Martin..... Progne subis.
Southern Martin... Progne elegans.
Meadowlark...................... Chihuahuan Sturnella
Meadowlark. lilianae.
Eastern Meadowlark Sturnella magna.
Western Meadowlark Sturnella
neglecta.
Merganser....................... Common Merganser.. Mergus merganser.
Hooded Merganser.. Lophodytes
cucullatus.
Red-breasted Mergus serrator.
Merganser.
Merlin.......................... Merlin............ Falco columbarius.
Millerbird...................... Millerbird........ Acrocephalus
familiaris.
Mockingbird..................... Bahama Mockingbird Mimus gundlachii.
Blue Mockingbird.. Melanotis
caerulescens.
Northern Mimus polyglottos.
Mockingbird.
Moorhen......................... Eurasian Moorhen.. Gallinula
chloropus.
Mountain-gem.................... Amethyst-throated Lampornis
Mountain-gem. amethystinus.
Blue-throated Lampornis
Mountain-gem. clemenciae.
Murre........................... Common Murre...... Uria aalge.
Thick-billed Murre Uria lomvia.
Murrelet........................ Ancient Murrelet.. Synthliboramphus
antiquus.
Craveri's Murrelet Synthliboramphus
craveri.
Guadalupe Murrelet Synthliboramphus
hypoleucus.
Kittlitz's Brachyramphus
Murrelet. brevirostris.
Long-billed Brachyramphus
Murrelet. perdix.
Marbled Murrelet.. Brachyramphus
marmoratus.
Scripps's Murrelet Synthliboramphus
scrippsi.
Needletail...................... White-throated Hirundapus
Needletail. caudacutus.
Nighthawk....................... Antillean Chordeiles
Nighthawk. gundlachii.
Common Nighthawk.. Chordeiles minor.
Lesser Nighthawk.. Chordeiles
acutipennis.
Nightingale-Thrush.............. Black-headed Catharus
Nightingale- mexicanus.
Thrush.
Orange-billed Catharus
Nightingale- aurantiirostris.
Thrush.
Nightjar........................ Buff-collared Antrostomus
Nightjar. ridgwayi.
Gray Nightjar..... Caprimulgus
jotaka.
Puerto Rican Antrostomus
Nightjar. noctitherus.
White-tailed Hydropsalis
Nightjar. cayennensis.
Noddy........................... Black Noddy....... Anous minutus.
Blue-gray Noddy... Anous ceruleus.
Brown Noddy....... Anous stolidus.
Nukupu[revaps]u................. Kauai Hemignathus
Nukupu[revaps]u. hanapepe.
Maui Hemignathus
Nukupu[revaps]u. affinis.
O[revaps]ahu Hemignathus
Nukupu[revaps]u. lucidus.
Nutcracker...................... Clark's Nutcracker Nucifraga
columbiana.
Nuthatch........................ Brown-headed Sitta pusilla.
Nuthatch.
Pygmy Nuthatch.... Sitta pygmaea.
Red-breasted Sitta canadensis.
Nuthatch.
White-breasted Sitta
Nuthatch. carolinensis.
Oloma[revaps]o.................. Oloma[revaps]o.... Myadestes
lanaiensis.
[revaps][Omacr]ma[revaps]o...... [revaps][Omacr]ma[ Myadestes
revaps]o. obscurus.
Oriole.......................... Altamira Oriole... Icterus gularis.
[[Page 62426]]
Audubon's Oriole.. Icterus
graduacauda.
Baltimore Oriole.. Icterus galbula.
Black-backed Icterus abeillei.
Oriole.
Black-vented Icterus wagleri.
Oriole.
Bullock's Oriole.. Icterus bullockii.
Hooded Oriole..... Icterus
cucullatus.
Orchard Oriole.... Icterus spurius.
Puerto Rican Icterus
Oriole. portoricensis.
Scott's Oriole.... Icterus parisorum.
Streak-backed Icterus
Oriole. pustulatus.
Osprey.......................... Osprey............ Pandion haliaetus.
[revaps][Omacr][revaps][umacr].. [revaps][Omacr][re Psittirostra
vaps][umacr]. psittacea.
Ovenbird........................ Ovenbird.......... Seiurus
aurocapilla.
Owl............................. American Barn Owl. Tyto furcata.
Barred Owl........ Strix varia.
Boreal Owl........ Aegolius funereus.
Burrowing Owl..... Athene
cunicularia.
Elf Owl........... Micrathene
whitneyi.
Flammulated Owl... Psiloscops
flammeolus.
Great Gray Owl.... Strix nebulosa.
Great Horned Owl.. Bubo virginianus.
Long-eared Owl.... Asio otus.
Mottled Owl....... Strix virgata.
Northern Hawk Owl. Surnia ulula.
Northern Saw-whet Aegolius acadicus.
Owl.
Puerto Rican Owl.. Gymnasio nudipes.
Short-eared Owl... Asio flammeus.
Snowy Owl......... Bubo scandiacus.
Spotted Owl....... Strix
occidentalis.
Stygian Owl....... Asio stygius.
Oystercatcher................... American Haematopus
Oystercatcher. palliatus.
Black Haematopus
Oystercatcher. bachmani.
Eurasian Haematopus
Oystercatcher. ostralegus.
Palila.......................... Palila............ Loxioides
bailleui.
Palm-Swift...................... Antillean Palm- Tachornis
Swift. phoenicobia.
Parrotbill...................... Maui Parrotbill... Pseudonestor
xanthophrys.
Parula.......................... Northern Parula... Setophaga
americana.
Tropical Parula... Setophaga
pitiayumi.
Pauraque........................ Common Pauraque... Nyctidromus
albicollis.
Pelican......................... American White Pelecanus
Pelican. erythrorhynchos.
Brown Pelican..... Pelecanus
occidentalis.
Petrel.......................... Bermuda Petrel.... Pterodroma cahow.
Black-capped Pterodroma
Petrel. hasitata.
Black-winged Pterodroma
Petrel. nigripennis.
Bonin Petrel...... Pterodroma
hypoleuca.
Bulwer's Petrel... Bulweria bulwerii.
Cook's Petrel..... Pterodroma cookii.
Desertas Petrel... Pterodroma
deserta.
Gould's Petrel.... Pterodroma
leucoptera.
Gray-faced Petrel. Pterodroma gouldi.
Hawaiian Petrel... Pterodroma
sandwichensis.
Herald Petrel..... Pterodroma
heraldica.
Jouanin's Petrel.. Bulweria fallax.
