Rule2024-20814
Public Health Service Policies on Research Misconduct
Primary source
Metadata and text below are from the Federal Register, a public-domain U.S. government work. Always verify the official published version before relying on it for any legal matter.
Published
September 17, 2024
Effective
January 1, 2025
Issuing agencies
Health and Human Services Department
Abstract
This final rule revises the regulations governing Public Health Service Policies on Research Misconduct. The final rule reflects both substantive and non-substantive revisions in response to public comments and to improve clarity. The purpose of the final rule is to implement policy changes and respond to technological changes that occurred over the past several years applicable to research misconduct.
Full Text
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[Federal Register Volume 89, Number 180 (Tuesday, September 17, 2024)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 76280-76309]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [<a href="http://www.gpo.gov">www.gpo.gov</a>]
[FR Doc No: 2024-20814]
[[Page 76279]]
Vol. 89
Tuesday,
No. 180
September 17, 2024
Part IV
Department of Health and Human Services
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42 CFR Part 93
Public Health Service Policies on Research Misconduct; Final Rule
Federal Register / Vol. 89, No. 180 / Tuesday, September 17, 2024 /
Rules and Regulations
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DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
42 CFR Part 93
RIN 0937-AA12
Public Health Service Policies on Research Misconduct
AGENCY: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).
ACTION: Final rule.
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SUMMARY: This final rule revises the regulations governing Public
Health Service Policies on Research Misconduct. The final rule reflects
both substantive and non-substantive revisions in response to public
comments and to improve clarity. The purpose of the final rule is to
implement policy changes and respond to technological changes that
occurred over the past several years applicable to research misconduct.
DATES: Effective Date: This final rule is effective January 1, 2025.
Applicability Date: All regulatory requirements are applicable
beginning on or after January 1, 2026.
ADDRESSES: Address any comments or questions regarding the final rule
to Sheila R. Garrity, JD, MPH, MBA, Director, Office of Research
Integrity (ORI), 1101 Wootton Parkway, Suite 240, Rockville, MD 20852.
Some commonly asked questions and answers will be posted on the ORI
website prior to the effective date of the final rule. The URL for the
ORI website is <a href="https://ori.hhs.gov">https://ori.hhs.gov</a>.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Justina Lawrence, (240) 453-8200.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. Background
The Office of Research Integrity (ORI) within the Department of
Health and Human Services (HHS) oversees and directs Public Health
Service (PHS) research integrity activities on behalf of the HHS
Secretary, with the exception of the regulatory research integrity
activities of the Food and Drug Administration.
ORI was established in 1993 by amendment to section 493 of the
Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 289b). The HHS Secretary has
authority under section 493 to promulgate a regulation that provides an
administrative process for entities that apply for or receive PHS
funding for biomedical or behavioral research to respond to research
misconduct allegations in connection with such research and to provide
assurances to the Department that the entities have an administrative
process in place to respond to research misconduct allegations,
investigate research misconduct allegations, and comply with the
Department's regulation. Section 493 also authorizes the HHS Secretary
to promulgate a regulation addressing ORI's actions, including
appropriate remedies, with respect to research misconduct.
In 2005, HHS updated regulations implementing section 493 that
predated ORI's establishment. Specifically, HHS removed 42 Code of
Federal Regulations (CFR) part 50, subpart A and added 42 CFR part 93,
Public Health Service Policies on Research Misconduct. Since 2005, ORI
and regulated entities experienced policy developments and
technological changes applicable to research misconduct, such as the
2008 NIH Public Access policy; the 2023 NIH Data Management and Sharing
policy; the shift to saving data on the cloud; and the ability to use
artificial intelligence to detect image falsification, among many other
developments. Therefore, ORI decided to revise part 93.
On October 6, 2023, ORI issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking
(NPRM) that proposed revisions to 42 CFR part 93 based on the
experience ORI and institutions gained with the regulation since it was
promulgated in 2005 (88 FR 69583). In addition, the NPRM was issued in
response to increasing public concerns about research integrity in
science and institutional questions about research misconduct review
proceedings. The NPRM proposed several changes to provide clarity,
transparency, and a better streamlined process.
The NPRM proposed changes to subpart A. These changes included
requiring grant recipients to take responsibility for the research
integrity assurances of their subrecipients; adding ORI oversight of
and increasing reporting requirements for subsequent use exception
determinations; reducing disclosure limitations; and expanding
institutional reporting obligations.
Proposed changes to subpart B in the NPRM included adding or
revising definitions of commonly used terms such as institutional
record, administrative record, honest error, intentionally, knowingly,
recklessly, and accepted practices of the relevant research community.
