Notice2025-05936
Request for Information on Artificial Intelligence Infrastructure on DOE Lands
Primary source
Metadata and text below are from the Federal Register, a public-domain U.S. government work. Always verify the official published version before relying on it for any legal matter.
Published
April 7, 2025
Issuing agencies
Energy Department
Abstract
The United States has long been at the forefront of artificial intelligence (AI) innovation. Maintaining that leadership is a key national and economic security priority. AI infrastructure including data centers is a critical component of the modern economy, enabling AI training and inference, scientific research, and a wide range of other essential services. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is exploring opportunities to leverage its land assets to support the growing demand for AI infrastructure. This aligns with the policy laid out in the executive order signed January 23, 2025, titled "Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence," to sustain and enhance America's global AI dominance in order to promote human flourishing, economic competitiveness, and national security.
Full Text
<html>
<head>
<title>Federal Register, Volume 90 Issue 65 (Monday, April 7, 2025)</title>
</head>
<body><pre>
[Federal Register Volume 90, Number 65 (Monday, April 7, 2025)]
[Notices]
[Pages 14972-14997]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [<a href="http://www.gpo.gov">www.gpo.gov</a>]
[FR Doc No: 2025-05936]
=======================================================================
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Request for Information on Artificial Intelligence Infrastructure
on DOE Lands
AGENCY: Office of Policy, Department of Energy.
ACTION: Request for information (RFI).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: The United States has long been at the forefront of artificial
intelligence (AI) innovation. Maintaining that leadership is a key
national and economic security priority. AI infrastructure including
data centers is a critical component of the modern economy, enabling AI
training and inference, scientific research, and a wide range of other
essential services. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is exploring
opportunities to leverage its land assets to support the growing demand
for AI infrastructure. This aligns with the policy laid out in the
executive order signed January 23, 2025, titled ``Removing Barriers to
American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence,'' to sustain and
enhance America's global AI dominance in order to promote human
flourishing, economic competitiveness, and national security.
DATES: Responses to the RFI are requested by May 7, 2025.
ADDRESSES: Responses should be submitted electronically to
<a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#5f3e363631392d3e2c2b2d2a3c2b2a2d3a1f372e713b303a71383029"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="f6979f9f98908497858284839582838493b69e87d8929993d8919980">[email protected]</span></a> and include ``Data Center RFI Response'' in
the subject line of the email. Any information that may be business
proprietary and exempt by law from public disclosure should be
submitted as described in Section VI of this document.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Questions may be addressed to Neelesh
Nerurkar, Director of Infrastructure Policy in the Office of Policy,
through <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#36575f5f58504457454244435542434453765e471852595318515940"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="04656d6d6a627665777076716770717661446c752a606b612a636b72">[email protected]</span></a> or by phone at (202) 586-8401 or
(202) 586-2737.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: DOE seeks to enable the construction of AI
infrastructure at select DOE sites to begin by the end of 2025, with a
target of commencing operation by the end of 2027. This RFI seeks to
assess industry interest in developing, operating, and maintaining AI
infrastructure on select DOE owned or managed lands, along with
information on potential development approaches, technology solutions,
operational models, and economic considerations associated with
establishing AI infrastructure on DOE sites. In addition, this RFI
seeks input from grid operators that serve DOE sites on opportunities
and challenges associated with existing energy infrastructure and
potential co-location of data centers with new energy generation.
DOE recognizes its relationships with Tribes and States and local
governments as well as local communities, universities, businesses,
utilities, and governments, contributing to economic development,
education, and scientific advancement. As such, this RFI also seeks to
gather input from potentially interested entities and individuals.
For the purposes of this RFI, AI infrastructure includes AI data
centers, which contain specialized Information Technology (IT)
equipment and associated cooling facilities, as well as their energy
supply, including sources of generation, such as nuclear energy, and
transmission and storage.
The Government anticipates authorizing land use rights and
privileges through either a long-term Ground Lease or an Easement. The
information gathered through this RFI may be considered in developing a
public solicitation of private-sector proposals for AI infrastructure
construction, operation, maintenance, and decommissioning on federal
land.
This RFI is issued solely for information and planning purposes and
does not constitute a solicitation.
Table of Contents
I. Background
II. Purpose
III. Sites Under Consideration
IV. DOE Realty Agreement Terms and Conditions
V. RFI Categories and Questions
VI. Confidential Business Information
VII. Disclaimer
VIII. Signing Authority
IX. Appendices
1. Idaho National Laboratory
2. Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant
3. Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant
[[Page 14973]]
4. Argonne National Laboratory
5. Brookhaven National Laboratory
6. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
7. National Energy Technology Laboratory
8. National Renewable Energy Laboratory
9. Oak Ridge National Laboratory
10. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
11. Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
12. Los Alamos National Laboratory
13. Sandia National Laboratories
14. Savannah River Site
15. Pantex Plant
16. Kansas City National Security Campus
I. Background
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) owns or manages significant
amounts of land across the United States that may be suitable to
support buildout of AI infrastructure. DOE sites offer potential
advantages such as access to or the potential to build power
infrastructure, secure locations, and opportunities for technological
collaboration with DOE research facilities. DOE is considering
opportunities to utilize these assets in a manner that enhances the
United States' leading position in AI and benefits local economies. For
the purposes of this RFI, the term ``AI infrastructure'' refers
collectively to AI data centers, their specialized IT equipment and
associated cooling facilities, and their energy supply, including
sources of generation, transmission (including substations), and
storage.
For decades, DOE and its National Laboratories have been developing
cutting-edge AI tools to support science, energy, and security
missions. DOE and its National Laboratories are driving progress in AI
through their enabling infrastructure: world-leading supercomputers,
cutting-edge algorithms and software stacks through programs like the
Exascale Computing Program, high-quality scientific datasets, and a
scientific and technical workforce unmatched in the world to address
the most critical energy, security, and science challenges of our time.
DOE's capabilities and leadership in AI make it a natural partner for
strategic public-private partnerships related to AI infrastructure.