Juan Fernandez Pterodroma
Petrel. externa.
Kermadec Petrel... Pterodroma
neglecta.
Mottled Petrel.... Pterodroma
inexpectata.
Murphy's Petrel... Pterodroma ultima.
Parkinson's Petrel Procellaria
parkinsoni.
Phoenix Petrel.... Pterodroma alba.
Providence Petrel. Pterodroma
solandri.
Stejneger's Petrel Pterodroma
longirostris.
Tahiti Petrel..... Pseudobulweria
rostrata.
Trindade Petrel... Pterodroma
arminjoniana.
White-chinned Procellaria
Petrel. aequinoctialis.
White-necked Pterodroma
Petrel. cervicalis.
Zino's Petrel..... Pterodroma
madeira.
Pewee........................... Cuban Pewee....... Contopus
caribaeus.
Greater Pewee..... Contopus pertinax.
Hispaniolan Pewee. Contopus
hispaniolensis.
Lesser Antillean Contopus
Pewee. latirostris.
Phainopepla..................... Phainopepla....... Phainopepla
nitens.
[[Page 62427]]
Phalarope....................... Red Phalarope..... Phalaropus
fulicarius.
Red-necked Phalaropus
Phalarope. lobatus.
Wilson's Phalarope Phalaropus
tricolor.
Phoebe.......................... Black Phoebe...... Sayornis
nigricans.
Eastern Phoebe.... Sayornis phoebe.
Say's Phoebe...... Sayornis saya.
Pigeon.......................... Band-tailed Pigeon Patagioenas
fasciata.
Plain Pigeon...... Patagioenas
inornata.
Red-billed Pigeon. Patagioenas
flavirostris.
Scaly-naped Pigeon Patagioenas
squamosa.
White-crowned Patagioenas
Pigeon. leucocephala.
Pintail......................... Northern Pintail.. Anas acuta.
White-cheeked Anas bahamensis.
Pintail.
Pipit........................... American Pipit.... Anthus rubescens.
Olive-backed Pipit Anthus hodgsoni.
Pechora Pipit..... Anthus gustavi.
Red-throated Pipit Anthus cervinus.
Siberian Pipit.... Anthus japonicus.
Sprague's Pipit... Anthus spragueii.
Tree Pipit........ Anthus trivialis.
Plover.......................... Black-bellied Pluvialis
Plover. squatarola.
Collared Plover... Anarhynchus
collaris.
Common Ringed Charadrius
Plover. hiaticula.
Kentish Plover.... Anarhynchus
alexandrinus.
Little Ringed Thinornis dubius.
Plover.
Mountain Plover... Anarhynchus
montanus.
Piping Plover..... Charadrius
melodus.
Semipalmated Charadrius
Plover. semipalmatus.
Snowy Plover...... Anarhynchus
nivosus.
Wilson's Plover... Anarhynchus
wilsonia.
Pochard......................... Baer's Pochard.... Aythya baeri.
Common Pochard.... Aythya ferina.
Pond-Heron...................... Chinese Pond-Heron Ardeola bacchus.
Poorwill........................ Common Poorwill... Phalaenoptilus
nuttallii.
Po[revaps]ouli.................. Po[revaps]ouli.... Melamprosops
phaeosoma.
Puaiohi......................... Puaiohi........... Myadestes palmeri.
Puffin.......................... Atlantic Puffin... Fratercula
arctica.
Horned Puffin..... Fratercula
corniculata.
Tufted Puffin..... Fratercula
cirrhata.
Pygmy-Owl....................... Ferruginous Pygmy- Glaucidium
Owl. brasilianum.
Northern Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium gnoma.
Pyrrhuloxia..................... Pyrrhuloxia....... Cardinalis
sinuatus.
Quail-Dove...................... Bridled Quail-Dove Geotrygon
mystacea.
Key West Quail- Geotrygon chrysia.
Dove.
Ruddy Quail-Dove.. Geotrygon montana.
Quetzal......................... Eared Quetzal..... Euptilotis
neoxenus.
Rail............................ Black Rail........ Laterallus
jamaicensis.
Buff-banded Rail.. Gallirallus
philippensis.
Clapper Rail...... Rallus crepitans.
Guam Rail......... Gallirallus
owstoni.
King Rail......... Rallus elegans.
Ridgway's Rail.... Rallus obsoletus.
Spotted Rail...... Pardirallus
maculatus.
Virginia Rail..... Rallus limicola.
Yellow Rail....... Coturnicops
noveboracensis.
Raven........................... Chihuahuan Raven.. Corvus
cryptoleucus.
Common Raven...... Corvus corax.
Razorbill....................... Razorbill......... Alca torda.
Redhead......................... Redhead........... Aythya americana.
Redpoll......................... Redpoll........... Acanthis flammea.
Redshank........................ Common Redshank... Tringa totanus.
Spotted Redshank.. Tringa erythropus.
Redstart........................ American Redstart. Setophaga
ruticilla.
Common Redstart... Phoenicurus
phoenicurus.
Redwing......................... Redwing........... Turdus iliacus.
Reef-Heron...................... Pacific Reef-Heron Egretta sacra.
Western Reef-Heron Egretta gularis.
Roadrunner...................... Greater Roadrunner Geococcyx
californianus.
Robin........................... American Robin.... Turdus
migratorius.
European Robin.... Erithacus
rubecula.
Rufous-backed Turdus
Robin. rufopalliatus.
[[Page 62428]]
Rufous-tailed Larvivora
Robin. sibilans.
Siberian Blue Larvivora cyane.
Robin.
Rock-Thrush..................... Blue Rock-Thrush.. Monticola
solitarius.
Rufous-tailed Rock- Monticola
thrush. saxatilis.
Rosefinch....................... Common Rosefinch.. Carpodacus
erythrinus.
Pallas's Rosefinch Carpodacus roseus.
Rosy-Finch...................... Asian Rosy-Finch.. Leucosticte
arctoa.
Black Rosy-Finch.. Leucosticte
atrata.
Brown-capped Rosy- Leucosticte
Finch. australis.
Gray-crowned Rosy- Leucosticte
Finch. tephrocotis.
Rubythroat...................... Siberian Calliope calliope.
Rubythroat.
Ruff............................ Ruff.............. Calidris pugnax.
Sanderling...................... Sanderling........ Calidris alba.
Sandpiper....................... Baird's Sandpiper. Calidris bairdii.
Broad-billed Calidris
Sandpiper. falcinellus.
Buff-breasted Calidris
Sandpiper. subruficollis.