Proposed changes to subpart C in the NPRM included clarification
for maintaining active institutional research integrity assurances and
addressing apparent or actual conflicts of interest. The NPRM also
proposed changes to the institutional research misconduct review
process, including assessments, sequestration of research records,
inquiries, investigations, and the maintenance of institutional
records.
Proposed changes to subpart D in the NPRM included clarification of
institutional assembly of administrative records and potential ORI
actions for institutional noncompliance. In addition, ORI proposed
clarifying that the lack of an ORI finding of research misconduct does
not overturn an institution's determination of research misconduct.
Other proposed changes to subpart D included when and how ORI may
disclose information about a research misconduct proceeding.
Proposed changes to subpart E in the NPRM included a streamlined
process for contesting ORI findings of research misconduct and HHS
administrative actions. The proposed appeals process included
Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) review of an administrative record,
rather than a de novo review of evidence presented at a hearing before
an ALJ.
The NPRM sought comments from individuals, institutional officials,
organizations, institutions, research funding agencies, and other
members of the public on the proposed revisions and how to improve the
clarity of the existing regulation.
II. Overview of Comments and Significant Changes in Final Rule
ORI received 269 comments via <a href="http://Regulations.gov">Regulations.gov</a>. ORI also received
comments as part of its interagency review process. ORI received 199
relevant comments representing the views of two main constituent
groups: institutions and individuals. In several instances, duplicative
comments were posted by the same institution or individual. ORI
received 171 unique comments submitted by 123 institutions and 46
individuals. In two cases, an institution submitted two separate sets
of comments; since the content of each submission was distinct, ORI
counted each submission as a unique comment. In addition, some comments
were endorsed by multiple individuals or institutions. For example, one
institutional comment was explicitly supported by 70 separate
commenters. Another institutional comment was explicitly supported by
83 separate commenters. Ten commenters supported an additional
institutional statement, and three commenters supported other
representative groups' statements.
Most comments addressed multiple sections of the proposed rule.
Many commenters made general statements supporting the more efficient
execution and oversight of research misconduct proceedings proposed in
the NPRM;
[[Page 76281]]
however, most commenters recommended changes to enhance the clarity of
the proposed regulation. These comments generally involved maintaining
the balance between ensuring a complete review of misconduct
allegations and protecting the rights of respondents and recognizing
the potential for administrative burden and cost on institutions.
Most commenters anticipated administrative burden resulting from
various parts of the NPRM. These comments were divided among five
topics: burden related to the assessment phase, burden related to
determining honest error, burden related to transcribing interviews,
burden related to reporting, and burdens placed on small institutions.
Several commenters requested more time to implement the final rule, and
the amount of time requested varied widely. A majority requested one
year, while others requested different timelines.
Many commenters recommended revisions to or removal of proposed
definitions. Commenters also made general comments on the proposed
rule, with most commenters recommending additions, revisions, or
removal of various sections.
Commenters expressed a variety of concerns about potential
conflicts of interest but did not recommend the removal or revision of
any particular section of the proposed regulation. Commenters also
expressed concerns about harm to respondents' reputation; these
concerns included ORI's access to assessment reports and potential
breaches of confidentiality when sharing transcripts. Commenters also
expressed concerns about the effects of the proposed regulation on
whistleblowers. These concerns included fears of retaliation, negative
effects on reporting misconduct, and breaches of confidentiality.
The NPRM proposed several substantive changes in which commenters
provided feedback that informed the drafting of the final rule. The
following paragraphs provide an overview of the feedback received from
commenters. More detailed descriptions of comments on specific sections
of the proposed regulation are addressed below in section III.
Subpart A Summary of Significant Public Comments and Changes
Proposed Sec. 93.102(a) would require primary PHS grant recipients
to take responsibility for the compliance of their subrecipients. A
number of commenters recommended removing the proposed requirement
making each PHS funding recipient responsible for the compliance of
their subrecipients, because institutional responsibility for
regulatory compliance was not clarified. ORI did not intend to impose a
new burden on prime funding recipients; in the final rule subrecipients
are required to have their own assurances filed with ORI. Proposed
Sec. 93.105(b), which involved time limitations for research
misconduct proceedings, required more reporting requirements and
established that ORI makes the final determination of when a subsequent
use exception can be applied. Commenters recommended revising this
section to state that institutions should be afforded discretion in
applying the subsequent use exceptions. ORI agreed institutions should
be able to determine whether the subsequent use exception applies to a
given situation. Proposed Sec. 93.106 would require increased
institutional reporting obligations to ORI related to institutional
confidentiality obligations. Commenters found the language of the
proposed regulation in this section overcomplicated institutional
confidentiality obligations, added problematic provisions, and
contained information more appropriate for guidance. ORI recognized
institutions' concerns about implementing the confidentiality
requirements in the proposed rule and changed the final rule to provide
latitude for institutions to decide confidentiality requirements for
themselves. A number of commenters disapproved omitting the 2005
regulation's Evidentiary Standards section from the NPRM, and asked ORI
to maintain the burden of proof language from the 2005 regulation. ORI
had proposed removing this section because evidentiary standards were
discussed in several other parts of the NPRM; however, ORI concurred
with commenters, restored and updated aspects of the Evidentiary
Standards section, and revised the final rule to clarify specific
situations in which an adverse inference can be made but did not
address all situations in which an adverse inference can be made.