Additionally, DOE is a leader in developing advanced energy
technologies. DOE and National Laboratory sites can provide an
opportunity to accelerate deployment of key technologies like nuclear,
geothermal, and energy storage, through existing site characterization
work, existing energy infrastructure like microgrids and transmission
availability, ability to support permitting, and supportive
communities. For example, DOE has already performed extensive site
characterization and permitting activities for new nuclear reactors at
Idaho National Laboratory for the National Reactor Innovation Center.
II. Purpose
The primary purpose of this RFI is to solicit information from
entities with experience in the development, operation, and management
of AI infrastructure. DOE is also seeking information from grid
operators, technology developers, the public, and potentially affected
entities on areas that should be considered or further evaluated for
potential solicitations.
DOE is seeking input on a range of topics, including:
<bullet> Industry interest in any of the locations identified in
the Appendices for consideration.
<bullet> Potential data center designs, technologies, and
operational models that could be deployed.
<bullet> Potential power needs, timelines, and approaches to co-
locating energy sources with data centers or sources for surplus
interconnection capacity.
<bullet> Financial and contractual considerations related to
leasing DOE owned or managed land for data center development.
<bullet> Potential benefits and collaboration opportunities
associated with siting AI infrastructure on DOE sites.
<bullet> Economic, realty, and environmental information.
<bullet> Potential challenges associated with siting AI
infrastructure on DOE sites, and any additional information required
for potential solicitations.
DOE is interested in hearing Tribal government and community
perspectives on potential collaboration with industry partners towards
advancement of AI infrastructure goals. DOE has not made any final
agency decisions at this time and will communicate with Tribes and
stakeholders on potential proposed land uses, as appropriate.
III. Sites Under Consideration
DOE has identified locations at 16 DOE owned or managed sites that
could be amenable to hosting AI infrastructure. Publicly available
information about each site, including location, available acreage, and
other characteristics is provided in Appendices to this RFI. The
potential DOE sites for AI infrastructure are listed below, in no
particular order.
1. Idaho National Laboratory
2. Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant
3. Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant
4. Argonne National Laboratory
5. Brookhaven National Laboratory
6. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
7. National Energy Technology Laboratory
8. National Renewable Energy Laboratory
9. Oak Ridge National Laboratory
10. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
11. Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
12. Los Alamos National Laboratory
13. Sandia National Laboratories
14. Savannah River Site
15. Pantex Plant
16. Kansas City National Security Campus
Based in part on consideration of responses to this RFI, DOE will
prioritize areas for potential future solicitations, gather additional
site information to inform proposal development, identify potential use
conflicts and mitigation measures, and develop terms and conditions to
operate on DOE owned or managed lands. In potential future
solicitations, DOE would aim to provide additional information such as
acreage, access to water, environmental sensitivities, geotechnical and
flood information, hazards, land use plans, power access and energy
infrastructure, security, thermal management infrastructure, existing
compute infrastructure, site access restrictions, and further
information as determined from this RFI.
The listed sites in this RFI are not comprehensive of sites under
consideration by DOE. DOE has not made any preliminary or final
decisions as to changes to land use or designation relating to those
sites or others. This RFI is solely a request for voluntary information
to inform future potential actions.
IV. DOE Realty Agreement Terms and Considerations
DOE's statutory authority for leases and easements of DOE real
property is outlined in Section 161g of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954,
as amended (42 U.S.C. 2201g) and 40 U.S.C. 1304(b).
DOE may enter into a realty agreement to lease land to an entity or
enter into an agreement for an easement over the land, depending on the
desired length and terms. Realty agreement terms could include
requirements that non-federal parties agree to bear all responsibility
for costs and liabilities related to construction and operation of the
AI data centers as well as other infrastructure upgrades necessary to
support those data centers, including costs to transmission providers
or transmission organizations necessary to support the data centers. It
is possible that in-kind contributions may be
[[Page 14974]]
counted as part of the costs of any non-federal party entering into a
realty agreement. DOE anticipates that the AI infrastructure developer
would be responsible for ensuring compliance with state and local
requirements governing electricity, including interconnection
requirements.
A recent DOE initiative to locate energy generation on DOE lands
includes examples of the range of terms that could be included in
realty agreements for data centers. See <a href="https://www.energy.gov/management/osp/cleanup-clean-energy-expanding-clean-energy-generation-doe-lands">https://www.energy.gov/management/osp/cleanup-clean-energy-expanding-clean-energy-generation-doe-lands</a>.
V. RFI Categories and Questions
To assist DOE in evaluating the potential for AI infrastructure on
DOE owned or managed lands, interested parties are requested to provide
the following information, as available, in response to this RFI.
Respondents can choose to answer as many or as few questions as they
feel appropriate. Responses addressing any aspect of a potential future
program that seeks to lease DOE owned or managed lands for AI
infrastructure beyond the specific categories and questions listed here
are also welcome.
Category 1: Interest in Solicitation: Identify and comment on any
specific sites or locations listed in Section III of this document,
including interest in a potential future solicitation. See Section VI
of this document, ``Confidential Business Information,'' regarding
protection and release of information and how to submit proprietary
information. See the Appendices for more detailed information on site
characteristics.
1. Are any sites identified in Section III of more interest than
others for possible development?
2. What characteristics of a site make it more or less favorable
for development?
3. What regional characteristics (e.g., workforce availability,
supply chains, existing transmission capacity, related industries)
would impact site favorability?
4. Are there other DOE sites not listed that would be of more
interest to possible development?
Category 2: Site Information and Considerations for Data Center
Design and Technology: These questions cover desired data center
characteristics and associated site characterization information that
DOE could provide to AI infrastructure developers to develop a realty
agreement proposal.
1. What purpose would the data center serve? Would research take
place at the data center?
2. What is the minimum area footprint needed for viable
development?
3. What site water and sewer availability requirements are needed?
Does this vary based on cooling technology system?
4. What information about natural hazards or infrastructure within
close proximity is needed for site consideration?