Common Sandpiper.. Actitis
hypoleucos.
Curlew Sandpiper.. Calidris
ferruginea.
Green Sandpiper... Tringa ochropus.
Least Sandpiper... Calidris
minutilla.
Marsh Sandpiper... Tringa
stagnatilis.
Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris
melanotos.
Purple Sandpiper.. Calidris maritima.
Rock Sandpiper.... Calidris
ptilocnemis.
Semipalmated Calidris pusilla.
Sandpiper.
Sharp-tailed Calidris
Sandpiper. acuminata.
Solitary Sandpiper Tringa solitaria.
Spoon-billed Calidris pygmea.
Sandpiper.
Spotted Sandpiper. Actitis
macularius.
Stilt Sandpiper... Calidris
himantopus.
Terek Sandpiper... Xenus cinereus.
Upland Sandpiper.. Bartramia
longicauda.
Western Sandpiper. Calidris mauri.
White-rumped Calidris
Sandpiper. fuscicollis.
Wood Sandpiper.... Tringa glareola.
Sand-Plover..................... Greater Sand- Anarhynchus
Plover. leschenaultii.
Siberian Sand- Anarhynchus
Plover. mongolus.
Sapsucker....................... Red-breasted Sphyrapicus ruber.
Sapsucker.
Red-naped Sphyrapicus
Sapsucker. nuchalis.
Williamson's Sphyrapicus
Sapsucker. thyroideus.
Yellow-bellied Sphyrapicus
Sapsucker. varius.
Scaup........................... Greater Scaup..... Aythya marila.
Lesser Scaup...... Aythya affinis.
Scops-Owl....................... Oriental Scops-Owl Otus sunia.
Scoter.......................... Black Scoter...... Melanitta
americana.
Common Scoter..... Melanitta nigra.
Stejneger's Scoter Melanitta
stejnegeri.
Surf Scoter....... Melanitta
perspicillata.
White-winged Melanitta
Scoter. deglandi.
Screech-Owl..................... Eastern Screech- Megascops asio.
Owl.
Western Screech- Megascops
Owl. kennicottii.
Whiskered Screech- Megascops
Owl. trichopsis.
Scrub-Jay....................... California Scrub- Aphelocoma
Jay. californica.
Florida Scrub-Jay. Aphelocoma
coerulescens.
Island Scrub-Jay.. Aphelocoma
insularis.
Woodhouse's Scrub- Aphelocoma
Jay. woodhouseii.
Sea-Eagle....................... Steller's Sea- Haliaeetus
Eagle. pelagicus.
Seedeater....................... Morelet's Sporophila
Seedeater. morelleti.
Shearwater...................... Barolo Shearwater. Puffinus baroli.
Black-vented Puffinus
Shearwater. opisthomelas.
Bryan's Shearwater Puffinus bryani.
Buller's Ardenna bulleri.
Shearwater.
Cape Verde Calonectris
Shearwater. edwardsii.
Christmas Puffinus
Shearwater. nativitatis.
Cory's Shearwater. Calonectris
borealis.
Flesh-footed Ardenna carneipes.
Shearwater.
Great Shearwater.. Ardenna gravis.
Manx Shearwater... Puffinus puffinus.
Newell's Puffinus newelli.
Shearwater.
Pink-footed Ardenna creatopus.
Shearwater.
Sargasso Puffinus
Shearwater. lherminieri.
[[Page 62429]]
Scopoli's Calonectris
Shearwater. diomedea.
Short-tailed Ardenna
Shearwater. tenuirostris.
Sooty Shearwater.. Ardenna grisea.
Streaked Calonectris
Shearwater. leucomelas.
Wedge-tailed Ardenna pacifica.
Shearwater.
Shoveler........................ Northern Shoveler. Spatula clypeata.
Shrike.......................... Brown Shrike...... Lanius cristatus.
Loggerhead Shrike. Lanius
ludovicianus.
Northern Shrike... Lanius borealis.
Red-backed Shrike. Lanius collurio.
Silky-Flycatcher................ Gray Silky- Ptiliogonys
Flycatcher. cinereus.
Siskin.......................... Eurasian Siskin... Spinus spinus.
Pine Siskin....... Spinus pinus.
Skimmer......................... Black Skimmer..... Rynchops niger.
Skua............................ Great Skua........ Stercorarius skua.
South Polar Skua.. Stercorarius
maccormicki.
Skylark......................... Eurasian Skylark.. Alauda arvensis.
Smew............................ Smew.............. Mergellus
albellus.
Snipe........................... Common Snipe...... Gallinago
gallinago.
Jack Snipe........ Lymnocryptes
minimus.
Pin-tailed Snipe.. Gallinago stenura.
Solitary Snipe.... Gallinago
solitaria.
Swinhoe's Snipe... Gallinago megala.
Wilson's Snipe.... Gallinago
delicata.
Solitaire....................... Brown-backed Myadestes
Solitaire. occidentalis.
Townsend's Myadestes
Solitaire. townsendi.
Sora............................ Sora.............. Porzana carolina.
Sparrow......................... American Tree Spizelloides
Sparrow. arborea.
Bachman's Sparrow. Peucaea
aestivalis.
Baird's Sparrow... Centronyx bairdii.
Bell's Sparrow.... Artemisiospiza
belli.
Black-chinned Spizella
Sparrow. atrogularis.
Black-throated Amphispiza
Sparrow. bilineata.
Botteri's Sparrow. Peucaea botterii.
Brewer's Sparrow.. Spizella breweri.
Cassin's Sparrow.. Peucaea cassinii.
Chipping Sparrow.. Spizella
passerina.
Clay-colored Spizella pallida.
Sparrow.
Field Sparrow..... Spizella pusilla.
Five-striped Amphispizopsis
Sparrow. quinquestriata.
Fox Sparrow....... Passerella iliaca.
Golden-crowned Zonotrichia
Sparrow. atricapilla.
Grasshopper Ammodramus
Sparrow. savannarum.
Harris's Sparrow.. Zonotrichia
querula.
Henslow's Sparrow. Centronyx
henslowii.
Lark Sparrow...... Chondestes
grammacus.
LeConte's Sparrow. Ammospiza
leconteii.
Lincoln's Sparrow. Melospiza
lincolnii.
Nelson's Sparrow.. Ammospiza nelsoni.
Olive Sparrow..... Arremonops
rufivirgatus.
Rufous-crowned Aimophila
Sparrow. ruficeps.
Rufous-winged Peucaea carpalis.
Sparrow.
