Notice2025-15250
Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled Into Modules, From India, Indonesia, and the Lao People's Democratic Republic: Initiation of Less-Than-Fair-Value Investigations
Primary source
Metadata and text below are from the Federal Register, a public-domain U.S. government work. Always verify the official published version before relying on it for any legal matter.
Published
August 12, 2025
Issuing agencies
Commerce DepartmentInternational Trade Administration
Full Text
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<title>Federal Register, Volume 90 Issue 153 (Tuesday, August 12, 2025)</title>
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[Federal Register Volume 90, Number 153 (Tuesday, August 12, 2025)]
[Notices]
[Pages 38736-38743]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [<a href="http://www.gpo.gov">www.gpo.gov</a>]
[FR Doc No: 2025-15250]
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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
International Trade Administration
[A-533-942, A-560-846, A-553-003]
Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled
Into Modules, From India, Indonesia, and the Lao People's Democratic
Republic: Initiation of Less-Than-Fair-Value Investigations
AGENCY: Enforcement and Compliance, International Trade Administration,
Department of Commerce.
DATES: Applicable August 6, 2025.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Jonathan Schueler (202) 482-9175
(India), Myrna Lobo (202) 482-2371 (Indonesia), and Lilit Astvatsatrian
at (202) 482-6412 (the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos)), AD/CVD
Operations, Enforcement and Compliance, International Trade
Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1401 Constitution Avenue
NW, Washington, DC 20230.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
The Petitions
On July 17, 2025, the U.S. Department of Commerce (Commerce)
received antidumping duty (AD) petitions concerning imports of
crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, whether or not assembled into
modules (solar cells), from India, Indonesia, and Laos filed in proper
form on behalf of the Alliance for American Solar Manufacturing and
Trade (the petitioner).\1\ The AD Petitions were accompanied by
countervailing duty (CVD) petitions concerning imports of solar cells
from India, Indonesia, and Laos.\2\
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\1\ See Petitioner's Letter, ``Petitions for the Imposition of
Antidumping and Countervailing Duties,'' dated July 17, 2025
(Petitions). The individual members of the Alliance for American
Solar Manufacturing and Trade (the Alliance) are First Solar, Inc.,
Hanwha Q CELLS USA, Inc. (Qcells), and Mission Solar Energy LLC
(Mission Solar).
\2\ Id.
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Between July 21 and 31, 2025, Commerce requested supplemental
information pertaining to certain aspects of the Petitions in
supplemental questionnaires.\3\ Between July 23 and August 4, 2025, the
petitioner filed timely responses to these requests for additional
information.\4\
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\3\ See Commerce's Letters, ``Supplemental Questions,'' dated
July 21, 2025 (General Issues Questionnaire) and First Country-
Specific Supplemental Questionnaires: India Supplemental, Indonesia
Supplemental, and Laos Supplemental, dated July 22, 2025; see also
Country-Specific Memoranda, ``Teleconference with Counsel to the
Petitioner,'' dated July 31, 2025.
\4\ See Petitioner's Letters, ``Response to the 1st Supplemental
Questionnaire Regarding Common Issues and Injury Volume I of the
Petition,'' dated July 23, 2025 (General Issues Supplement); ``First
Country-Specific AD Supplemental Responses: First India AD
Supplement,'' ``First Indonesia AD Supplement,'' and ``First Laos AD
Supplement,'' dated July 25, 2025; and ``Second Country-Specific AD
Supplemental Responses: Second India AD Supplement,'' ``Second
Indonesia AD Supplement,'' ``Second Laos AD Supplement,'' dated
August 1, 2025 and August 4, 2025.
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In accordance with section 732(b) of the Tariff Act of 1930, as
amended (the Act), the petitioner alleges that imports of solar cells
from India, Indonesia, and Laos are being, or are likely to be, sold in
the United States at less than fair value (LTFV) within the meaning of
section 731 of the Act, and that imports of such products are
materially injuring, or threatening material injury to, the solar cells
industry in the United States. Consistent with section 732(b)(1) of the
Act, the Petitions were accompanied by information reasonably available
to the petitioner supporting its allegations.
Commerce finds that the petitioner filed the Petitions on behalf of
the domestic industry, because the petitioner is an interested party,
as defined in section 771(9)(F) of the Act.\5\ Commerce also finds that
the petitioner demonstrated sufficient industry support for the
initiation of the requested LTFV investigations.\6\
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\5\ The Alliance is an association, the majority of whose
members are producers of the domestic like product. Individual
members of the Alliance (QCells and Mission Solar) are interested
parties within the meaning of section 771(9)(C) of the Act. See
Petitions at Volume I (page 2).
\6\ See section on ``Determination of Industry Support for the
Petitions,'' infra.
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Period of Investigation
Because the Petitions were filed on July 17, 2025, pursuant to 19
CFR 351.204(b)(1), the period of investigation (POI) for the India,
Indonesia, and Laos LTFV investigations is July 1, 2024, through June
30, 2025. The petitioner argued that Commerce should determine in this
investigation that Laos is a non-market economy (NME) within the
meaning of section 771(18)(A) of the Act and should calculate normal
value (NV) for Laos in accordance with its NME methodology.\7\ Under
the NME methodology for the Laos LTFV investigation, the appropriate
POI is January 1, 2025, through June 30, 2025, pursuant to 19 CFR
351.204(b)(1).
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\7\ See Petitions at Volume IV (pages 2-3, 29 and Exhibit IV-1).
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Scope of the Investigations
The products covered by these investigations are solar cells from
India, Indonesia, and Laos. For a full description of the scope of
these investigations, see the appendix to this notice.
Comments on the Scope of the Investigations
On July 21, 2025, Commerce requested information and clarification
from the petitioner regarding the proposed scope to ensure that the
scope language in the Petitions is an accurate reflection of the
products for which the domestic industry is seeking relief.\8\ On July
23, 2025, the petitioner provided clarifications and revised the
scope.\9\ The description of merchandise covered by these
investigations, as described in the appendix to this notice, reflects
these clarifications.
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\8\ See General Issues Questionnaire at 3-4.
\9\ See General Issues Supplement at 2-8.