5. What information about the topography and geology of the sites
would be needed to determine site suitability?
6. What kinds of zoning (ex: setbacks or height restrictions), land
use planning objectives, or permitting jurisdictions are favorable for
site consideration?
7. What are some technologies that would enable data centers to be
sited in locations with hot humid weather where little water is
available?
8. What are the prospects for using advanced data center
technologies (e.g., innovative cooling, high efficiency power
electronics, and innovative conductors and ultra-energy efficient
compute technologies that require cryogenics)? Is there additional
information on each site DOE could provide that would inform use of
these technologies?
9. What advanced or novel construction technologies or methods can
be employed to accelerate development of a federal AI data center while
abiding by all necessary standards, codes, and regulations?
10. What types of industrial ecology principles can be employed to
integrate data centers with nearby industries or facilities, such as
but not limited to integration of data center waste heat into district
heating networks?
11. What is the expected upgrade frequency for key components of
the data center, including high performance chips?
Category 3: On-Site Energy Development: DOE anticipates that some
sites may be suitable for co-located development of data centers and
innovative energy technologies and approaches such as nuclear reactors,
enhanced geothermal systems, fuel cells, carbon capture, energy storage
systems, and portfolios of on-site technologies.
1. What type of co-located energy technologies are of highest
interest in being developed with AI data centers? What type of site
information would need to be provided to inform use of a given energy
technology (e.g., subsurface data, solar resource potential)?
2. What information would you need about DOE's progress to date on
nuclear siting (e.g., for the National Reactor Innovation Center) to
determine necessary further steps?
3. What information regarding topography, soil, seismicity, water
availability, adjacent facilities, transportation infrastructure,
security, potential exclusion zones, and other topics would you need to
assess site suitability for nuclear energy?
4. What information would be needed in consideration of geothermal
power generation development (enhanced geothermal systems or
conventional hydrothermal resources) to determine necessary further
steps?
5. What information would you need to determine the suitability of
various energy storage systems (e.g., subsurface thermal energy
storage, flow battery, metal anode battery) as a means for supporting
data center cooling or other operations?
6. What information would be needed in consideration of fossil-
based generation systems (e.g., carbon capture and storage (CCS), CCS
through a ``capture-ready'' design, duty cycle, cooling needs, and re-
use of waste heat in the capture system)?
7. What other site-specific information is required and why?
Category 4: Off-Site Energy and Transmission Capacity: DOE
anticipates providing information about existing capacity and
interconnection infrastructure available to the site as available and
information about possible expansion of capacity that can serve the
site.
1. What is the minimum set of information necessary from grid
operators to develop a proposal?
2. What substation performance and likely equipment and capacity
would be ideal?
3. Assuming additional capacity could be procured or built in
stages, what are desired timelines for electricity capacity
availability?
4. Would flexible data center operations be possible if it would
enable faster capacity interconnection?
5. What additional information could DOE collect from grid
operators to inform potential AI infrastructure development at DOE
sites?
6. What information, coordination, or other support could DOE or
site owners provide to advance the use of innovative grid technologies
(e.g., advanced conductors, grid enhancing technologies, advanced power
electronics) to accelerate electric capacity serving DOE sites?
Category 5: Financial and Contractual Considerations: Preferred
realty agreement terms and suggestions to improve potential
solicitations.
[[Page 14975]]
1. What realty agreement time frames would be preferred?
2. What types of large load utility tariffs or tariff design
elements would make developing a data center in a certain service
territory more or less preferable?
Category 6: Benefits and Collaboration Opportunities: Potential
benefits and collaboration opportunities associated with siting AI
infrastructure on DOE sites (e.g., collaboration including potential
for new technology testbeds with National Laboratories, partnerships
with local universities, research and development opportunities).
1. What kinds of DOE data would be beneficial to have access to for
training new AI models?
2. Are there any scientific domains that require benchmarking and
support from DOE scientists?
3. Would sharing computational resources or providing compute
credits to researchers from DOE or local universities be possible?
4. Are there opportunities to leverage National Laboratory
capabilities such as digital twin and full-stack co-design (i.e.,
integrated hardware-software design) to enable data center
infrastructure on DOE sites that minimizes operational cost and
maximizes compute efficiency?
5. What opportunities are there for collaborating with the nearby
communities on ultra energy-efficient, low-noise advanced technologies
that minimize adverse impacts and maximize local job creation?
6. What types of opportunities exist to improve modularity and
upgradability in servers and server racks, such as seamlessly upgrading
IT equipment, cooling technologies, and battery systems?
7. What facilities or capabilities should exist for ongoing
research, development, and demonstration of efficient data center
technologies at a federal AI data center to improve operations and
reduce energy and resource demand?
8. Would industry be open to partnering with National Laboratory
personnel to use existing grid testbed infrastructure for research
(e.g., operational impacts, security, interconnection equipment, load
flexibility, protection schemes and ride-through behavior, etc.)?
Category 7: Economic Opportunities and Considerations: Potential
opportunities for local economic activity, workforce development,
capital investments into infrastructure, tax revenues, and other
economic considerations.
1. What workforce requirements would inform the feasibility of
development at a particular site?
2. Are there specific local tax structures that impact site
selection?
3. Which components of data center infrastructure (e.g., advanced
chips and other components of AI servers, advanced busbar, substation
equipment, on-site energy generation/storage equipment, etc.) for these
sites can be manufactured domestically now or for regular future server
upgrades?
4. What other economic impacts are projected barriers to developing
a data center or new energy infrastructure on these sites?
5. Are there local or state energy efficiency standards or policies
that are required to be met in order to receive economic or other
incentives?
6. What local opportunities exist to develop a local tech support
service industry sector to maintain and continuously upgrade servers
and AI infrastructure and what role might National Laboratory
scientists play in standing up such a sector?