Sagebrush Sparrow. Artemisiospiza
nevadensis.
Saltmarsh Sparrow. Ammospiza
caudacuta.
Savannah Sparrow.. Passerculus
sandwichensis.
Seaside Sparrow... Ammospiza
maritima.
Song Sparrow...... Melospiza melodia.
Swamp Sparrow..... Melospiza
georgiana.
Vesper Sparrow.... Pooecetes
gramineus.
White-crowned Zonotrichia
Sparrow. leucophrys.
White-throated Zonotrichia
Sparrow. albicollis.
Worthen's Sparrow. Spizella wortheni.
Sparrowhawk..................... Chinese Tachyspiza
Sparrowhawk. soloensis.
Eurasian Accipiter nisus.
Sparrowhawk.
Japanese Accipiter gularis.
Sparrowhawk.
Spindalis....................... Puerto Rican Spindalis
Spindalis. portoricensis.
Western Spindalis. Spindalis zena.
Spoonbill....................... Roseate Spoonbill. Platalea ajaja.
Starling........................ Chestnut-cheeked Agropsar
Starling. philippensis.
White-cheeked Spodiopsar
Starling. cineraceus.
Starthroat...................... Plain-capped Heliomaster
Starthroat. constantii.
[[Page 62430]]
Stilt........................... Black-necked Stilt Himantopus
mexicanus.
Black-winged Stilt Himantopus
himantopus.
Stint........................... Little Stint...... Calidris minuta.
Long-toed Stint... Calidris
subminuta.
Red-necked Stint.. Calidris
ruficollis.
Temminck's Stint.. Calidris
temminckii.
Stonechat....................... Asian Stonechat... Saxicola maurus.
Stork........................... Wood Stork........ Mycteria
americana.
Storm-Petrel.................... Ainley's Storm- Hydrobates
Petrel. cheimomnestes.
Ashy Storm-Petrel. Hydrobates
homochroa.
Band-rumped Storm- Hydrobates castro.
Petrel.
Black Storm-Petrel Hydrobates
melania.
Black-bellied Fregetta tropica.
Storm-Petrel.
European Storm- Hydrobates
Petrel. pelagicus.
Fork-tailed Storm- Hydrobates
Petrel. furcatus.
Leach's Storm- Hydrobates
Petrel. leucorhous.
Least Storm-Petrel Hydrobates
microsoma.
Matsudaira's Storm- Hydrobates
Petrel. matsudairae.
Polynesian Storm- Nesofregetta
Petrel. fuliginosa.
Ringed Storm- Hydrobates
Petrel. hornbyi.
Swinhoe's Storm- Hydrobates
Petrel. monorhis.
Townsend's Storm- Hydrobates
Petrel. socorroensis.
Tristram's Storm- Hydrobates
Petrel. tristrami.
Wedge-rumped Storm- Hydrobates tethys.
Petrel.
White-bellied Fregetta
Storm-Petrel. grallaria.
White-faced Storm- Pelagodroma
Petrel. marina.
Wilson's Storm- Oceanites
Petrel. oceanicus.
Surfbird........................ Surfbird.......... Calidris virgata.
Swallow......................... Bahama Swallow.... Tachycineta
cyaneoviridis.
Bank Swallow...... Riparia riparia.
Barn Swallow...... Hirundo rustica.
Blue-and-white Pygochelidon
Swallow. cyanoleuca.
Cave Swallow...... Petrochelidon
fulva.
Cliff Swallow..... Petrochelidon
pyrrhonota.
Mangrove Swallow.. Tachycineta
albilinea.
Northern Rough- Stelgidopteryx
winged Swallow. serripennis.
Tree Swallow...... Tachycineta
bicolor.
Violet-green Tachycineta
Swallow. thalassina.
Swamphen........................ Purple Swamphen... Porphyrio
porphyrio.
Swan............................ Trumpeter Swan.... Cygnus buccinator.
Tundra Swan....... Cygnus
columbianus.
Whooper Swan...... Cygnus cygnus.
Swift........................... Alpine Swift...... Tachymarptis
melba.
Black Swift....... Cypseloides niger.
Chimney Swift..... Chaetura pelagica.
Common Swift...... Apus apus.
Fork-tailed Swift. Apus pacificus.
Short-tailed Swift Chaetura
brachyura.
Vaux's Swift...... Chaetura vauxi.
White-collared Streptoprocne
Swift. zonaris.
White-throated Aeronautes
Swift. saxatalis.
Swiftlet........................ Mariana Swiftlet.. Aerodramus
bartschi.
White-rumped Aerodramus
Swiftlet. spodiopygius.
Tanager......................... Flame-colored Piranga bidentata.
Tanager.
Hepatic Tanager... Piranga flava.
Puerto Rican Nesospingus
Tanager. speculiferus.
Scarlet Tanager... Piranga olivacea.
Summer Tanager.... Piranga rubra.
Western Tanager... Piranga
ludoviciana.
Tattler......................... Gray-tailed Tringa brevipes.
Tattler.
Wandering Tattler. Tringa incana.
Teal............................ Baikal Teal....... Sibirionetta
formosa.
Blue-winged Teal.. Spatula discors.
Cinnamon Teal..... Spatula
cyanoptera.
Green-winged Teal. Anas crecca.
Tern............................ Aleutian Tern..... Onychoprion
aleuticus.
Arctic Tern....... Sterna paradisaea.
Black Tern........ Chlidonias niger.
Black-naped Tern.. Sterna sumatrana.
Bridled Tern...... Onychoprion
anaethetus.
Caspian Tern...... Hydroprogne
caspia.
[[Page 62431]]
Common Tern....... Sterna hirundo.
Elegant Tern...... Thalasseus
elegans.
Forster's Tern.... Sterna forsteri.
Gray-backed Tern.. Onychoprion
lunatus.
Great Crested Tern Thalasseus bergii.
Gull-billed Tern.. Gelochelidon
nilotica.
Inca Tern......... Larosterna inca.
Large-billed Tern. Phaetusa simplex.
Least Tern........ Sternula
antillarum.
Little Tern....... Sternula
albifrons.
Roseate Tern...... Sterna dougallii.
Royal Tern........ Thalasseus
maximus.
Sandwich Tern..... Thalasseus
sandvicensis.
Sooty Tern........ Onychoprion
fuscatus.
Whiskered Tern.... Chlidonias
hybrida.
White-winged Tern. Chlidonias
leucopterus.
Thrasher........................ Bendire's Thrasher Toxostoma
bendirei.