Nothing in the final rule precludes an institution or HHS from drawing
an adverse inference under a different set of facts if appropriate.
Subpart B Summary of Significant Public Comments and Changes
Proposed Secs. 93.205, 93.211, 93.217, 93.236 and 93.245 set forth
definitions for Appeal, Difference of Opinion, Honest Error, Research
Integrity, Suspension and Debarment to provide definitions of commonly
used terms. Several commenters recommended removing these definitions
because they did not enhance the clarity of the regulation. ORI agreed
and removed these definitions. Proposed Secs. 93.223, 93.217, and
93.234, which set forth definitions for Institutional Record,
Recklessly, and Small Institution, were also added to provide
definitions for commonly used terms. Commenters recommended revisions
to clarify these definitions. ORI concurred and revised these
definitions, described in detail in the next section.
Subpart C Summary of Significant Public Comments and Changes
Proposed Sec. 93.304 regarding institutional policies and
procedures removed a provision that was in the 2005 regulation
requiring institutions to have policies and procedures in place to
protect the rights of respondents. Commenters were concerned about
protecting these rights and ORI restored the language from the 2005
regulation that institutions provide for all reasonable and practical
efforts, if requested and as appropriate, to protect or restore the
reputation of persons alleged to have engaged in research misconduct
but against whom no finding of research misconduct is made.
Proposed Sec. 93.305 was meant to provide details on institutional
responsibilities in the general conduct of misconduct proceedings. Some
commenters appreciated the provision that permits an institution to add
respondents to an ongoing misconduct case without conducting a separate
inquiry for each new respondent. Other commenters were concerned that
listing the types of researchers the institutions should consider as
potential respondents created a confusing standard and could be
detrimental to those individuals. ORI concurred and removed the list of
potential co-respondents as well as the parenthetical list of
additional research records to examine, because these lists were
intended to be exemplary rather than prescriptive. Some commenters
found the section on pursuing leads overly prescriptive, while others
found it overly broad. Many commenters were concerned that pursuing all
leads during an inquiry would be burdensome and costly--as well as
cause reputational harm to innocent researchers. ORI concurred and
moved the requirement to pursue all leads to Sec. 93.310(j), which
details the investigation requirements.
Commenters also objected to the proposed requirement to transcribe
all interviews in Sec. 93.305 of the NPRM, especially interviews
conducted during the assessment or inquiry phase, because it could
discourage reporting of
[[Page 76282]]
allegations and contribute to institutional burden. ORI concurred,
revised the section, and moved it to Sec. 93.310(g), which details the
investigation requirements. The revised section removes the requirement
for transcribed interviews during the assessment and inquiry phases.
Some commenters noted this section may not provide fair procedures to
respondents. Other commenters recommended removing the section
entirely, stating that institutions should be allowed to institute best
practices without regulatory oversight. A few commenters favored
retaining the section as proposed. ORI removed all portions of the
proposed subsection that did not specify requirements--that is,
sections on the institution's choice to use a committee, consortium, or
person to conduct, support, or participate in proceedings; what a
consortium might be comprised of; and the institution's choice to allow
respondents/complainants to object to committee or consortium
member(s). The information was intended to be exemplary, not
prescriptive. ORI intends to issue guidance on this topic.
Proposed Sec. 93.306, which describes the institutional assessment
of research misconduct allegations, increased reporting requirements,
and time limitations were added to ensure prompt institutional response
in addressing allegations of misconduct. Commenters were concerned
about the burden of increased pre-investigation reporting requirements.
ORI concurred and revised this section to simplify the assessment phase
and require institutions to document their assessment process rather
than write a formal report. The final rule clarifies that, if an
institution determines to close a research misconduct proceeding after
the assessment, it must retain documentation of its rationale
sufficient to permit a later review by ORI.