Category 8: Relevant and Available Environmental Documentation: DOE
anticipates background regulatory work such as the production of
engineering studies, feasibility studies, or designs will be needed to
support regulatory approvals. Environmental factors should be
identified and considered for potential siting, construction,
operations, and development of AI infrastructure at these sites. This
can also include strategies for minimizing the adverse environmental
impact of data center development and operations on federal land.
1. What environmental baseline data should inform the site
selection process?
2. What background information on land use constraints and
environmental permits could accelerate the project development
timeline?
3. What publicly available data (ex: public comments) could the
government analyze, with respect to protection of Tribal cultural
resources, to facilitate preparing licenses, permits, or other
regulatory authorizations for data center development?
4. What types of potentially adverse impacts to the environment and
communities should be considered?
Category 9: Challenges and Any Additional Information Required for
Potential Solicitations: Potential concerns associated with siting AI
infrastructure on DOE sites (e.g., site security, accessibility).
Additional information that would be required from DOE for a respondent
to comprehensively respond to a potential future solicitation.
1. What potential challenges, including but not limited to
timeline, physical security, and cybersecurity, could be associated
with siting AI infrastructure on DOE sites?
2. What concerns exist with supply chain limitations, such as long
lead times on certain power and onsite energy equipment, and what
alternatives should be considered?
3. What additional information would be required from DOE for a
respondent to comprehensively respond to a potential future
solicitation?
Category 10: Engagement Strategy with Local Communities and Other
Stakeholders, as well as Tribes: DOE anticipates establishing AI
infrastructure in a manner that supports the relationships with local
government authorities, Tribal governments, and the surrounding
communities.
1. What information about relevant Tribal governments, surrounding
communities, and local and state governments' past or current
engagement with data center development could inform project proposals?
2. Are there existing consortia, partnerships, or entities that
could improve data center, nuclear energy, or other energy
infrastructure siting and permitting in the locations identified in
Section III of this document?
3. What are advanced technologies (e.g., liquid cooling, energy
efficient compute) that could mitigate local concerns about energy
prices, noise pollution, water use, and land footprint?
4. What treaty rights or reserved rights could intersect with data
center development at DOE sites?
5. What cultural resources (e.g., archaeological sites, burial
grounds, traditional use areas) should be considered during the
development of AI centers?
Response Guidelines
DOE invites all interested parties to submit responses to this RFI
by May 7, 2025. Responses must be provided as a Microsoft Word (*.docx)
or as an Adobe Acrobat (*.pdf) attachment to an email to
<a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#16777f7f78706477656264637562636473567e673872797338717960"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="95f4fcfcfbf3e7f4e6e1e7e0f6e1e0e7f0d5fde4bbf1faf0bbf2fae3">[email protected]</span></a> with the subject line ``Data Center RFI
Response.'' It is recommended that attachments with file sizes
exceeding 25 MB be compressed (i.e., zipped) to ensure message
delivery. Any questions regarding the RFI may be included in the RFI
response or sent directly to <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#0c6d6565626a7e6d7f787e796f78797e694c647d22686369226b637a"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="92f3fbfbfcf4e0f3e1e6e0e7f1e6e7e0f7d2fae3bcf6fdf7bcf5fde4">[email protected]</span></a>. DOE may
address questions after the RFI response due date with a public FAQ
document.
[[Page 14976]]
In your response, please use the associated category and question
number. Respondents may answer as many or as few questions as they
wish.
DOE will not respond to individual submissions or publish publicly
a compendium of responses. A response to this RFI will not be viewed as
a binding commitment to develop or pursue the project or ideas
discussed.
Respondents are requested to provide the following information at
the start of their response to this RFI:
<bullet> Company/institution name
<bullet> Company/institution contact
<bullet> Contact's address, phone number, and email address
VI. Confidential Business Information
DOE will not release information that identifies any particular
interest in a location with any particular party, so as not to
compromise the competitive position of any participants. Pursuant to 10
CFR 1004.11, any person submitting information that he or she believes
to be confidential and exempt by law from public disclosure should
submit via email two well-marked copies: one copy of the document
marked ``confidential'' including all the information believed to be
confidential, and one copy of the document marked ``non-confidential''
with the information believed to be confidential deleted. Failure to
comply with these marking requirements may result in the disclosure of
the unmarked information under the Freedom of Information Act or
otherwise. The U.S. Government is not liable for the disclosure or use
of unmarked information and may use or disclose such information for
any purpose. If your response contains confidential, proprietary, or
privileged information, you must include a cover sheet marked as
follows identifying the specific pages containing confidential,
proprietary, or privileged information:
Notice of Restriction on Disclosure and Use of Data
Pages [list applicable pages] of this response may contain
confidential, proprietary, or privileged information that is exempt
from public disclosure. Such information shall be used or disclosed
only for the purposes described in this RFI. The Government may use or
disclose any information that is not appropriately marked or otherwise
restricted, regardless of source.
In addition, (1) the header and footer of every page that contains
confidential, proprietary, or privileged information must be marked as
follows: ``Contains, Confidential, Proprietary, or Privileged
Information Exempt from Public Disclosure'' and (2) every line and
paragraph containing proprietary, privileged, or trade secret
information must be clearly marked with [[double brackets]] or
highlighting.
Please be aware that DOE may make available for public inspection
all other comments, in their entirety, submitted by organizations and
businesses (except as provided above for proprietary information) or by
individuals identifying themselves as representatives of organizations
or businesses.
VII. Disclaimer
This RFI is issued solely for information and planning purposes and
does not constitute a solicitation. Responses to this notice are not
offers and cannot be accepted by the Government to form a binding
contract. DOE may choose to make available all, some, or none of the
sites listed in Section III of this document in potential future
solicitations. DOE is not seeking proposals through this RFI and will
not accept unsolicited proposals. Respondents are solely responsible
for all expenses associated with responding to this RFI. Not responding
to this RFI does not preclude participation in any future procurement,
if conducted. No proprietary information should be included in any
submittal except via the process outlined in Section VI of this
document.