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As discussed in the Preamble to Commerce's regulations, we are
setting aside a period for interested parties to raise issues regarding
product coverage (i.e., scope).\10\ Commerce will consider all scope
comments received from interested parties and, if necessary, will
consult with interested parties prior to the issuance of the
preliminary determinations. If scope comments include factual
information,\11\ all such factual information should be limited to
public information. Commerce requests that interested parties provide
at the beginning of their scope comments a public executive summary for
each comment or issue raised in their submission. Commerce further
requests that interested parties limit their public executive summary
of each comment or issue to no more than 450 words, not including
citations. Commerce intends to use the public executive summaries as
the basis of the comment summaries included in the analysis of scope
comments. To facilitate preparation of
[[Page 38737]]
its questionnaires, Commerce requests that scope comments be submitted
by 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time (ET) on August 26, 2025, which is 20 calendar
days from the signature date of this notice. Any rebuttal comments,
which may include factual information, and should also be limited to
public information, must be filed by 5:00 p.m. ET on September 5, 2025,
which is 10 calendar days from the initial comment deadline.
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\10\ See Antidumping Duties; Countervailing Duties; Final Rule,
62 FR 27296, 27323 (June 19, 1997) (Preamble); see also 19 CFR
351.312.
\11\ See 19 CFR 351.102(b)(21) (defining ``factual
information'').
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Commerce requests that any factual information that parties
consider relevant to the scope of these investigations be submitted
during that period. However, if a party subsequently finds that
additional factual information pertaining to the scope of the
investigations may be relevant, the party must contact Commerce and
request permission to submit the additional information. All scope
comments must be filed simultaneously on the records of the concurrent
LTFV and CVD investigations.
Filing Requirements
All submissions to Commerce must be filed electronically via
Enforcement and Compliance's Antidumping Duty and Countervailing Duty
Centralized Electronic Service System (ACCESS), unless an exception
applies.\12\ An electronically filed document must be received
successfully in its entirety by the time and date it is due.
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\12\ See Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Proceedings:
Electronic Filing Procedures; Administrative Protective Order
Procedures, 76 FR 39263 (July 6, 2011); see also Enforcement and
Compliance: Change of Electronic Filing System Name, 79 FR 69046
(November 20, 2014) for details of Commerce's electronic filing
requirements, effective August 5, 2011. Information on using ACCESS
can be found at <a href="https://access.trade.gov/help.aspx">https://access.trade.gov/help.aspx</a> and a handbook
can be found at <a href="https://access.trade.gov/help/Handbook_on_Electronic_Filing_Procedures.pdf">https://access.trade.gov/help/Handbook_on_Electronic_Filing_Procedures.pdf</a>.
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Comments on Product Characteristics
Commerce is providing interested parties an opportunity to comment
on the appropriate physical characteristics of solar cells to be
reported in response to Commerce's AD questionnaires. This information
will be used to identify the key physical characteristics of the
subject merchandise in order to report the relevant factors of
production (FOPs) or cost of production (COP) accurately, as well as to
develop appropriate product comparison criteria.
Interested parties may provide any information or comments that
they feel are relevant to the development of an accurate list of
physical characteristics. Specifically, they may provide comments as to
which characteristics are appropriate to use as: (1) general product
characteristics; and (2) product comparison criteria. We note that it
is not always appropriate to use all product characteristics as product
comparison criteria. We base product comparison criteria on meaningful
commercial differences among products. In other words, although there
may be some physical product characteristics utilized by manufacturers
to describe solar cells, it may be that only a select few product
characteristics take into account commercially meaningful physical
characteristics. In addition, interested parties may comment on the
order in which the physical characteristics should be used in matching
products. Generally, Commerce attempts to list the most important
physical characteristics first and the least important characteristics
last.
In order to consider the suggestions of interested parties in
developing and issuing the AD questionnaires, all product
characteristics comments must be filed by 5:00 p.m. ET on August 26,
2025, which is 20 calendar days from the signature date of this notice.
Any rebuttal comments must be filed by 5:00 p.m. ET on September 5,
2025, which is 10 calendar days from the initial comment deadline. All
comments and submissions to Commerce must be filed electronically using
ACCESS, as explained above, on the record of the each of the LTFV
investigations.
Determination of Industry Support for the Petitions
Section 732(b)(1) of the Act requires that a petition be filed on
behalf of the domestic industry. Section 732(c)(4)(A) of the Act
provides that a petition meets this requirement if the domestic
producers or workers who support the petition account for: (i) at least
25 percent of the total production of the domestic like product; and
(ii) more than 50 percent of the production of the domestic like
product produced by that portion of the industry expressing support
for, or opposition to, the petition. Moreover, section 732(c)(4)(D) of
the Act provides that, if the petition does not establish support of
domestic producers or workers accounting for more than 50 percent of
the total production of the domestic like product, Commerce shall: (i)
poll the industry or rely on other information in order to determine if
there is support for the petition, as required by subparagraph (A); or
(ii) determine industry support using a statistically valid sampling
method to poll the ``industry.''
Section 771(4)(A) of the Act defines the ``industry'' as the
producers as a whole of a domestic like product. Thus, to determine
whether a petition has the requisite industry support, the statute
directs Commerce to look to producers and workers who produce the
domestic like product. The U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC),
which is responsible for determining whether ``the domestic industry''
has been injured, must also determine what constitutes a domestic like
product in order to define the industry. While both Commerce and the
ITC must apply the same statutory definition regarding the domestic
like product,\13\ they do so for different purposes and pursuant to a
separate and distinct authority. In addition, Commerce's determination
is subject to limitations of time and information. Although this may
result in different definitions of the like product, such differences
do not render the decision of either agency contrary to law.\14\
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\13\ See section 771(10) of the Act.
\14\ See USEC, Inc. v. United States, 132 F. Supp. 2d 1, 8 (CIT
2001) (citing Algoma Steel Corp., Ltd. v. United States, 688 F.
Supp. 639, 644 (CIT 1988), aff'd 865 F.2d 240 (Fed. Cir. 1989)).
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Section 771(10) of the Act defines the domestic like product as ``a
product which is like, or in the absence of like, most similar in
characteristics and uses with, the article subject to an investigation
under this title.'' Thus, the reference point from which the domestic
like product analysis begins is ``the article subject to an
investigation'' (i.e., the class or kind of merchandise to be
investigated, which normally will be the scope as defined in the
petition).