Brown Thrasher.... Toxostoma rufum.
California Toxostoma
Thrasher. redivivum.
Crissal Thrasher.. Toxostoma
crissale.
Curve-billed Toxostoma
Thrasher. curvirostre.
LeConte's Thrasher Toxostoma
lecontei.
Long-billed Toxostoma
Thrasher. longirostre.
Pearly-eyed Margarops
Thrasher. fuscatus.
Sage Thrasher..... Oreoscoptes
montanus.
Thrush.......................... Aztec Thrush...... Ridgwayia
pinicola.
Bicknell's Thrush. Catharus
bicknelli.
Clay-colored Turdus grayi.
Thrush.
Dusky Thrush...... Turdus eunomus.
Eastern Red-legged Turdus
Thrush. ardosiaceus.
Eyebrowed Thrush.. Turdus obscurus.
Gray-cheeked Catharus minimus.
Thrush.
Hermit Thrush..... Catharus guttatus.
Naumann's Thrush.. Turdus naumanni.
Swainson's Thrush. Catharus
ustulatus.
Varied Thrush..... Ixoreus naevius.
Western Red-legged Turdus plumbeus.
Thrush.
White-throated Turdus assimilis.
Thrush.
Wood Thrush....... Hylocichla
mustelina.
Tiger-Heron..................... Bare-throated Tigrisoma
Tiger-Heron. mexicanum.
Titmouse........................ Black-crested Baeolophus
Titmouse. atricristatus.
Bridled Titmouse.. Baeolophus
wollweberi.
Juniper Titmouse.. Baeolophus
ridgwayi.
Oak Titmouse...... Baeolophus
inornatus.
Tufted Titmouse... Baeolophus
bicolor.
Tityra.......................... Masked Tityra..... Tityra
semifasciata.
Towhee.......................... Abert's Towhee.... Melozone aberti.
California Towhee. Melozone
crissalis.
Canyon Towhee..... Melozone fusca.
Eastern Towhee.... Pipilo
erythrophthalmus.
Green-tailed Pipilo chlorurus.
Towhee.
Spotted Towhee.... Pipilo maculatus.
Trogon.......................... Elegant Trogon.... Trogon elegans.
Tropicbird...................... Red-billed Phaethon
Tropicbird. aethereus.
Red-tailed Phaethon
Tropicbird. rubricauda.
White-tailed Phaethon lepturus.
Tropicbird.
Turnstone....................... Black Turnstone... Arenaria
melanocephala.
Ruddy Turnstone... Arenaria
interpres.
Turtle-Dove..................... Oriental Turtle- Streptopelia
Dove. orientalis.
Veery........................... Veery............. Catharus
fuscescens.
Verdin.......................... Verdin............ Auriparus
flaviceps.
Violetear....................... Mexican Violetear. Colibri
thalassinus.
Vireo........................... Bell's Vireo...... Vireo bellii.
Black-capped Vireo Vireo atricapilla.
Black-whiskered Vireo altiloquus.
Vireo.
Blue-headed Vireo. Vireo solitarius.
Cassin's Vireo.... Vireo cassinii.
Cuban Vireo....... Vireo gundlachii.
Gray Vireo........ Vireo vicinior.
Hutton's Vireo.... Vireo huttoni.
Philadelphia Vireo Vireo
philadelphicus.
[[Page 62432]]
Plumbeous Vireo... Vireo plumbeus.
Puerto Rican Vireo Vireo latimeri.
Red-eyed Vireo.... Vireo olivaceus.
Thick-billed Vireo Vireo
crassirostris.
White-eyed Vireo.. Vireo griseus.
Yellow-green Vireo Vireo
flavoviridis.
Yellow-throated Vireo flavifrons.
Vireo.
Yucatan Vireo..... Vireo magister.
Vulture......................... Black Vulture..... Coragyps atratus.
Turkey Vulture.... Cathartes aura.
Wagtail......................... Citrine Wagtail... Motacilla
citreola.
Eastern Yellow Motacilla
Wagtail. tschutschensis.
Gray Wagtail...... Motacilla cinerea.
White Wagtail..... Motacilla alba.
Warbler......................... Adelaide's Warbler Setophaga
adelaidae.
Aguiguan Reed Acrocephalus
Warbler. nijoi.
Arctic Warbler.... Phylloscopus
borealis.
Bachman's Warbler. Vermivora
bachmanii.
Bay-breasted Setophaga
Warbler. castanea.
Black-and-white Mniotilta varia.
Warbler.
Blackburnian Setophaga fusca.
Warbler.
Blackpoll Warbler. Setophaga striata.
Black-throated Setophaga
Blue Warbler. caerulescens.
Black-throated Setophaga
Gray Warbler. nigrescens.
Black-throated Setophaga virens.
Green Warbler.
Blue-winged Vermivora
Warbler. cyanoptera.
Blyth's Reed Acrocephalus
Warbler. dumetorum.
Canada Warbler.... Cardellina
canadensis.
Cape May Warbler.. Setophaga tigrina.
Cerulean Warbler.. Setophaga cerulea.
Chestnut-sided Setophaga
Warbler. pensylvanica.
Colima Warbler.... Leiothlypis
crissalis.
Connecticut Oporornis agilis.
Warbler.
Crescent-chested Oreothlypis
Warbler. superciliosa.
Dusky Warbler..... Phylloscopus
fuscatus.
Elfin-woods Setophaga angelae.
Warbler.
Fan-tailed Warbler Euthlypis
lachrymosa.
Golden-cheeked Setophaga
Warbler. chrysoparia.
Golden-crowned Basileuterus
Warbler. culicivorus.
Golden-winged Vermivora
Warbler. chrysoptera.
Grace's Warbler... Setophaga graciae.
Hermit Warbler.... Setophaga
occidentalis.
Hooded Warbler.... Setophaga citrina.
Icterine Warbler.. Hippolais
icterina.
Kamchatka Leaf Phylloscopus
Warbler. examinandus.
Kentucky Warbler.. Geothlypis
formosa.
Kirtland's Warbler Setophaga
kirtlandii.
Lanceolated Locustella
Warbler. lanceolata.
Lucy's Warbler.... Leiothlypis
luciae.
MacGillivray's Geothlypis
Warbler. tolmiei.
Magnolia Warbler.. Setophaga
magnolia.
Mangrove Warbler.. Setophaga
petechia.
Middendorff's Helopsaltes
Grasshopper ochotensis.
Warbler.
Mourning Warbler.. Geothlypis
philadelphia.