In accordance with the implementing regulations of the Paperwork
Reduction Act of 1995 (PRA), specifically 5 CFR 1320.3(h)(4), and OMB
guidance, this general solicitation is exempt from the PRA. Facts or
opinions submitted in response to general solicitations of comments
from the public, published in the Federal Register or other
publications, regardless of the form or format thereof, provided that
no person is required to supply specific information pertaining to the
commenter, other than that necessary for self-identification, as a
condition of the agency's full consideration, are not generally
considered information collections and therefore not subject to the
PRA.
VIII. Signing Authority
This document of the Department of Energy was signed on March 21,
2025, by Neelesh Nerurkar, Director of Infrastructure Policy, Office of
Policy, pursuant to delegated authority from the Secretary of Energy.
That document with the original signature and date is maintained by
DOE. For administrative purposes only, and in compliance with
requirements of the Office of the Federal Register, the undersigned DOE
Federal Register Liaison Officer has been authorized to sign and submit
the document in electronic format for publication, as an official
document of the Department of Energy. This administrative process in no
way alters the legal effect of this document upon publication in the
Federal Register.
Signed in Washington, DC, on April 2, 2025.
Treena V. Garrett,
Federal Register Liaison Officer, U.S. Department of Energy.
IX. Appendices
Publicly available information about each site, including location,
available acreage, and other characteristics, is provided below. Sites
are listed in no particular order. For higher resolution maps, please
visit <a href="https://www.energy.gov/policy/ai-infrastructure-rfi">https://www.energy.gov/policy/ai-infrastructure-rfi</a>.
Appendix 1. Idaho National Laboratory
Summary: As the birthplace of nuclear energy and our nation's
nuclear energy research laboratory, Idaho National Laboratory (INL)
is well positioned to support efforts to attain AI dominance. INL
has a legacy of building and testing advanced technologies,
including 52 nuclear reactors with four currently in operation, and
is also a leader in integrated energy systems and national and
homeland security. The 890-square mile site, located in a region
that is highly supportive of nuclear energy and INL's other
demonstrations, offers ample opportunity for development and scaling
to meet growing needs. Idaho regulatory and tax structures also are
favorable towards ambitious projects that seek to advance U.S.
global leadership.
Site Details: Within the 890-square mile site, the U.S.
Department of Energy (DOE) owns approximately 62,000 acres of land,
as delineated on the map below. Remaining areas are public lands
withdrawn to support Laboratory activities. The map below is a
representation of select areas that have mixed levels of known
characterization across the INL Site. Through comprehensive site and
land use planning efforts, final areas will be determined based on
identified need. Representing larger parcels of available lands
allows for flexibility within those areas based on project scope and
changing requirements. Federal lands adjacent to INL, which are not
addressed in detail herein, also could be explored for projects and/
or project expansion. DOE Idaho Operations Office also maintains a
close relationship with the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and
other Federal and state agencies.
BILLING CODE 6450-01-P
[[Page 14977]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN07AP25.001
The Gateway West project, which parallels the southern
transmission lines (bottommost lines on the map below), is currently
in local state permitting phase. The projected in-service date is
October 2028.
[[Page 14978]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN07AP25.002
Appendix 2. Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant
Summary: The Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant (PGDP) was
constructed in 1952 to produce enriched uranium, initially for the
nation's nuclear weapons program and later for nuclear fuel for
commercial power plants. The plant is owned by the Department of
Energy (DOE) and managed by the Portsmouth/Paducah Project Office,
overseeing environmental cleanup activities at the site including
environmental remediation, waste management, depleted uranium
conversion, and decontamination and decommissioning. The site is
designed for up to 3GW in the Midcontinent Independent System
Operator (MISO) power market, and 30 million gal/day of water.
Site Details: The Paducah site is 3,556 acres, with ongoing
remediation for potential development of a data center, 19 miles of
road, 9 miles of railroad tracks, and adjacency to major railroads,
a four-lane highway, interstate 24, and a river. The land is managed
by DOE's Portsmouth/Paducah Project Office (PPPO), and development
requires input from the Paducah Area Community Reuse Organization
(PACRO) and the Paducah Citizens Advisory Board (PCAB).
[[Page 14979]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN07AP25.003
Appendix 3. Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant
Summary: The Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Pike County,
Ohio operated from 1954 to 2001, constructed to produce enriched
uranium to support the nation's nuclear weapons program to provide
enriched uranium used by commercial nuclear reactors. The Department
of Energy (DOE) began environmental cleanup operations in 1989, and
until 2001 leased production facilities to the private sector before
suspending uranium enrichment. The site is designed for 2.2GW in the
PJM Interconnection power market and 40 million gal/day of water.
Site Details: The Portsmouth site is 3,475 acres, with the
decommissioned plant occupying 1,200 acres. The site has 54 miles of
road (7-mile perimeter road), 12 miles of rail line connected to
Norfolk Southern Heartland Corridor Main Line, adjacency to U.S.
Route 23, and adjacency both the Scioto River and the Ohio River.
The land is managed by DOE's Portsmouth/Paducah Project Office
(PPPO) and redevelopment requires input from the Southern Ohio
Diversification Initiative (SODI). Site boundaries are shown below.
[[Page 14980]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN07AP25.004
Appendix 4. Argonne National Laboratory
Summary: Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne) could accommodate
a 110-acre developable site for a future 1,000 MW AI data park on
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) land with an early target for
operations by 2028. Located 23 miles from Chicago, the region has
the 6th largest U.S. workforce in AI-related occupations (over
401,000 jobs) spanning tech, product, and commercial roles.
Illinois' data center tax exemption and central location has pushed
Chicago to #4 largest data center market in the U.S. by capacity.
Chicago's relatively low power costs (6.5-6.7 cents/kWh average for
large users); and low natural disaster risk are natural advantages
for large scale, frontier AI datacenter siting. Illinois is a
nuclear energy leader and is home to six operating nuclear plants
with ~11.5 GW total generating capacity--more than any other U.S.
state.
Site Details: Argonne's total land area is 1,518 acres, which
includes the 110-acre potential development site for the data park.