With regard to the domestic like product, the petitioner does not
offer a definition of the domestic like product distinct from the scope
of the investigations.\15\ Based on our analysis of the information
submitted on the record, we have determined that solar cells, as
defined in the scope, constitutes a single domestic like product, and
we have analyzed industry support in terms of that domestic like
product.\16\
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\15\ For a discussion of the domestic like product analysis as
applied to these cases and information regarding industry support,
see Checklists, ``Antidumping Duty Investigation Initiation
Checklists: Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not
Assembled into Modules, from India, Indonesia, and the Lao People's
Democratic Republic,'' dated concurrently with, and hereby adopted
by, this notice (Country-Specific AD Initiation Checklists), at
Attachment II, Analysis of Industry Support for the Antidumping and
Countervailing Duty Petitions Covering Crystalline Silicon
Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled into Modules, from
India, Indonesia, and the Lao People's Democratic Republic
(Attachment II). These checklists are on file electronically via
ACCESS.
\16\ For further discussion, see Attachment II of the Country-
Specific AD Initiation Checklists.
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[[Page 38738]]
In determining whether the petitioner has standing under section
732(c)(4)(A) of the Act, we considered the industry support data
contained in the Petitions with reference to the domestic like product
as defined in the ``Scope of the Investigations,'' in the appendix to
this notice. To establish industry support, the petitioner provided the
2024 production of the domestic like product for the U.S. producers
that support the Petitions and compared this to the estimated total
U.S. production of the domestic like product by the entire U.S. solar
cells industry.\17\ We relied on data provided by the petitioner for
purposes of measuring industry support.\18\
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\17\ Id.
\18\ Id.
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On July 30, 2025, we received timely filed comments on industry
support from Illuminate USA LLC (Illuminate), a U.S. producer of the
domestic like product.\19\ On July 30, 2025, we also received timely
filed comments on industry support from a group of U.S. producers,
Canadian Solar US Module Manufacturing Corporation (Canadian Solar),
Heliene USA Inc. (Heliene), and Silfab Solar WA (Silfab).\20\ On August
1, 2025, the petitioner responded to the comments from Illuminate,
Canadian Solar, Heliene and Silfab in a timely filed rebuttal
submission.\21\
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\19\ See Illuminate's Letter, ``Illuminate Request to Poll the
Domestic Industry,'' dated July 30, 2025.
\20\ See Letter from Canadian Solar, Heliene, and Silfab,
``Request to Poll the Industry,'' dated July 30, 2025.
\21\ See Petitioner's Letter, ``Alliance's Rebuttal Comments to
Parties Industry Polling Requests,'' dated August 1, 2025
(Petitioner's Rebuttal).
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Our review of the data provided in the Petitions, the General
Issues Supplement, Petitioner's Rebuttal, and other information readily
available to Commerce indicates that the petitioner has established
industry support for the Petitions.\22\ First, the Petitions
established support from domestic producers (or workers) accounting for
more than 50 percent of the total production of the domestic like
product and, as such, Commerce is not required to take further action
in order to evaluate industry support (e.g., polling).\23\ Second, the
domestic producers (or workers) have met the statutory criteria for
industry support under section 732(c)(4)(A)(i) of the Act because the
domestic producers (or workers) who support the Petitions account for
at least 25 percent of the total production of the domestic like
product.\24\ Finally, the domestic producers (or workers) have met the
statutory criteria for industry support under section 732(c)(4)(A)(ii)
of the Act because the domestic producers (or workers) who support the
Petitions account for more than 50 percent of the production of the
domestic like product produced by that portion of the industry
expressing support for, or opposition to, the Petitions.\25\
Accordingly, Commerce determines that the Petitions were filed on
behalf of the domestic industry within the meaning of section 732(b)(1)
of the Act.\26\
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\22\ See Attachment II of the Country-Specific AD Initiation
Checklists.
\23\ See Attachment II of the Country-Specific AD Initiation
Checklists; see also section 732(c)(4)(D) of the Act.
\24\ See Attachment II of the Country-Specific AD Initiation
Checklists.
\25\ Id.
\26\ Id.
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Allegations and Evidence of Material Injury and Causation
The petitioner alleges that the U.S. industry producing the
domestic like product is being materially injured, or is threatened
with material injury, by reason of the imports of the subject
merchandise sold at LTFV. In addition, the petitioner alleges that
subject imports from India, Indonesia, and Laos individually exceed the
negligibility threshold provided for under section 771(24)(A) of the
Act.\27\
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\27\ For further discussion, see Country-Specific AD Initiation
Checklists at Attachment III, Analysis of Allegations and Evidence
of Material Injury and Causation for the Antidumping and
Countervailing Duty Petitions Covering Crystalline Silicon
Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled into Modules, from
India, Indonesia, and the Lao People's Democratic Republic
(Attachment III).
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The petitioner contends that the industry's injured condition is
illustrated by the significant volume of subject imports, reduced
market share, underselling and price depression and/or suppression,
lost sales and revenues, declines in the domestic industry's
production, shipments, capacity utilization, delays or retraction of
the domestic industry's expansion plans and negative impact on
employment and financial performance.\28\ We assessed the allegations
and supporting evidence regarding material injury, threat of material
injury, causation, cumulation, as well as negligibility, and we have
determined that these allegations are properly supported by adequate
evidence, and meet the statutory requirements for initiation.\29\
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\28\ See Attachment III of the Country-Specific AD Initiation
Checklists.
\29\ Id.
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Allegations of Sales at LTFV
The following is a description of the allegations of sales at LTFV
upon which Commerce based its decision to initiate LTFV investigations
of imports of solar cells from India, Indonesia, and Laos. The sources
of data for the deductions and adjustments relating to U.S. price and
NV are discussed in greater detail in the Country-Specific AD
Initiation Checklists.
U.S. Price
For India and Laos, the petitioner calculated constructed export
price (CEP) based on pricing information for sales, or offers for sale,
of solar cells produced in and exported from each country.\30\ For
Indonesia, the petitioner based export price (EP) on a transaction-
specific average unit value (AUV) (i.e., month- and port-specific AUV)
derived from official import statistics and tied to ship manifest
data.\31\ For each country, the petitioner made certain adjustments to
U.S. price to calculate a net ex-factory U.S. price, where
applicable.\32\
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\30\ See India AD Initiation Checklist; see also Laos AD
Initiation Checklist.