Nashville Warbler. Leiothlypis
ruficapilla.
Nightingale Reed Acrocephalus
Warbler. luscinius.
Olive Warbler..... Peucedramus
taeniatus.
Orange-crowned Leiothlypis
Warbler. celata.
Pagan Reed Warbler Acrocephalus
yamashinae.
Pallas's Helopsaltes
Grasshopper certhiola.
Warbler.
Pallas's Leaf Phylloscopus
Warbler. proregulus.
Palm Warbler...... Setophaga
palmarum.
Pine Warbler...... Setophaga pinus.
Prairie Warbler... Setophaga
discolor.
Prothonotary Protonotaria
Warbler. citrea.
Red-faced Warbler. Cardellina
rubrifrons.
River Warbler..... Locustella
fluviatilis.
Rufous-capped Basileuterus
Warbler. rufifrons.
Saipan Reed Acrocephalus
Warbler. hiwae.
Sedge Warbler..... Acrocephalus
schoenobaenus.
Swainson's Warbler Limnothlypis
swainsonii.
[[Page 62433]]
Tennessee Warbler. Leiothlypis
peregrina.
Thick-billed Arundinax aedon.
Warbler.
Townsend's Warbler Setophaga
townsendi.
Virginia's Warbler Leiothlypis
virginiae.
Willow Warbler.... Phylloscopus
trochilus.
Wilson's Warbler.. Cardellina
pusilla.
Wood Warbler...... Phylloscopus
sibilatrix.
Worm-eating Helmitheros
Warbler. vermivorum.
Yellow Warbler.... Setophaga aestiva.
Yellow-browed Phylloscopus
Warbler. inornatus.
Yellow-rumped Setophaga
Warbler. coronata.
Yellow-throated Setophaga
Warbler. dominica.
Warbling-Vireo.................. Western Warbling- Vireo swainsoni.
Vireo.
Eastern Warbling- Vireo gilvus.
Vireo.
Waterthrush..................... Louisiana Parkesia
Waterthrush. motacilla.
Northern Parkesia
Waterthrush. noveboracensis.
Waxwing......................... Bohemian Waxwing.. Bombycilla
garrulus.
Cedar Waxwing..... Bombycilla
cedrorum.
Wheatear........................ Northern Wheatear. Oenanthe oenanthe.
Pied Wheatear..... Oenanthe
pleschanka.
Whimbrel........................ Eurasian Whimbrel. Numenius phaeopus.
Hudsonian Whimbrel Numenius
hudsonicus.
Whip-poor-will.................. Eastern Whip-poor- Antrostomus
will. vociferus.
Mexican Whip-poor- Antrostomus
will. arizonae.
Whistling-Duck.................. Black-bellied Dendrocygna
Whistling-Duck. autumnalis.
Fulvous Whistling- Dendrocygna
Duck. bicolor.
West Indian Dendrocygna
Whistling-Duck. arborea.
Whitestart...................... Painted Whitestart Myioborus pictus.
Slate-throated Myioborus
Whitestart. miniatus.
White-Tern...................... Blue-billed White- Gygis candida.
Tern.
Little White-Tern. Gygis
microrhyncha.
Whitethroat..................... Lesser Whitethroat Curruca curruca.
Wigeon.......................... American Wigeon... Mareca americana.
Eurasian Wigeon... Mareca penelope.
Willet.......................... Prairie Willet.... Tringa inornata.
Saltmarsh Willet.. Tringa
semipalmata.
Woodcock........................ American Woodcock. Scolopax minor.
Eurasian Woodcock. Scolopax
rusticola.
Woodpecker...................... Acorn Woodpecker.. Melanerpes
formicivorus.
American Three- Picoides dorsalis.
toed Woodpecker.
Arizona Woodpecker Dryobates
arizonae.
Black-backed Picoides arcticus.
Woodpecker.
Downy Woodpecker.. Dryobates
pubescens.
Gila Woodpecker... Melanerpes
uropygialis.
Golden-fronted Melanerpes
Woodpecker. aurifrons.
Great Spotted Dendrocopos major.
Woodpecker.
Hairy Woodpecker.. Dryobates
villosus.
Ivory-billed Campephilus
Woodpecker. principalis.
Ladder-backed Dryobates
Woodpecker. scalaris.
Lewis's Woodpecker Melanerpes lewis.
Nuttall's Dryobates
Woodpecker. nuttallii.
Pileated Dryocopus
Woodpecker. pileatus.
Puerto Rican Melanerpes
Woodpecker. portoricensis.
Red-bellied Melanerpes
Woodpecker. carolinus.
Red-cockaded Dryobates
Woodpecker. borealis.
Red-headed Melanerpes
Woodpecker. erythrocephalus.
White-headed Dryobates
Woodpecker. albolarvatus.
Wood-Pewee...................... Eastern Wood-Pewee Contopus virens.
Western Wood-Pewee Contopus
sordidulus.
Wood-Rail....................... Rufous-necked Wood- Aramides
Rail. axillaris.
Woodstar........................ Bahama Woodstar... Nesophlox
evelynae.
Wren............................ Bewick's Wren..... Thryomanes
bewickii.
Cactus Wren....... Campylorhynchus
brunneicapillus.
Canyon Wren....... Catherpes
mexicanus.
Carolina Wren..... Thryothorus
ludovicianus.
Northern House Troglodytes aedon.
Wren.
Pacific Wren...... Nannus pacificus.
Rock Wren......... Salpinctes
obsoletus.
Sedge Wren........ Cistothorus
stellaris.
Sinaloa Wren...... Thryophilus
sinaloa.
Winter Wren....... Nannus hiemalis.
[[Page 62434]]
Wrentit......................... Wrentit........... Chamaea fasciata.
Wryneck......................... Eurasian Wryneck.. Jynx torquilla.
Yellowlegs...................... Greater Yellowlegs Tringa
melanoleuca.
Lesser Yellowlegs. Tringa flavipes.
Yellowthroat.................... Common Geothlypis
Yellowthroat. trichas.
Gray-crowned Geothlypis
Yellowthroat. poliocephala.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Taxonomic listing. The table lists speciesin phylogenetic
sequence by scientific name, with the common (English) name following
the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also
provide the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and
Subfamily.
Table 2 to Paragraph (c)--Taxonomic Listing of Birds Protected by the
Migratory Bird Treaty Act
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species scientific name Species common name
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(i) Order Anseriformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Anatidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Dendrocygninae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dendrocygna autumnalis................. Black-bellied Whistling-Duck.