The site is a combination of undeveloped and previously developed
land. The property is solely owned by DOE. Adjacent area land
ownership: Forest Preserve District of DuPage County; unincorporated
areas of DuPage County, IL; residential and commercial use.
The proposed data center site sits on the I-55 corridor, a major
route southwest of Chicago that carries multiple long-haul fiber
optic cables with ultra-low latency connections. Less than one mile
is an existing ComEd (local utility) right of way with 345-kV
double-circuit high-voltage electrical power, and adjacent to the
site are substantial water resources, including the Chicago Sanitary
& Ship Canal (CSSC) and the Des Plaines River flow. 60% of Argonne's
electricity is comprised of nuclear power, with two large nuclear
stations within 50 miles of Argonne.
[[Page 14981]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN07AP25.005
[[Page 14982]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN07AP25.006
Appendix 5. Brookhaven National Laboratory
Summary: Brookhaven National Laboratory's (BNL) 5,322-acre site
is located in Upton, NY, in Suffolk County, 75 miles east of New
York City. The BNL site is a Federal Enclave, fully owned and
operated by Department of Energy (DOE). The site is managed by
Brookhaven Science Associates (BSA). The proposed 90+-acre site for
the data center is located within the BNL Discovery Park District,
an innovative public-private partnership concept. The mission of
Discovery Park is to promote federal and private development to
enable mission enhancing technology transfer opportunities.
Site Details: The properties surrounding the BNL site are mostly
wooded and undeveloped. Ownership is private and predominately zoned
for residential use with the exception of the south border. This
area is predominately light industrial use. The total developable
area of the preferred location is approximately 90 acres. This area
is expandable however, and there are several similar sized
undeveloped areas on the BNL site that could also be considered.
[[Page 14983]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN07AP25.007
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN07AP25.008
Appendix 6. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Summary: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) develops
and supports large-scale data science applications to process and
analyze vast amounts of particle physics data, enabling discoveries
in physics. It operates one of the largest data centers serving the
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, as a host, and
is a lead participant in a second of the five National Quantum
Initiative Centers, leading applications of AI/ML in particle and
accelerator physics. The lab covers 6,800 acres, with approximately
120 acres of available land, and has excellent access to high-speed
networking through ESNet. The site is conveniently located near a
commercially available extra high-voltage (EHV) transmission
infrastructure. With its experience and expertise in large-scale
construction projects, and a readily available high-tech workforce,
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory is well-positioned and
equipped to support major initiatives.
Site Details: 127-acre plot on the northern edge of FNAL,
approximately 110 acres developable. Federal land; presently an
undeveloped agricultural field with overhead conductors and a
substation. Service From 345Kv is available from power company Comm-
Ed. Adjacent to local development the DuPage Business Center, which
has built access roads and conventional facilities to near the
parcel boundary. The location also provides potential access to
robust data connection infrastructure. DOE has a process where this
parcel can be transferred back to the State of Illinois, which may
have different development processes.
[[Page 14984]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN07AP25.009
Appendix 7. National Energy Technology Laboratory
Summary: The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) is a
government-owned, government-operated (GOGO) laboratory that drives
innovation to ensure energy dominance and deliver solutions for a
secure energy future. A national laboratory under the U.S.
Department of Energy's Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon
Management, NETL has three research and technology campuses located
in Albany, Oregon; Morgantown, West Virginia; and Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, that conduct a broad range of research activities
supporting DOE's mission. NETL's Morgantown and Pittsburgh campuses
offer excellent potential for hosting frontier AI infrastructure.
Both sites are within security perimeters and are federally managed
lands. NETL's Morgantown site spans 137 acres; its Pittsburgh site
encompasses 57 acres and is co-located with CDC-NIOSH. Both sites
are proximal to major universities and academic centers and serve as
regional technology and innovation hubs. NETL also conducts applied
energy research in AI and that includes advanced computing (e.g.,
HPC, GPU, etc.) and pioneering computing architectures (e.g., Wafer-
Scale Engine [WSE]) through its computational science and
engineering directorate.
Site Details:
Option 1: NETL Morgantown Campus. ~50.43 acres are shown inside
the orange polygon; ~45 acres are inside the perimeter of NETL's
secure campus.
[[Page 14985]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN07AP25.010
Option 2: NETL Pittsburgh Campus. ~45.04 acres are shown inside
the hatched orange polygon. This location is inside the perimeter of
the NETL, NIOSH, and CDC shared, secure campus. This property may
include CDC and/or NIOSH federal lands along with NETL land.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN07AP25.011
Option 3: NETL Pittsburgh Campus. ~10.64 acres are shown inside
the orange polygon. This location is inside the perimeter of the
NETL, NIOSH, and CDC shared, secure campus. This property is NETL
land.
[[Page 14986]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN07AP25.012
Appendix 8. National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Summary: The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)'s
Flatiron Campus has enough land, power, water, and broadband
capability to host a 100 MW data center that could be initiated as
soon as this year (2025). The site could support an integrated data
center energy system test bed, that could be deployed later at scale
at other locations. NREL's world-class expertise in scientific
computing and partnerships with industry changing data center
industry leaders would support the expeditious implementation of a
data center at Flatirons. Through this project, NREL could help the
U.S. establish global AI dominance and accelerate the transformation
of the U.S. data center industry by dramatically reducing
construction timelines, enabling the U.S. to rapidly deploy critical
AI infrastructure at scale. NREL aims to establish a site where a
developer can continue its usual business operations while using the
site as a proving ground. The approach would not only allow the
developer to focus on its business objectives but also provide
national stakeholders with valuable insights into accelerating AI
data center construction and power deployment, paving the way for
future industry innovations.
[[Page 14987]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN07AP25.013
Site Details: NREL's Flatirons Campus is a 305-acre at the base
of the Rocky Mountain foothills and approximately 5 miles south of
Boulder, Colorado. The campus has been master planned to accommodate
several hundred thousand square feet of additional facilities and
numerous outdoor test sites. It is located within commuting distance
of three cities that are home to major research universities,
government institutions, and a strong science, engineering and
skills trade workforce. NREL has an 11-acre site located just west
of the Flatirons main campus that would be an ideal location for a
data center facility.