Proposed Sec. 93.307, which involves the institutional inquiry,
increased reporting requirements, and time limitations were added to
ensure prompt institutional response in addressing allegations of
misconduct. The NPRM proposed to prohibit an institution from
determining honest error during the inquiry stage. Some commenters
requested clarification because the process for notifying additional
respondents of an institutional inquiry appeared unclear. ORI concurred
and revised this section to simplify the language. Commenters also
recommended removing proposed Sec. 93.307(f)(2) because they conveyed
the requirement that institutions determine honest error only at the
investigation stage would unfairly burden both respondents and
institutions. ORI agreed and removed Sec. 93.307(f)(2). Several
commenters recommended removing proposed Sec. 93.307(h), which set a
60-day timeframe for completing an inquiry, stating that institutions
should have more flexibility in the timeframe to thoroughly conduct an
inquiry. ORI concurred and lengthened the inquiry timeline from 60 to
90 days. If the inquiry takes longer than 90 days to complete, the
inquiry report must document the reasons for exceeding the 90-day
period.
The institutional investigation phase described in proposed Sec.
93.310 was meant to provide additional institutional responsibilities
in the conduct of an institutional investigation of research
misconduct, including additional reporting and proposed rules about
sequestration of evidence, multiple respondents, and multiple
institutions. A few commenters recommended removal of proposed Sec.
93.310(c)(2) because they conveyed their concern that the regulation
infringes on the rights of respondents who are added to an ongoing
investigation without an additional inquiry. ORI clarified Sec.
93.310(c)(2) that when a new respondent is added to an ongoing
proceeding, institutions may but are not required to conduct a separate
inquiry for additional respondents, and additional respondents must be
notified of allegation(s) and provided an opportunity to respond.
Proposed Sec. 93.313(k) and (l)(2) describing the institutional
investigation report was meant to clarify the requirements for an
investigation report. The section included lists of examples of
sequestered materials. The section also included a prohibition against
split decisions by an investigation committee. Commenters recommended
removing proposed Sec. 93.313(k), which included a requirement that
institutions identify any research records and other evidence obtained
and sequestered but not reviewed, because it was deemed resource-
intensive and an unnecessary burden. ORI concurred and removed Sec.
93.313(k) as duplicative of 93.313(e). ORI notes that the inventory
requirement described in 93.313(e) does not require identification of
specific files or emails but allows for a broader summary of the types
of files or emails sequestered. Commenters also recommended removing
language in proposed Sec. 93.313(l)(2) prohibiting investigation
committees from making a split decision. ORI removed that prohibition
and included language that the report must clearly state the
investigation committee's conclusions regarding whether research
misconduct occurred.
The institutional appeals process described in proposed Sec.
93.314 would require that institutional appeals be completed within 120
days or apply for an extension. Commenters recommended deleting or
significantly revising Sec. 93.314, contending the institutional
appeal was within the institution's purview, not ORI's. ORI concurred
and removed most of the requirements in Sec. 93.314 and added Sec.
93.315 to acknowledge institutional purview. ORI recognizes the
potential inefficiency of starting oversight review while an
institutional appeal is ongoing that could reverse or modify the
institutional findings of research misconduct. The final rule clarifies
that institutions should not transmit their institutional record until
the conclusion of any institutional appeals. If an appeal is filed
after the institution has transmitted the institutional record, the
institution must promptly notify ORI so the agency can postpone
oversight review until the institutional appeal is complete.
Subpart D Summary of Significant Public Comments and Changes
Proposed Sec. 93.410(b) would allow ORI to publish notice of
institutional research misconduct proceedings that did not result in
ORI findings. Many commenters urged ORI to remove Sec. 93.410(b),
which proposed that ORI may publish notice of institutional
investigations and actions. Commenters cited regulatory overreach,
breaches of confidentiality, and inconsistency with other agencies'
policies. ORI removed 93.410(b) from the final rule, ensuring
institutions have discretion in this area. Proposed Sec. 93.411 would
require HHS to provide notification and publish final HHS actions that
result in a finding of research misconduct. One commenter objected to
replacing ``may'' with ``shall,'' regarding ORI's publication of
findings and settlements. ORI restored the 2005 regulatory language of
``may'' to retain flexibility.