\31\ See Indonesia AD Initiation Checklist.
\32\ See Country-Specific AD Checklists.
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Normal Value <SUP>33</SUP>
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\33\ In accordance with section 773(b)(2) of the Act, for these
investigations, Commerce will request information necessary to
calculate the constructed value (CV) and COP to determine whether
there are reasonable grounds to believe or suspect that sales of the
foreign like product have been made at prices that represent less
than the COP of the product.
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For India and Indonesia, the petitioner stated that it was unable
to obtain home market or third-country pricing information for solar
cells in India or Indonesia to use a basis for NV.\34\ Therefore, for
India and Indonesia, the petitioner calculated NV based on CV. For
further discussion of CV, see the section ``Normal Value Based on
Constructed Value.''
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\34\ See Country-Specific AD Initiation Checklists.
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For Laos, the petitioner provided NV calculations using both the
NME and market economy (ME) methodologies.\35\ Under the ME
methodology, for Laos, the petitioner stated that it was unable to
obtain home market or third-country pricing information for solar cells
in Laos to use a basis for ME NV.\36\ Therefore, under the ME
methodology for Laos, the petitioner calculated ME NV based on CV.\37\
For further discussion of CV, see the section ``Normal Value Based on
Constructed Value.'' Under the NME methodology, the petitioner
calculated the NME NV based on FOPs valued in a surrogate market
country economy country in accordance with section 773(c) of the
Act.\38\ The petitioner claims that India is an appropriate surrogate
country for
[[Page 38739]]
Laos because India is a market economy country that is at a level of
economic development comparable to that of Laos and is a significant
producer of comparable merchandise.\39\ The petitioner provided
publicly available information from India to value all FOPs, where
applicable.\40\ We relied on the petitioner's selection of India as a
surrogate country for Laos to value FOPs for initiation purposes under
the NME methodology.
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\35\ See Laos AD Initiation Checklist.
\36\ Id.
\37\ Id.
\38\ Id.
\39\ Id.
\40\ Id.
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Interested parties will have the opportunity to submit comments
regarding surrogate country selection and, pursuant to 19 CFR
351.301(c)(3)(i), will be provided an opportunity to submit publicly
available information to value FOPs within 30 days before the scheduled
date of the preliminary determination.
Factors of Production
Because information regarding the volume of inputs consumed by
Laotian producers/exporters was not reasonably available, under the NME
methodology, the petitioner used the production experience and product-
specific consumption rates of a U.S. producer of solar cells as a
surrogate to value Laotian manufacturers' FOPs.\41\ Additionally, the
petitioner calculated factory overhead, selling, general, and
administrative expenses (SG&A), and profit based on the experience of
an Indian producer of identical merchandise.\42\
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\41\ Id.
\42\ Id.
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Normal Value Based on Constructed Value
As noted above for India and Indonesia, the petitioner stated that
it was unable to obtain home market or third-country prices for solar
cells to use as a basis for NV. Therefore, for India and Indonesia, the
petitioner calculated NV based on CV.\43\ Additionally, under the ME
methodology for Laos, the petitioner stated it was also unable to
obtain home market or third-country prices for solar cells to use as a
basis for ME NV. Therefore, under the ME methodology for Laos, the
petitioner calculated ME NV based on CV.\44\
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\43\ See Country-Specific AD Initiation Checklists.
\44\ See Laos AD Initiation Checklist.
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Pursuant to section 773(e) of the Act, the petitioner calculated CV
as the sum of the cost of manufacturing, SG&A expenses, financial
expenses, and profit.\45\ For India and Indonesia, as well as for the
ME methodology for Laos, in calculating the cost of manufacturing, the
petitioner relied on the production experience and input consumption
rates of a U.S. producer of solar cells, valued using publicly
available information applicable to India, Indonesia, and Laos.\46\ For
calculating SG&A expenses, financial expenses, and profit ratios, the
petitioner relied on the 2024 financial statements of an Indian
producer of identical merchandise, for India, and the 2024 financial
statements of an Indonesian producer of comparable merchandise, for
Indonesia, and the 2023-2024 financial statements for Indian producer
of identical merchandise, for Laos.\47\
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\45\ See Country-Specific AD Initiation Checklists.
\46\ Id.
\47\ Id.
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Fair Value Comparisons
Based on the data provided by the petitioner, there is reason to
believe that imports of solar cells from India, Indonesia, and Laos are
being, or are likely to be, sold in the United States at LTFV. Based on
comparisons of CEP or EP to NV in accordance with sections 772 and 773
of the Act, the estimated dumping margins for solar cells from India
and Indonesia are 123.04 percent and 94.36 percent, respectively.\48\
Under the ME methodology, the estimated dumping margin for solar cells
from Laos is 190.12 percent, for purposes of initiation.\49\ In light
of the petitioner's allegations in the Petition that Laos is a NME,
under the NME methodology, the estimated dumping margin for solar cells
from Laos is 123.12 percent, for purposes of initiation.\50\
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\48\ Id.
\49\ Id.
\50\ Id.
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Initiation of LTFV Investigations
Based upon the examination of the Petitions and supplemental
responses, we find that they meet the requirements of section 732 of
the Act. Therefore, we are initiating LTFV investigations to determine
whether imports of solar cells from India, Indonesia, and Laos are
being, or are likely to be, sold in the United States at LTFV. In
accordance with section 733(b)(1)(A) of the Act and 19 CFR
351.205(b)(1), unless postponed, we will make our preliminary
determinations no later than 140 days after the date of these
initiations.
Respondent Selection
India and Indonesia
In the Petitions, the petitioner identified 43 companies in India,
and 54 companies in Indonesia as producers and/or exporters of solar
cells.\51\
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\51\ See Petitions at Volume I (page 18 and Exhibit I-18); see
also General Issues Supplement at 1-2 and Exhibit I-Supp-1.