[[Page 14988]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN07AP25.014
[[Page 14989]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN07AP25.015
Appendix 9. Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Summary: The Department of Energy (DOE) has federal land
available contiguous to the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
which is well-suited to support the President's AI Infrastructure
initiative within the two-to-three-year goal. The area has utilities
anticipated to be sufficient to support the rapid development of an
AI data center. Local power resources include 500KV transmission
lines from local TVA hydro, nuclear, and fossil fuel generation
plants. Additional onsite generation capacity is possible from a
nearby regional natural gas distribution pipeline. The site is also
located approximately 5 miles from the proposed TVA Clinch River
Small Modular Reactor (SMR) site, providing a future opportunity to
capitalize on regional nuclear infrastructure up to 800MW in
capacity. Water resources are readily available from local utility
providers or potentially developable on site from the Clinch River.
Multiple commercial telecom providers are accessible from the site.
Site Details: The site is a 562-acre plot of DOE land for
potential commercial development with approximately 100-acres suited
for near-term development that is centrally located near several
major cities, natural waterways, and the interstate network.
Adjacency to Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) provides strong
synergy with existing world-leading research programs and user
facilities for AI, high performance computing, and quantum
information sciences. The proposed site has no significant
environmental restrictions for development and poses no national
security concerns.
[[Page 14990]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN07AP25.016
Appendix 10. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Summary: The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in
Richland, WA. PNNL has access to the highly skilled labor needed to
construct and operate the power generation facilities; and to
quickly build the proposed frontier AI data center, benefiting from
construction costs that are significantly lower than the national
average. The area offers a stable, dry climate with low humidity and
minimal natural disaster risk, making it ideal for reliable
operations. In addition to hydroelectric and conventional nuclear
power, small modular reactors (SMRs) envisioned by energy providers
in the region could provide additional power for the data center.
These are among the reasons that major hyper-scalers have chosen
eastern Washington for their large data centers.
Site Details: The City of Richland currently owns 295 acres of
available land (notated in the black outline below), transferred
from the U.S. Department of Energy in 2015 under the condition of
using it for economic development.
[[Page 14991]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN07AP25.017
Appendix 11. Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
Summary: Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) and
Princeton University (PU) explore the opportunity to have been at
the cutting edge of high-performance computing and AI developments
for decades, from Alan Turing's Ph.D. in the 1930s to John
Hopfield's 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics for neural networks to Egemen
Kolemen's Nature paper in 2024 using AI for fusion reactor control.
The intellectual breadth of AI work in the Princeton ecosystem,
including the recent announcement of an AI Hub for NJ centered here,
combined with the available land and power infrastructure, make PPPL
and PU ideal partners to host an AI data center and foster
innovations that will advance computational science and scientific
discovery. This center would emphasize accelerating fusion energy
development and energy system optimization, exploit new data that
will come from the NSTX-U fusion user facility that will come online
in 2026, and foster public-private fusion partnerships. By aligning
with the Department of Energy's broader AI development objectives,
this center would drive advancements in AI tool development and
implementation, support regional economic growth, and deliver on the
vision of enabling next-generation computing capabilities through
shared synergy, strength, and leadership.
Site Details: PPPL is located in central New Jersey, occupying
~88 acres on PU's Forrestal Campus. Forrestal Campus, located
approximately three miles north of the University's main campus,
encompasses 825 acres and hosts a blend of commercial leases, open
space, and laboratory sites (DOE's PPPL and the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
Laboratory (GFDL)). Forrestal Campus offers a vibrant, cross-cutting
ecosystem primed for test-bed development opportunities in AI.
Public Service Electric & Gas Co. (PSE&G) is our site's local energy
provider, NJ's oldest and largest gas and electric delivery public
utility and one of the nation's largest. Our site currently has 100
MW of energy capacity with district upgrade potential available, and
current water contract with NJ Water Supply Authority includes ~55
million gallons/year. The physical location in central New Jersey
provides proximity to metropolitan areas and a multitude of
commercial entities, providing ease of access for data center
workforce and user recruitment. The PPPL-PU-hosted AI data center
would also support an eastern hub of AI innovation serving public
and private partners in (for example) Pennsylvania, New York,
Connecticut, and Massachusetts.
[[Page 14992]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN07AP25.018
Appendix 12. Los Alamos National Laboratory
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is committed to an
enduring on-premises High Performance Computing (HPC) and
infrastructure to support its current plan-of-record and expanded AI
mission scope. LANL has already responded to other recent calls for
on/offsite data centers and has a consistent strategic approach that
enables mission plan-of-record for continuing support for leading-
edge HPC and the expanded AI mission requiring up to 70MW by 2027
and 160MW by the early 2030s. LANL is executing an upgrade of the
Strategic Computing Complex (SCC) to 70MW, which requires the
Electrical Power Capacity Upgrade (EPCU) and the SCC Electrical
Upgrade (SEU) GPP; these projects are funded and near start of
construction currently. LANL's strategy is to leverage new off-
premises power and water capabilities to supplement its enduring on-
premises capabilities. In responding to this call, LANL recognizes
that this new on-premises commercial data center would expand our
mission further, and without new power sources or exercising EPCU
options, would be limited to a total of 100MW for HPC+AI
infrastructure. This on-premises 100MW limit, would need to be
operationally managed with the newly upgraded SCC (70MW) mission.
The SCC could host low-density data systems, reducing its peak
power needs to below current levels, and still take advantage of
70MW total capability by re-configuring its electrical distribution
back to its original configuration of 2N power. This would enable
shifting power from the SCC to the new AI facility. A better
approach would be to identify and deploy new on-premises power
sources such as gas turbine (exercise options to expand the existing
steam plant), or nuclear small modular reactors.