Dendrocygna arborea.................... West Indian Whistling-Duck.
Dendrocygna bicolor.................... Fulvous Whistling-Duck.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Anserinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Anser canagicus........................ Emperor Goose.
Anser caerulescens..................... Snow Goose.
Anser rossii........................... Ross's Goose.
Anser albifrons........................ Greater White-fronted Goose.
Anser erythropus....................... Lesser White-fronted Goose.
Anser fabalis.......................... Taiga Bean-Goose.
Anser serrirostris..................... Tundra Bean-Goose.
Anser brachyrhynchus................... Pink-footed Goose.
Branta bernicla........................ Brant.
Branta leucopsis....................... Barnacle Goose.
Branta hutchinsii...................... Cackling Goose.
Branta canadensis...................... Canada Goose.
Branta sandvicensis.................... Hawaiian Goose.
Cygnus buccinator...................... Trumpeter Swan.
Cygnus columbianus..................... Tundra Swan.
Cygnus cygnus.......................... Whooper Swan.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Subfamily Anatinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cairina moschata....................... Muscovy Duck.
Aix sponsa............................. Wood Duck.
Sibirionetta formosa................... Baikal Teal.
Spatula querquedula.................... Garganey.
Spatula discors........................ Blue-winged Teal.
Spatula cyanoptera..................... Cinnamon Teal.
Spatula clypeata....................... Northern Shoveler.
Mareca strepera........................ Gadwall.
Mareca falcata......................... Falcated Duck.
Mareca penelope........................ Eurasian Wigeon.
Mareca americana....................... American Wigeon.
Anas laysanensis....................... Laysan Duck.
Anas wyvilliana........................ Hawaiian Duck.
Anas zonorhyncha....................... Eastern Spot-billed Duck.
Anas platyrhynchos..................... Mallard.
Anas diazi............................. Mexican Duck.
Anas rubripes.......................... American Black Duck.
Anas fulvigula......................... Mottled Duck.
Anas superciliosa...................... Pacific Black Duck.
Anas bahamensis........................ White-cheeked Pintail.
Anas acuta............................. Northern Pintail.
Anas crecca............................ Green-winged Teal.
Aythya valisineria..................... Canvasback.
[[Page 62435]]
Aythya americana....................... Redhead.
Aythya ferina.......................... Common Pochard.
Aythya baeri........................... Baer's Pochard.
Aythya collaris........................ Ring-necked Duck.
Aythya fuligula........................ Tufted Duck.
Aythya marila.......................... Greater Scaup.
Aythya affinis......................... Lesser Scaup.
Polysticta stelleri.................... Steller's Eider.
Somateria fischeri..................... Spectacled Eider.
Somateria spectabilis.................. King Eider.
Somateria mollissima................... Common Eider.
Histrionicus histrionicus.............. Harlequin Duck.
Melanitta perspicillata................ Surf Scoter.
Melanitta deglandi..................... White-winged Scoter.
Melanitta stejnegeri................... Stejneger's Scoter.
Melanitta nigra........................ Common Scoter.
Melanitta americana.................... Black Scoter.
Clangula hyemalis...................... Long-tailed Duck.
Bucephala albeola...................... Bufflehead.
Bucephala clangula..................... Common Goldeneye.
Bucephala islandica.................... Barrow's Goldeneye.
Mergellus albellus..................... Smew.
Lophodytes cucullatus.................. Hooded Merganser.
Mergus merganser....................... Common Merganser.
Mergus serrator........................ Red-breasted Merganser.
Nomonyx dominicus...................... Masked Duck.
Oxyura jamaicensis..................... Ruddy Duck.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) Order Phoenicopteriformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Phoenicopteridae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phoenicopterus ruber................... American Flamingo.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(iii) Order Podicipediformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Podicipedidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tachybaptus dominicus.................. Least Grebe.
Podilymbus podiceps.................... Pied-billed Grebe.
Podiceps auritus....................... Horned Grebe.
Podiceps grisegena..................... Red-necked Grebe.
Podiceps nigricollis................... Eared Grebe.
Aechmophorus occidentalis.............. Western Grebe.
Aechmophorus clarkii................... Clark's Grebe.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(iv) Order Columbiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Columbidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pampusana stairi....................... Shy Ground Dove.
Pampusana xanthonura................... White-throated Ground Dove.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Claravinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Columbina inca......................... Inca Dove.
Columbina passerina.................... Common Ground Dove.
Columbina talpacoti.................... Ruddy Ground Dove.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Columbinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Geotrygon montana...................... Ruddy Quail-Dove.
Geotrygon chrysia...................... Key West Quail-Dove.
Geotrygon mystacea..................... Bridled Quail-Dove.
Leptotila verreauxi.................... White-tipped Dove.
Zenaida asiatica....................... White-winged Dove.
Zenaida aurita......................... Zenaida Dove.
Zenaida macroura....................... Mourning Dove.
Ptilinopus porphyraceus................ Crimson-crowned Fruit-Dove.
Ptilinopus roseicapilla................ Mariana Fruit-Dove.
Ptilinopus perousii.................... Many-colored Fruit-Dove.
Ducula pacifica........................ Pacific Imperial-Pigeon.
[[Page 62436]]
Patagioenas fasciata................... Band-tailed Pigeon.
Patagioenas squamosa................... Scaly-naped Pigeon.
Patagioenas leucocephala............... White-crowned Pigeon.
Patagioenas inornata................... Plain Pigeon.
Patagioenas flavirostris............... Red-billed Pigeon.
Streptopelia orientalis................ Oriental Turtle-Dove.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(v) Order Cuculiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Cuculidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Crotophaginae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Crotophaga ani......................... Smooth-billed Ani.
Crotophaga sulcirostris................ Groove-billed Ani.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Neomorphinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Geococcyx californianus................ Greater Roadrunner.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Subfamily Cuculinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cuculus canorus........................ Common Cuckoo.
Cuculus optatus........................ Oriental Cuckoo.
Clamator coromandus.................... Chestnut-winged Cuckoo.
Coccyzus melacoryphus.................. Dark-billed Cuckoo.
Coccyzus americanus.................... Yellow-billed Cuckoo.
Coccyzus minor......................... Mangrove Cuckoo.
Coccyzus erythropthalmus............... Black-billed Cuckoo.
Coccyzus vieilloti..................... Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo.
Urodynamis taitensis................... Long-tailed Koel.
Hierococcyx nisicolor.................. Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(vi) Order Caprimulgiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Caprimulgidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Chordeilinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chordeiles acutipennis................. Lesser Nighthawk.