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Following standard practice in LTFV investigations involving market
economy countries, in the event Commerce determines that the number of
companies is large, and it cannot individually examine each company
based upon Commerce's resource, where appropriate, Commerce intends to
select mandatory respondents based on U.S. Customs and Border
Protection (CBP) data for imports under the appropriate Harmonized
Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS) subheading(s) listed in
the ``Scope of the Investigations,'' in the appendix.
On August 5, 2025, Commerce released CBP data on imports of solar
cells from India and Indonesia under administrative protective order
(APO) to all parties with access to information protected by APO and
indicated that interested parties wishing to comment on CBP data and/or
respondent selection must do so within three business days of the
publication date of the notice of initiation of these
investigations.\52\ Comments must be filed electronically using ACCESS.
An electronically filed document must be received successfully in its
entirety via ACCESS by 5:00 p.m. ET on the specified deadline. Commerce
will not accept rebuttal comments regarding the CBP data or respondent
selection.
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\52\ See Country-Specific Memoranda, ``Release of U.S. Customs
and Border Protection Entry Data,'' dated August 5, 2025.
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Interested parties must submit applications for disclosure under
APO in accordance with 19 CFR 351.305(b). Instructions for filing such
applications may be found on Commerce's website at <a href="https://www.trade.gov/administrative-protective-orders">https://www.trade.gov/administrative-protective-orders</a>.
Laos
In the Petition, the petitioner identified eight companies in Laos
as producers/exporters of solar cells.\53\ As noted above, following
our standard practice for ME countries, Commerce would normally select
respondents based on CBP entry data for imports under the appropriate
HTSUS subheadings listed in the scope of the investigations. Our
standard practice for respondent selection in LTFV investigations
involving NME countries is to select respondents based on quantity and
value (Q&V) questionnaires in cases where Commerce has determined that
the
[[Page 38740]]
number of companies is large, and it cannot individually examine each
company based upon its resources. Therefore, considering the number of
producers and/or exporters identified in the Petition, the petitioner's
NME allegation, and the presentation of ME and NME NV methodologies in
the Petition, Commerce has determined that it will solicit Q&V
information that can serve as a basis for selecting exporters for
individual examination in the event that Commerce determines that the
number is large and decides to limit the number of respondents
individually examined pursuant to section 777A(c)(2) of the Act.
Because there are eight Laotian producers and/or exporters identified
in the Petition, Commerce has determined that it will issue Q&V
questionnaires to each potential respondent for which there is complete
address information on the record.
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\53\ See Petitions at Volume I (page 18 and Exhibit I-18).
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Commerce will post the Q&V questionnaires along with filing
instructions on Commerce's website at <a href="https://www.trade.gov/ec-adcvd-case-announcements">https://www.trade.gov/ec-adcvd-case-announcements</a>. Producers/exporters of solar cells in Laos that do
not receive Q&V questionnaires may still submit a response to the Q&V
questionnaire and can obtain a copy of the Q&V questionnaire from
Commerce's website. Responses to the Q&V questionnaire must be
submitted by the relevant Laotian producers/exporters no later than
5:00 p.m. ET on August 20, 2025, which is two weeks from the signature
date of this notice. All Q&V questionnaire responses must be filed
electronically via ACCESS. An electronically filed document must be
received successfully, in its entirety, by ACCESS no later than 5:00
p.m. ET on the deadline noted above. Interested parties must submit
applications for disclosure under administrative protective order (APO)
in accordance with 19 CFR 351.305(b). As stated above, instructions for
filing such applications may be found on Commerce's website at <a href="https://www.trade.gov/administrative-protective-orders">https://www.trade.gov/administrative-protective-orders</a>.
Separate Rates
In the event Commerce applies an NME methodology for Laos, Commerce
will consider assigning separate rates to exporters and producers. In
order to obtain separate rate status in an NME investigation, exporters
and producers must submit a separate rate application. The specific
requirements for submitting a separate rate application in an NME
investigation are outlined in detail in the application itself, which
is available on Commerce's website at <a href="https://access.trade.gov/Resources/nme/nme-sep-rate.html">https://access.trade.gov/Resources/nme/nme-sep-rate.html</a>. Note that Commerce recently
promulgated new regulations pertaining to separate rates, including the
separate rate application deadline and eligibility for separate rate
status, in 19 CFR 351.108.\54\ Pursuant to 19 CFR 351.108(d)(1), the
separate rate application will be due 21 days after publication of this
initiation notice.\55\ Exporters and producers must file a timely
separate rate application if they want to be considered for individual
examination. In addition, pursuant to 19 CFR 351.108(e), exporters and
producers who submit a separate rate application and have been selected
as mandatory respondents will be eligible for consideration for
separate rate status only if they fully respond to all parts of
Commerce's AD questionnaire and participate in the LTFV proceeding as
mandatory respondents.\56\ Commerce requires that companies from Laos
submit a response both to the Q&V questionnaire and to the separate
rate application by the respective deadlines to receive consideration
for separate rate status. Companies not filing a timely Q&V
questionnaire response will not receive separate rate consideration.
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\54\ See Regulations Enhancing the Administration of the
Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Trade Remedy Laws, 89 FR 101694,
101759-60 (December 16, 2024).
\55\ See 19 CFR 351.108(d)(1).
\56\ See 19 CFR 351.108(e).
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Use of Combination Rates
In the event Commerce applies an NME methodology for Laos, Commerce
will calculate combination rates for certain respondents that are
eligible for a separate rate in an NME investigation. The Separate
Rates and Combination Rates Bulletin states:
{w{time} hile continuing the practice of assigning separate rates
only to exporters, all separate rates that {Commerce{time} will now
assign in its NME investigation will be specific to those producers
that supplied the exporter during the period of investigation. Note,
however, that one rate is calculated for the exporter and all of the
producers which supplied subject merchandise to it during the period
of investigation. This practice applies both to mandatory
respondents receiving an individually calculated separate rate as
well as the pool of non-investigated firms receiving the {weighted
average{time} of the individually calculated rates. This practice
is referred to as the application of ``combination rates'' because
such rates apply to specific combinations of exporters and one or
more producers. The cash-deposit rate assigned to an exporter will
apply only to merchandise both exported by the firm in question and
produced by a firm that supplied the exporter during the period of
investigation.\57\
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\57\ See Enforcement and Compliance's Policy Bulletin No. 05.1,
regarding, ``Separate-Rates Practice and Application of Combination
Rates in Antidumping Investigation involving NME Countries,'' (April
5, 2005), at 6 (emphasis added), available on Commerce's website at
<a href="https://access.trade.gov/Resources/policy/bull05-1.pdf">https://access.trade.gov/Resources/policy/bull05-1.pdf</a>.