Subpart E Summary of Significant Public Comments and Changes
Proposed Sec. 93.512 provided for a simpler and more expedient
appeals process, which would entail ALJ review of an administrative
record to determine whether ORI's findings and HHS's proposed
administrative actions (other than suspension or debarment) are
reasonable and not based on a material error of law or fact. The
proposed appeals process also provided for the possibility of a limited
hearing if the
[[Page 76283]]
ALJ determines that there is a genuine dispute over material fact. One
commenter, in response to the NPRM's request for comments on the scope
of and need for limited hearings, suggested the research misconduct
process allows for sufficient procedures to make such limited hearings
unnecessary. ORI agreed, removed proposed Sec. 93.512 from the final
rule, made clarifying edits throughout subpart E, including removing
language concerning suspension and debarment and adding the qualifiers
``proposed'' or ``HHS'' before the phrase ``administrative actions.''
ORI made other changes in the final rule to generally provide
clarity requested by the commenters. In addition to specific changes
discussed below, ORI changed ``will'' to ``may'' in places throughout
the final rule, as appropriate, to add flexibility. ORI made
nonsubstantive edits throughout the final rule in accordance with the
Plain Writing Act of 2010. ORI also merged or separated content within
sections of the final rule to improve clarity and readability. ORI
streamlined language to avoid repeatedly distinguishing research
misconduct proceedings subject to part 93 from suspension and debarment
actions governed by regulations separate and distinct from part 93.
These changes either were nonsubstantive or increased the flexibility
accorded to regulated entities.
III. Section-by-Section Description of Changes in the Final Rule
A. Application of Effective Date to Research Misconduct Proceedings,
Final Rule Sec. 93.75
Commenters suggested delaying the effective date of the final rule,
citing the time required for institutions to update their policies and
procedures and train staff, with many commenters recommending an
effective date 18 months after the publication date. ORI retained the
proposed effective date of January 1, 2025, but clarified that all
regulatory requirements are applicable on or after January 1, 2026, in
order to provide ample time for institutions to prepare for the final
rule. ORI will not require institutions to implement and submit revised
policies and procedures that comply with the final rule until the
submission of their annual report covering 2025, which is due on or
before April 30, 2026. ORI believes that this approach balances the
need to promptly implement improvements made by the final rule with the
time for institutions to update their policies and procedures. ORI
added Sec. 93.75 to clarify the applicability date, specifying that
beginning on January 1, 2026, an institution must follow the final rule
for allegations received by the institution on or after January 1,
2026. For allegations received by an institution before January 1,
2026, an institution must follow 42 CFR part 93 as published in the
2005 edition of the Code of Federal Regulations, unless the respondent
and institution both elect in writing to follow the new final rule.
B. Applicability, NPRM Sec. 93.102(a)
A number of commenters recommended removing the proposed
requirement making each PHS funding recipient responsible for the
compliance of their subrecipients, because institutional responsibility
for regulatory compliance was not clarified. A few commenters
recommended revision for the same reason, adding that subrecipients
should have assurances on file with ORI to ensure compliance by all
recipients of PHS funding. ORI removed the sentence, ``Further, each
recipient of such support is responsible for the compliance of their
subrecipients with this part,'' because ORI did not intend to impose a
new burden on prime funding recipients; subrecipients are required to
have their own assurances filed with ORI.
C. Applicability, NPRM Sec. 93.102(d)
Revisions clarify that suspension and debarment at HHS are governed
by regulations separate and distinct from part 93. As noted above,
corresponding revisions throughout the final rule streamline language
because there is no need to repeatedly distinguish research misconduct
proceedings subject to this part from suspension and debarment actions
subject to separate and distinct regulations. ORI also revised the
language in this section to confirm that the Suspension and Debarment
Official (SDO) and ORI may coordinate actions to the extent consistent
with the SDO's and ORI's respective authorities. Such coordination
includes jointly issuing notices or seeking settlements of actions and
proceedings.
D. Research Misconduct, NPRM Secs. 93.103
Commenters recommended deleting this section, because it duplicated
information found elsewhere, specifically the definitions of
fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism. ORI concurred and deleted
this section in its entirety.
E. Requirements for Findings of Research Misconduct, NPRM Secs.
93.104(a), (b), and (c)
Commenters expressed appreciation that the proposed regulation
clarified the three requirements for findings of research misconduct
and confirmed three elements must be met. ORI made one change for
grammatical consistency across all subsections.
F. Time Limitations, NPRM Sec. 93.105(b)
Commenters recommended revising this section to state that
institutions should be allowed to determine their own timeframe for
applying subsequent use exceptions. ORI agreed institutions should be
able to determine whether the subsequent use exception applies to a
given case. To have a consistent regulatory standard across all
institutions, ORI retained the six-year limitation. Commenters also
expressed concern about the potential cost and burdens of the proposed
requirement that institutions inform ORI of the relevant facts before
concluding the subsequent use exception does not apply. ORI concurred
and revised the section to require institutions to document how they
determined the exception did or did not apply and to retain that
information in the institutional record. ORI may address the
application of the subsequent use exception for institutional reporting
requirements through future policymaking.