Site Details: Identified, reserved, and generally undeveloped
~40-acre land site adjacent to TA-06 WTA power substation for siting
a high-density High Performance Computing facility suitable for AI
(N-06-07 and N-06-06 on map below and in LANL site master plans).
Site and surrounding land are DOE federally owned. Updated SWEIS
nearing approval that includes new construction for a mission
expanding new HPC infrastructure of at least 100,000 square foot
facility, a 25,000 square foot staging facility, and a parking lot
in currently undeveloped area in TA-06 adjacent to the WTA
substation to support AI supercomputers to replace or supplement the
current HPC at the SCC. The facility would use evaporative cooling
and could require up to 162 million gallons of cooling water from
Los Alamos County, and 62 million gallons of potable water would be
required. An additional water treatment facility may be required to
supply treated water for supercomputer cooling operations at the new
facility. A new NPDES-permitted outfall was proposed in Two-Mile
Canyon for this proposed facility. The facility was described as
needing electrical demand of up to 100MW. This power would need to
be coordinated with future use of the existing SCC. Expanded mission
alternative also includes planning for up to 150MW of solar arrays
on-premises.
[[Page 14993]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN07AP25.019
Appendix 13. Sandia National Laboratories
Summary: The National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)'s
Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia) is responsible for the
development, testing, and production of specialized nonnuclear
components and quality assurance and systems engineering for all
U.S. nuclear weapons. Sandia has locations in Albuquerque, New
Mexico; Livermore, California; Kauai, Hawaii; and Tonopah, Nevada.
It is managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering
Solutions of Sandia, LLC.
Site Details: Sandia has currently identified two sites of
roughly ~9 acres each. There may also be a possibility to
collaborate with Kirtland Airforce Base (KAFB) for a site. Tech Area
II Site: This area is in a secondary conservation area. A biological
survey would be required before the initiation of any outdoor work
during the breeding season (March 1 through September 15). An
archaeological survey would also be required prior to any ground
disturbance. Eubank site: The proposed site would require an
archaeological survey prior to any construction work. The site is
not in a conservation area. Sandia is unique in that it is located
on an Air Force Base which provides added security for a data center
and infrastructure.
[[Page 14994]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN07AP25.020
Appendix 14. Savannah River Site
Summary: The National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
operates a 310-square-mile site at the Savannah River Site (SRS)
near Aiken, South Carolina, to supply and process tritium, a
radioactive form of hydrogen that is a key component of nuclear
weapons. SRS loads tritium and non-tritium reservoirs; processes
reservoirs; and recycles, extracts, and enriches tritium gas. SRS
also plays a key role in NNSA's nonproliferation missions. SRS is
run by Savannah River Nuclear Solutions.
Site Details: The footprint of a data center is very small
compared to the 310 square miles of SRS; therefore, a more detailed
description of the site requirements is required to select the best
locations. Savannah River Site requires submission of a Site Use
Permit application prior to allowing any activity on any tract of
land onsite. The process provides: a method of informing various
stakeholders of proposed
[[Page 14995]]
plans for a tract of land to identify conflicts between the permit
application and previously granted permits; a forum for impacted
stakeholders to communicate concerns about or support for the
application; and a way to facilitate discussion between requestors
and impacted stakeholders to establish guidelines and/or
restrictions that allow the proposed usage to go forward.
Once a suitable location for a data center is determined, the
Site Use Permit application will be submitted. Approved permits may
for example require or allow moving a boundary, relocating
endangered species, providing access to monitoring stations,
establishing buffer zones around wetlands, etc.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN07AP25.021
Appendix 15: Pantex Plant
Summary: Constructed in 1942 as an ordnance facility, the Pantex
Plant (Pantex) produced conventional artillery shells and bombs in
support of the World War II effort. In 1951, Pantex was selected for
use as a high explosives fabrication and weapon assembly
installation for the nuclear weapon complex. Pantex is the nation's
primary site for assembly and disassembly of nuclear weapons and is
the Center of Excellence for High Explosives Manufacturing. Pantex
also supports other priority objectives including nuclear component
staging and storage and special nuclear material requalification,
surveillance, and packaging.
Site Details: Area 1 (PREFERRED): approximately 380 acres of the
National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) owned land. There
are water reservoirs, sprinklers and environmental wells in the area
that would have to be considered for siting, but this is the
preferred location. Area 2: approximately 5,700 acres currently
owned by Texas Tech University (TTU) and leased by NNSA. This area
could potentially be purchased from TTU but would require a real
estate agreement. The southwest portion of Area 2 includes Formerly
Used Defense Site land with historical contamination. Any of the
farmland located around Pantex could be considered for purchase.
[[Page 14996]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN07AP25.022
Appendix 16. Kansas City National Security Campus
Summary: The National Nuclear Security Administration's (NNSA)
Kansas City National Security Campus (KCNSC), located near Kansas
City, Missouri, is responsible for manufacturing and procuring
nonnuclear components for nuclear weapons, including electronic,
mechanical, and engineered material components. It supports national
laboratories, universities, and U.S. industry. KCNSC was formerly
known as the Kansas City Plant. It is managed and operated by
Honeywell Federal Manufacturing & Technologies, LLC.
Site Details: Proposed site acreage: 50 acres (~35 acres
currently cleared). Site Address: 19342 S Mullen Rd.; Belton, MO
64012. Land Ownership Status (site): DOE/NNSA. Land Ownership Status
(surrounding): Multiple owners; primarily agricultural/low density
residential. Site is surrounded with security fencing with access
control gate and benefits from roving patrol coverage. It currently
enjoys residential power and water support.
[[Page 14997]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TN07AP25.023
[FR Doc. 2025-05936 Filed 4-4-25; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6450-01-C
</pre><script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script></body>
</html>Indexed from Federal Register on April 7, 2025.
This is legal information, not legal advice. Laws vary by jurisdiction and change frequently. Always verify current law with official sources and consult a licensed attorney in your jurisdiction for advice on your specific situation.