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Distribution of Copies of the Petitions
In accordance with section 732(b)(3)(A) of the Act and 19 CFR
351.202(f), a copy of the public version of the Petitions has been
provided to the governments of India, Indonesia, and Laos via ACCESS.
To the extent practicable, we will attempt to provide a copy of the
public version of the Petitions to each exporter named in the
Petitions, as provided under 19 CFR 351.203(c)(2).
ITC Notification
Commerce will notify the ITC of our initiation, as required by
section 732(d) of the Act.
Preliminary Determinations by the ITC
The ITC will preliminarily determine, within 45 days after the date
on which the Petitions were filed, whether there is a reasonable
indication that imports of solar cells from India, Indonesia, and/or
Laos are materially injuring, or threatening material injury to, a U.S.
industry.\58\ A negative ITC determination for any country will result
in the investigation being terminated with respect to that country.\59\
Otherwise, these LTFV investigations will proceed according to
statutory and regulatory time limits.
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\58\ See section 733(a) of the Act.
\59\ Id.
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Submission of Factual Information
Factual information is defined in 19 CFR 351.102(b)(21) as: (i)
evidence submitted in response to questionnaires; (ii) evidence
submitted in support of allegations; (iii) publicly available
information to value factors under 19 CFR 351.408(c) or to measure the
adequacy of remuneration under 19 CFR 351.511(a)(2); (iv) evidence
placed on the record by Commerce; and (v) evidence other than factual
information described in (i)-(iv). Section 351.301(b) of Commerce's
regulations requires any party, when submitting factual information, to
specify under which subsection of 19 CFR 351.102(b)(21) the information
is being submitted \60\ and, if the information is submitted to rebut,
clarify, or correct factual information already on the record, to
provide an explanation identifying the information already on the
record that the factual information seeks to rebut, clarify, or
correct.\61\ Time limits for the submission of factual information are
[[Page 38741]]
addressed in 19 CFR 351.301, which provides specific time limits based
on the type of factual information being submitted. Interested parties
should review the regulations prior to submitting factual information
in these investigations.
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\60\ See 19 CFR 351.301(b).
\61\ See 19 CFR 351.301(b)(2).
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Particular Market Situation Allegation
Section 773(e) of the Act addresses the concept of particular
market situation (PMS) for purposes of CV, stating that ``if a
particular market situation exists such that the cost of materials and
fabrication or other processing of any kind does not accurately reflect
the cost of production in the ordinary course of trade, the
administering authority may use another calculation methodology under
this subtitle or any other calculation methodology.'' When an
interested party submits a PMS allegation pursuant to section 773(e) of
the Act (i.e., a cost-based PMS allegation), the submission must be
filed in accordance with the requirements of 19 CFR 351.416(b), and
Commerce will respond to such a submission consistent with 19 CFR
351.301(c)(2)(v). If Commerce finds that a cost-based PMS exists under
section 773(e) of the Act, then it will modify its dumping calculations
appropriately.
Neither section 773(e) of the Act, nor 19 CFR 351.301(c)(2)(v),
sets a deadline for the submission of cost-based PMS allegations and
supporting factual information. However, in order to administer section
773(e) of the Act, Commerce must receive PMS allegations and supporting
factual information with enough time to consider the submission. Thus,
should an interested party wish to submit a cost-based PMS allegation
and supporting new factual information pursuant to section 773(e) of
the Act, it must do so no later than 20 days after submission of a
respondent's initial section D questionnaire response.
We note that a PMS allegation filed pursuant to sections
773(a)(1)(B)(ii)(III) or 773(a)(1)(C)(iii) of the Act (i.e., a sales-
based PMS allegation) must be filed within 10 days of submission of a
respondent's initial section B questionnaire response, in accordance
with 19 CFR 351.301(c)(2)(i) and 19 CFR 351.404(c)(2).
Extensions of Time Limits
Parties may request an extension of time limits before the
expiration of a time limit established under 19 CFR 351.301, or as
otherwise specified by Commerce. In general, an extension request will
be considered untimely if it is filed after the expiration of the time
limit established under 19 CFR 351.301, or as otherwise specified by
Commerce.\62\ For submissions that are due from multiple parties
simultaneously, an extension request will be considered untimely if it
is filed after 10:00 a.m. ET on the due date. Under certain
circumstances, Commerce may elect to specify a different time limit by
which extension requests will be considered untimely for submissions
which are due from multiple parties simultaneously. In such a case, we
will inform parties in a letter or memorandum of the deadline
(including a specified time) by which extension requests must be filed
to be considered timely. An extension request must be made in a
separate, standalone submission; under limited circumstances we will
grant untimely filed requests for the extension of time limits, where
we determine, based on 19 CFR 351.302, that extraordinary circumstances
exist. Parties should review Commerce's regulations concerning the
extension of time limits and the Time Limits Final Rule prior to
submitting factual information in these investigations.\63\
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\62\ See 19 CFR 351.301; see also Extension of Time Limits;
Final Rule, 78 FR 57790 (September 20, 2013) (Time Limits Final
Rule), available at <a href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-09-20/html/2013-22853.htm">https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-09-20/html/2013-22853.htm</a>.
\63\ See 19 CFR 351.302; see also, e.g., Time Limits Final Rule.
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Certification Requirements
Any party submitting factual information in an AD or CVD proceeding
must certify to the accuracy and completeness of that information.\64\
Parties must use the certification formats provided in 19 CFR
351.303(g).\65\ Commerce intends to reject factual submissions if the
submitting party does not comply with the applicable certification
requirements.
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\64\ See section 782(b) of the Act.
\65\ See Certification of Factual Information to Import
Administration During Antidumping and Countervailing Duty
Proceedings, 78 FR 42678 (July 17, 2013) (Final Rule). Additional
information regarding the Final Rule is available at <a href="https://access.trade.gov/Resources/filing/index.html">https://access.trade.gov/Resources/filing/index.html</a>.