G. Confidentiality, NPRM Sec. 93.106
In response to commenters mentioning circumstances in which
institutions may have a legitimate need to inform persons outside the
institution about a pending research misconduct proceeding, ORI
clarified that institutions may alert journal editors and others who
need to know of potentially inaccurate data in a timely manner, and the
final rule specifies that institutions are not prohibited from managing
published data or acknowledging that data may be unreliable. In
addition, to prevent some institutions from keeping research-related
information confidential longer than necessary, the final rule now
clarifies the length of time an institution is bound by the
confidentiality provision. Commenters also stated that the language
proposed in this section overcomplicated institutional confidentiality
obligations and contained information more appropriate for guidance.
ORI recognized institutions' concerns about overly prescriptive
language and changed the final rule to provide greater latitude for
[[Page 76284]]
institutions to decide how to meet confidentiality requirements. ORI
also removed the subsections that discussed what constitutes ``those
who need to know.''
H. Appeal, NPRM Sec. 93.204
Commenters recommended deleting this definition because it was
unnecessary. ORI concurred and removed this definition.
I. Charge Letter, NPRM Sec. 93.206
ORI removed specific language addressing joint charge letters,
because Sec. 93.102(d) of the final rule addresses situations in which
ORI and the SDO may jointly issue notices. ORI also revised proposed
Sec. 93.206 to remove references to the SDO in the definition and
avoid redundancy in subpart A.
J. Difference of Opinion, NPRM Sec. 93.211
Several commenters recommended removing this definition because it
did not enhance the clarity of the regulation. ORI agreed and removed
this definition.
K. Honest Error, NPRM Sec. 93.217
Several commenters requested revision of this definition of honest
error. A minority of commenters asked ORI to add a reference to good
faith and intent and to provide examples. Most commenters recommended
removing the definition because they conveyed that it was unnecessary.
ORI concurred and removed this definition.
L. Institutional Record, NPRM Sec. 93.223
Commenters generally supported including this definition but
expressed concerns about the institutional burden of sequestering
irrelevant records and conveyed that the institutional investigation
committee should have autonomy to decide which records to consider.
While ORI understands sequestration imposes an institutional burden,
ORI has found that records originally not considered by an institution
may be relevant to the research misconduct proceeding. ORI balanced
these concerns by revising the proposed definition of institutional
record and retaining a maintenance requirement in Sec. 93.318 for
sequestered evidence that is not part of the institutional record. ORI
revised the proposed definition to clarify that the institutional
record comprises all records the institution compiled or generated
during the research misconduct proceeding, except for the records the
institution did not consider or rely on. The institutional record index
does not need to include records the institution did not consider or
rely on. ORI revised the proposed definition to include a requirement
for a general description of records sequestered but not considered or
relied on. Additionally, ORI revised wording to clarify that
assessments are to be documented, but an assessment report is not
required. ORI intends to issue guidance on this topic.
M. Recklessly, NPRM Sec. 93.234
Many commenters proposed revisions to this definition. Some
commenters requested clarification of and distinction between the
definitions of ``knowingly'' and ``recklessly,'' as well as a
definition of ``harm.'' Several commenters requested guidance with
examples to help institutions distinguish between ``careless'' and
``reckless'' supervision. One commenter approved of the existing
definition. ORI revised the definition in response to these comments to
make it easier to apply in the research misconduct context. In
particular, ORI revised the definition to make it specific to
proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or reporting research
results, rather than ``acting'' more generally, and specific to a risk
of fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism.
N. Investigation, NPRM Sec. 93.225
Commenters proposed revising this definition to provide further
clarification. ORI agreed and revised the definition by removing
unnecessary language for clarity.
O. Research Integrity, NPRM Sec. 93.236
Many commenters recommended removing this definition because they
found it narrow, unclear, and inconsistent with the National Academies
of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) definition. One
commenter recommended retaining the proposed definition. ORI decided to
remove this definition and may provide future guidance on this topic.
P. Research Misconduct Proceedings, NPRM Sec. 93.239
Regarding the appeals process and involvement of an ALJ, ORI added
clarifying language, ``appeals under subpart E,'' to avoid ambiguity
and to distinguish this process from institutional appeals.