Chordeiles minor....................... Common Nighthawk.
Chordeiles gundlachii.................. Antillean Nighthawk.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Caprimulginae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nyctidromus albicollis................. Common Pauraque.
Phalaenoptilus nuttallii............... Common Poorwill.
Antrostomus carolinensis............... Chuck-will's-widow.
Antrostomus ridgwayi................... Buff-collared Nightjar.
Antrostomus vociferus.................. Eastern Whip-poor-will.
Antrostomus arizonae................... Mexican Whip-poor-will.
Antrostomus noctitherus................ Puerto Rican Nightjar.
Hydropsalis cayennensis................ White-tailed Nightjar.
Caprimulgus jotaka..................... Gray Nightjar.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(vii) Order Apodiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A) Family Apodidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Cypseloidinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cypseloides niger...................... Black Swift.
Streptoprocne zonaris.................. White-collared Swift.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Chaeturinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chaetura pelagica...................... Chimney Swift.
Chaetura vauxi......................... Vaux's Swift.
Chaetura brachyura..................... Short-tailed Swift.
Hirundapus caudacutus.................. White-throated Needletail.
Aerodramus spodiopygius................ White-rumped Swiftlet.
[[Page 62437]]
Aerodramus bartschi.................... Mariana Swiftlet.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Subfamily Apodinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Apus apus.............................. Common Swift.
Apus pacificus......................... Fork-tailed Swift.
Tachymarptis melba..................... Alpine Swift.
Aeronautes saxatalis................... White-throated Swift.
Tachornis phoenicobia.................. Antillean Palm-Swift.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(B) Family Trochilidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subfamily Trochilinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Colibri thalassinus.................... Mexican Violetear.
Anthracothorax prevostii............... Green-breasted Mango.
Anthracothorax aurulentus.............. Puerto Rican Mango.
Anthracothorax viridis................. Green Mango.
Eulampis jugularis..................... Purple-throated Carib.
Eulampis holosericeus.................. Green-throated Carib.
Eugenes fulgens........................ Rivoli's Hummingbird.
Heliomaster constantii................. Plain-capped Starthroat.
Lampornis amethystinus................. Amethyst-throated Mountain-gem.
Lampornis clemenciae................... Blue-throated Mountain-gem.
Calothorax lucifer..................... Lucifer Hummingbird.
Archilochus colubris................... Ruby-throated Hummingbird.
Archilochus alexandri.................. Black-chinned Hummingbird.
Mellisuga minima....................... Vervain Hummingbird.
Nesophlox evelynae..................... Bahama Woodstar.
Calypte anna........................... Anna's Hummingbird.
Calypte costae......................... Costa's Hummingbird.
Selasphorus calliope................... Calliope Hummingbird.
Selasphorus rufus...................... Rufous Hummingbird.
Selasphorus sasin...................... Allen's Hummingbird.
Selasphorus platycercus................ Broad-tailed Hummingbird.
Selasphorus heloisa.................... Bumblebee Hummingbird.
Riccordia maugaeus..................... Puerto Rican Emerald.
Cynanthus latirostris.................. Broad-billed Hummingbird.
Basilinna leucotis..................... White-eared Hummingbird.
Basilinna xantusii..................... Xantus's Hummingbird.
Orthorhyncus cristatus................. Antillean Crested Hummingbird.
Ramosomyia violiceps................... Violet-crowned Hummingbird.
Saucerottia beryllina.................. Berylline Hummingbird.
Amazilia rutila........................ Cinnamon Hummingbird.
Amazilia yucatanensis.................. Buff-bellied Hummingbird.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(viii) Order Gruiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A) Family Aramidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aramus guarauna........................ Limpkin.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(B) Family Gruidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subfamily Gruinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Antigone canadensis.................... Sandhill Crane.
Grus grus.............................. Common Crane.
Grus monacha........................... Hooded Crane.
Grus americana......................... Whooping Crane.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(C) Family Rallidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gallirallus philippensis............... Buff-banded Rail.
Gallirallus owstoni.................... Guam Rail.
Pardirallus maculatus.................. Spotted Rail.
Mustelirallus erythrops................ Paint-billed Crake.
Aramides axillaris..................... Rufous-necked Wood-Rail.
Rallus obsoletus....................... Ridgway's Rail.
Rallus elegans......................... King Rail.
Rallus crepitans....................... Clapper Rail.
Rallus limicola........................ Virginia Rail.
[[Page 62438]]
Crex crex.............................. Corn Crake.
Porzana carolina....................... Sora.
Gallinula galeata...................... Common Gallinule.
Gallinula chloropus.................... Eurasian Moorhen.
Fulica atra............................ Eurasian Coot.
Fulica alai............................ Hawaiian Coot.
Fulica americana....................... American Coot.
Porphyrio martinicus................... Purple Gallinule.
Porphyrio flavirostris................. Azure Gallinule.
Porphyrio porphyrio.................... Purple Swamphen.
Zapornia tabuensis..................... Spotless Crake.
Coturnicops noveboracensis............. Yellow Rail.
Hapalocrex flaviventer................. Yellow-breasted Crake.
Laterallus jamaicensis................. Black Rail.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ix) Order Charadriiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A) Family Recurvirostridae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Himantopus himantopus.................. Black-winged Stilt.
Himantopus mexicanus................... Black-necked Stilt.
Recurvirostra americana................ American Avocet.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(B) Family Haematopodidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Haematopus ostralegus.................. Eurasian Oystercatcher.
Haematopus palliatus................... American Oystercatcher.
Haematopus bachmani.................... Black Oystercatcher.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(C) Family Charadriidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Pluvialinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pluvialis squatarola................... Black-bellied Plover.
Pluvialis apricaria.................... European Golden-Plover.
Pluvialis dominica..................... American Golden-Plover.
Pluvialis fulva........................ Pacific Golden-Plover.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Charadriinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Eudromias morinellus................... Eurasian Dotterel.
Charadrius vociferus................... Killdeer.
Charadrius hiaticula................... Common Ringed Plover.
Charadrius semipalmatus................ Semipalmated Plover.
Charadrius melodus..................... Piping Plover.
Thinornis dubius....................... Little Ringed Plover.
Vanellus vanellus...................... Northern Lapwing.
Vanell
[…truncated; see source link]Indexed from Federal Register on October 1, 2026.
This is legal information, not legal advice. Laws vary by jurisdiction and change frequently. Always verify current law with official sources and consult a licensed attorney in your jurisdiction for advice on your specific situation.