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Notification to Interested Parties
Interested parties must submit applications for disclosure under
APO in accordance with 19 CFR 351.305. Parties wishing to participate
in these investigations should ensure that they meet the requirements
of 19 CFR 351.103(d) (e.g., by filing the required letter of
appearance). Note that Commerce has amended certain of its requirements
pertaining to the service of documents in 19 CFR 351.303(f).\66\
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\66\ See Administrative Protective Order, Service, and Other
Procedures in Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Proceedings, 88 FR
67069 (September 29, 2023).
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This notice is issued and published pursuant to sections 732(c)(2)
and 777(i) of the Act, and 19 CFR 351.203(c).
Dated: August 6, 2025.
Abdelali Elouaradia,
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Enforcement and Compliance.
Appendix
Scope of the Investigations
The merchandise covered by these investigations is crystalline
silicon photovoltaic cells, and modules, laminates, and panels,
consisting of crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, whether or not
partially or fully assembled into other products, including, but not
limited to, modules, laminates, panels and building integrated
materials.
These investigations cover crystalline silicon photovoltaic
cells of thickness equal to or greater than 20 micrometers, having a
p/n junction formed by any means, whether or not the cell has
undergone other processing, including, but not limited to, cleaning,
etching, coating, and/or addition of materials (including, but not
limited to, metallization and conductor patterns) to collect and
forward the electricity that is generated by the cell.
Merchandise under consideration may be described at the time of
importation as parts for final finished products that are assembled
after importation, including, but not limited to, modules,
laminates, panels, building-integrated modules, building integrated
panels, or other finished goods kits. Such parts that otherwise meet
the definition of merchandise under consideration are included in
the scope of the investigations.
Excluded from the scope of the investigations are thin film
photovoltaic products produced from amorphous silicon (a-Si),
cadmium telluride (CdTe), or copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS).
Also excluded from the scope of the investigations are
crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, not exceeding 10,000 mm\2\
in surface area, that are permanently integrated into a consumer
good whose function is other than power generation and that consumes
the electricity generated by the integrated crystalline silicon
photovoltaic cell. Where more than one cell is permanently
integrated into a consumer good, the surface area for purposes of
this exclusion shall be the total combined surface area of all cells
that are integrated into the consumer good.
Additionally, excluded from the scope of the investigations are
panels with surface area from 3,450 mm\2\ to 33,782 mm\2\ with one
black wire and one red wire (each of type 22 AWG or 24 AWG not more
than 206 mm in length when measured from panel extrusion), and not
exceeding 2.9 volts, 1.1 amps, and 3.19 watts. For the purposes of
this exclusion, no panel shall contain an internal battery or
external computer peripheral ports.
Also excluded from the scope of the investigations are:
[[Page 38742]]
(1) Off grid CSPV panels in rigid form with a glass cover, with
the following characteristics: (A) a total power output of 100 watts
or less per panel; (B) a maximum surface area of 8,000 cm\2\ per
panel; (C) do not include a built-in inverter; (D) must include a
permanently connected wire that terminates in either an 8 mm male
barrel connector, or a two-port rectangular connector with two pins
in square housings of different colors; (E) must include visible
parallel grid collector metallic wire lines every 1-4 millimeters
across each solar cell; and (F) must be in individual retail
packaging (for purposes of this provision, retail packaging
typically includes graphics, the product name, its description and/
or features, and foam for transport); and
(2) Off grid CSPV panels without a glass cover, with the
following characteristics: (A) a total power output of 100 watts or
less per panel; (B) a maximum surface area of 8,000 cm\2\ per panel;
(C) do not include a built-in inverter; (D) must include visible
parallel grid collector metallic wire lines every 1-4 millimeters
across each solar cell; and (E) each panel is (1) permanently
integrated into a consumer good; (2) encased in a laminated material
without stitching, or (3) has all of the following characteristics:
(i) the panel is encased in sewn fabric with visible stitching, (ii)
includes a mesh zippered storage pocket, and (iii) includes a
permanently attached wire that terminates in a female USB-A
connector.
In addition, the following CSPV panels are excluded from the
scope of the investigations: off-grid CSPV panels in rigid form with
a glass cover, with each of the following physical characteristics,
whether or not assembled into a fully completed off-grid hydropanel
whose function is conversion of water vapor into liquid water: (A) a
total power output of no more than 80 watts per panel; (B) a surface
area of less than 5,000 square centimeters (cm\2\) per panel; (C) do
not include a built-in inverter; (D) do not have a frame around the
edges of the panel; (E) include a clear glass back panel; and (F)
must include a permanently connected wire that terminates in a
twoport rectangular connector.
Additionally excluded from the scope of these investigations are
off-grid small portable crystalline silicon photovoltaic panels,
with or without a glass cover, with the following characteristics:
(1) a total power output of 200 watts or less per panel; (2) a
maximum surface area of 16,000 cm\2\ per panel; (3) no built-in
inverter; (4) an integrated handle or a handle attached to the
package for ease of carry; (5) one or more integrated kickstands for
easy installation or angle adjustment; and (6) a wire of not less
than 3 meters either permanently connected or attached to the
package that terminates in an 8 mm diameter male barrel connector.
Also excluded from the scope of these investigations are off-
grid crystalline silicon photovoltaic panels in rigid form with a
glass cover, with each of the following physical characteristics,
whether or not assembled into a fully completed off-grid hydropanel
whose function is conversion of water vapor into liquid water: (A) a
total power output of no more than 180 watts per panel at 155
degrees Celsius; (B) a surface area of less than 16,000 square
centimeters (cm\2\) per panel; (C) include a keep-out area of
approximately 1,200 cm\2\ around the edges of the panel that does
not contain solar cells; (D) do not include a built-in inverter; (E)
do not have a frame around the edges of the panel; (F) include a
clear glass back panel; (G) must include a permanently connected
wire that terminates in a two-port rounded rectangular, sealed
connector; (H) include a thermistor installed into the permanently
connected wire before the twoport connector; and (I) include exposed
positive and negative terminals at opposite ends of the panel, not
enclosed in a junction box.