Q. Research Record, NPRM Sec. 93.240
Commenters requested clarification of this definition. ORI added
``records of'' before ``oral presentations'' to exclude from the
definition any records of completely internal presentations where
problems were potentially identified and corrected before outside
reporting. ORI also changed the phrase ``internal reports'' to ``lab
meeting reports'' to clarify the meaning of this phrase, which may be
part of the research record. Additionally, ORI removed ``internet''
from ``internet and online'' content because of the repetitive meaning
of the two words. ORI intends to issue guidance on this definition.
R. Small Institution, NPRM Sec. 93.244
Several commenters recommended revisions to the definition because
they conveyed that the criteria used to designate a small institution
were overly restrictive. ORI agreed and removed the statement that a
small institution typically has ``a total of 10 or fewer institutional
members'' and may address this topic through future policymaking.
S. Suspension and Debarment, NPRM Sec. 93.245
ORI removed this proposed definition of ``suspension and
debarment'' and merged significant aspects of the definition with
``Suspension and Debarment Official or SDO'' to reduce redundancy.
T. Institutional Policies and Procedures, NPRM Sec. 93.304
One commenter commended ORI for requiring all institutions to file
an assurance to apply for PHS support. Commenters expressed concern
about omitting the 2005 regulation's requirement to make all reasonable
and practical efforts to restore the reputation of respondents not
found to have committed research misconduct. Commenters requested
restoring proposed Sec. 93.304 to the 2005 wording. ORI concurred and
restored the 2005 wording regarding policies and procedures to protect
the reputation of respondents when no finding has been made.
U. General Conduct of Research Misconduct Proceedings--Sequestration of
Research Records and Other Evidence, NPRM Sec. 93.305(a)
ORI noted the requirement to sequester all research records and
other evidence was mentioned more than once in the NPRM. To reduce
redundancy, this requirement is explained in full only once in the
final rule, under General Conduct of Research Misconduct Proceedings.
V. General Conduct of Research Misconduct Proceedings--Multiple
Respondents, NPRM Sec. 93.305(d)
Some commenters appreciated the provision that permits an
institution to add respondents to an ongoing research misconduct case
without conducting a separate inquiry for each new
[[Page 76285]]
respondent. Others expressed the provision could set a precedent that
infringes on respondents' rights. To address this concern, the final
rule specifies that each additional respondent must be provided notice
of the allegations and an opportunity to respond, consistent with
subpart C. Some commenters were also concerned that listing the types
of researchers the institutions should consider as potential
respondents created a confusing standard and could be detrimental to
those individuals. ORI concurred and removed the list of potential co-
respondents as well as the parenthetical list of additional research
records to examine, because these lists were intended to be exemplary
rather than prescriptive. Some commenters suggested changing ``must
consider whether any additional researchers are responsible'' to ``may
consider whether any additional researchers are responsible.'' ORI
revised this section to allow institutions the flexibility to use their
own judgment.
W. General Conduct of Research Misconduct Proceedings--Pursue Leads,
NPRM Sec. 93.305(f)
Some commenters found this section overly prescriptive while others
found it overly broad. Many commenters were concerned that pursuing all
leads during an inquiry would be burdensome and costly--as well as
cause reputational harm to innocent researchers. ORI concurred and
moved the requirement to pursue all leads to Sec. 93.310(j), which
details the investigation requirements. ORI also removed the
parenthetical list of additional research records to examine, because
it was intended to be exemplary, not prescriptive. ORI intends to
provide further guidance specifying recommended practices for pursuing
leads.
X. General Conduct of Research Misconduct Proceedings--Interviews, NPRM
Sec. 93.305(g)
Commenters objected to the proposed requirement to transcribe all
interviews, especially interviews conducted during the assessment or
inquiry phase, because it could discourage reporting of allegations and
contribute to institutional burden. Some commenters expressed that if
transcriptions are mandatory, they should be required only during the
investigation. ORI concurred, revised the proposed section, and moved
it to Sec. 93.310(g), which details the investigation requirements.
The revised section removes the requirement for transcribed interviews
during the assessment and inquiry phases.
Y. Conduct of Research Misconduct Proceedings--Using a Committee,
Consortium, or Other Person for Research Misconduct Proceedings, NPRM
Sec. 93.305(h)
Some commenters noted a concern that this section may not provide
fair procedures to respondents. Other commenters recommended removing
the section entirely, stating that institutions should be allowed to
institute best practices without regulatory oversight. A few commenters
favored retaining the section as proposed. ORI removed all portions of
the proposed subsection that did not specify requirements--that is,
sections on the institution's choice to use a committee, consortium, or
person to conduct, support, or participate in proceedings; what a
consortium might be comprised of; and the institution's choice to allow
respondents/complainants to object to committee or consortium
member(s). The information was intended to be exemplary, not
prescriptive.