Further excluded from the scope of the investigations are:
(1) Off grid rigid CSPV panels with a glass cover, with the
following characteristics: (A) a total power output of 200 watts or
less per panel, (B) a maximum surface area of 10,500 cm\2\ per
panel, (C) do not include a built-in inverter, (D) must include a
permanently connected wire that terminates in waterproof connector
with a cylindrical positive electrode and a rectangular negative
electrode with the positive and negative electrodes having an
interlocking structure, (E) must include visible parallel grid
collector metallic wire lines every 1-4 millimeters across each
solar cell, and (F) must be in individual retail packaging (for
purposes of this provision, retail packaging typically includes
graphics, the product name, its description and/or features); and
(2) Off-grid small portable crystalline silicon photovoltaic
panels, with or without a glass cover, with the following
characteristics: (A) a total power output of 200 watts or less per
panel, (B) a maximum surface area of 16,000 cm\2\ per panel, (C) no
built-in inverter, (D) an integrated handle or a handle attached to
the package for ease of carry, (E) one or more integrated kickstands
for easy installation or angle adjustment, and (F) a wire either
permanently connected or attached to the package terminates in
waterproof connector with a cylindrical positive electrode and a
rectangular negative electrode with the positive and negative
electrodes having an interlocking structure.
Also excluded from the scope of the investigations are:
(1) Off grid rigid CSPV panels with a glass cover, with the
following characteristics: (A) a total power output of 200 watts or
less per panel, (B) a maximum surface area of 10,500 cm\2\ per
panel, (C) do not include a built-in inverter, (D) must include a
permanently connected wire that terminates in waterproof connector
with a cylindrical positive electrode and a rectangular negative
electrode with the positive and negative electrodes having an
interlocking structure, (E) must include visible parallel grid
collector metallic wire lines every 1-4 millimeters across each
solar cell, and (F) must be in individual retail packaging (for
purposes of this provision, retail packaging typically includes
graphics, the product name, its description and/or features); and
(2) Small off-grid panels with glass cover, with the following
characteristics: (A) surface area from 3,450 mm\2\ to 33,782 mm\2\,
(B) with one black wire and one red wire (each of type 22AWG or 28
AWG not more than 350 mm in length when measured from panel
extrusion), (C) not exceeding 10 volts, (D) not exceeding 1.1 amps,
(E) not exceeding 6 watts, and (F) for the purposes of this
exclusion, no panel shall contain an internal battery or external
computer peripheral ports.
Additionally excluded from the scope of the investigations are:
(1) Off grid rigid CSPV panels with a glass cover, with the
following characteristics: (A) a total power output of 175 watts or
less per panel, (B) a maximum surface area of 9,000 cm\2\ per panel,
(C) do not include a built-in inverter, (D) must include a
permanently connected wire that terminates in waterproof connector
with a cylindrical positive electrode and a rectangular negative
electrode with the positive and negative electrodes having an
interlocking structure; (E) must include visible parallel grid
collector metallic wire lines every 1-4 millimeters across each
solar cell, and (F) must be in individual retail packaging (for
purposes of this provision, retail packaging typically includes
graphics, the product name, its description and/or features); and
(2) Off grid CSPV panels without a glass cover, with the
following characteristics, (A) a total power output of 220 watts or
less per panel, (B) a maximum surface area of 16,000 cm\2\ per
panel, (C) do not include a built-in inverter, (D) must include
visible parallel grid collector metallic wire lines every 1-4
millimeters across each solar cell, and (E) each panel is encased in
a laminated material without stitching.
Also excluded from the scope of these investigations are off-
grid CSPV panels in rigid form, with or without a glass cover,
permanently attached to an aluminum extrusion that is an integral
component of an automation device that controls natural light,
whether or not assembled into a fully completed automation device
that controls natural light, with the following characteristics:
(1) a total power output of 20 watts or less per panel;
(2) a maximum surface area of 1,000 cm\2\ per panel;
(3) does not include a built-in inverter for powering third
party devices.
Modules, laminates, and panels produced in a third-country from
cells produced in a subject country are covered by the
investigations; however, modules, laminates, and panels produced in
a subject country from cells produced in a third-country are not
covered by the investigations.
Also excluded from the scope of these investigations are all
products covered by the scope of the antidumping and countervailing
duty orders on Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or
Not Assembled into Modules, from the People's Republic of China:
Amended Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, and
Antidumping Order, 77 FR 73018 (December 7, 2012); and Crystalline
Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled into Modules,
from the People's Republic of China: Countervailing Duty Order, 77
FR 73017 (December 7, 2012).
Also excluded from the scope of these investigations are all
products covered by the
[[Page 38743]]
scope of the antidumping and countervailing duty orders on
Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled
into Modules from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Amended Final
Antidumping Duty Determination; Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic
Cells, Whether or Not Assembled into Modules from Cambodia,
Malaysia, Thailand, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam:
Antidumping duty Orders, 90 FR 26786 (June 24, 2025); Crystalline
Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled into Modules
from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Amended Final Antidumping
Duty Determination; Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether
or Not Assembled into Modules from Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and
the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Antidumping Duty Orders;
Correction, 90 FR 29843 (July 7, 2025); and Crystalline Silicon
Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled into Modules, from
Malaysia and Thailand: Amended Final Countervailing Duty
Determinations; Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or
Not Assembled into Modules, from Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and
the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Countervailing Duty Orders, 90 FR
26791 (June 24, 2025).
Merchandise covered by the investigations is currently
classified in the Harmonized Tariff System of the United States
(HTSUS) under subheadings 8541.42.0010 and 8541.43.0010. Imports of
the subject merchandise may enter under HTSUS subheadings
8501.71.0000, 8501.72.1000, 8501.72.2000, 8501.72.3000,
8501.72.9000, 8501.80.1000, 8501.80.2000, 8501.80.3000,
8501.80.9000, 8507.20.8010, 8507.20.8031, 8507.20.8041,
8507.20.8061, and 8507.20.8091. These HTSUS subheadings are provided
for convenience and customs purposes; the written description of the
scope of the investigations is dispositive.
[FR Doc. 2025-15250 Filed 8-11-25; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 3510-DS-P
</pre></body>
</html>Indexed from Federal Register on August 12, 2025.
This is legal information, not legal advice. Laws vary by jurisdiction and change frequently. Always verify current law with official sources and consult a licensed attorney in your jurisdiction for advice on your specific situation.