Z. Institutional Assessment, NPRM Sec. 93.306
A number of commenters were concerned about the burden of increased
pre-investigation reporting requirements. ORI concurred and revised
this section to simplify the assessment phase and require institutions
to document their assessment process rather than write a formal report.
Commenters also expressed concern about potential harm to respondents'
reputations if ORI is permitted to read an institution's assessment
documentation. In response to the concern about reputational harm, ORI
notes that any assessment documentation obtained by ORI will be subject
to the Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. 552a. Many commenters asked ORI to remove
Sec. 93.306(e), which proposed requiring institutions to complete the
assessment within 30 days. Commenters expressed that this timeline was
unrealistic, would be burdensome for institutions, and could undermine
the rigor and utility of the sequestration process. One commenter was
concerned about the impact of this assessment timeframe on respondents'
mental health. ORI concurred and removed the 30-day assessment timeline
requirement.
AA. Institutional Inquiry, NPRM Sec. 93.307
Some commenters requested clarification because the process for
notifying additional respondents of an institutional inquiry appeared
unclear. ORI concurred and revised this section to simplify the
language. Commenters also recommended removing proposed Sec.
93.307(f)(2) because they conveyed that the requirement that
institutions determine honest error only at the investigation stage
would unfairly burden both respondents and institutions. ORI agreed and
removed proposed Sec. 93.307(f)(2). Several commenters recommended
removing proposed Sec. 93.307(h), which set a 60-day timeframe for
completing an inquiry, stating that institutions should have more
flexibility in the timeframe to thoroughly conduct an inquiry. ORI
concurred and lengthened the inquiry timeline from 60 to 90 days. If
the inquiry takes longer than 90 days to complete, the inquiry report
must document the reasons for exceeding the 90-day period. ORI also
revised references to ``research records'' throughout the final rule to
ensure consistency with Sec. 93.307(d), which describes ``research
records and other evidence.'' In addition, ORI removed proposed Sec.
93.307(e)(5) in the final rule to eliminate redundancy, because Sec.
93.310(j) specifically addresses the institutional responsibility to
pursue all leads.
BB. Reporting to ORI on the Decision To Initiate an Investigation, NPRM
Sec. 93.309
ORI removed the proposed requirement that the Institutional
Deciding Official review the inquiry report and provide a written
decision to proceed to an investigation, to eliminate potential
administrative burden.
CC. Institutional Investigation, NPRM Sec. 93.310
A few commenters recommended removal of Sec. 93.310(c)(2) because
they expressed a concern that the regulation infringes on the rights of
respondents who are added to an ongoing investigation without an
additional inquiry. ORI clarified in Sec. 93.310(c)(2) that when a new
respondent is added to an ongoing proceeding, institutions may but are
not required to conduct a separate inquiry for additional respondents,
and additional respondents must be notified of allegation(s) and
provided an opportunity to respond consistent with subpart C. In
response to commenters requesting additional clarity for regulated
entities, ORI moved proposed Sec. 93.310(h) regarding the
institutional responsibility to pursue leads to Sec. 93.310(j) and
streamlined the language, including clarifying the respondent
notification requirement.
[[Page 76286]]
DD. Investigation Report, NPRM Sec. 93.313(k)
Commenters requested clarity on how the investigation report should
identify sequestered evidence. Commenters also recommended removing
Sec. 93.313(k), which included a requirement that institutions
identify any research records and other evidence obtained and
sequestered but not reviewed, because it was deemed resource-intensive
and an unnecessary burden. ORI revised Sec. 93.313 to replace proposed
Secs. 93.313(e) and (k) with a single requirement in Sec. 93.313(e) to
include in the investigation report an inventory of sequestered
research records and other evidence, except records the institution did
not consider or rely on. ORI made a corresponding revision to Sec.
93.220(c) of the final rule requiring that the institutional record
include a general description of the records that were sequestered but
not considered or relied on. ORI notes that the general description in
Sec. 93.220(c) does not require identification of specific files or
emails but allows for a broader summary of the types of files or emails
sequestered.
EE. Investigation Report, NPRM Sec. 93.313(l)(2)
Commenters recommended removing language in proposed Sec.
93.313(l)(2) prohibiting investigation committees from making a split
decision. ORI removed that prohibition and included language that the
report must clearly state the investigation committee's conclusions
regarding whether research misconduct occurred for each separate
allegation.
FF. Institutional Appeals, NPRM Sec. 93.314
Commenters recommended deleting or significantly revising proposed
Sec. 93.314, which requires institutions to complete any institutional
appeals within 120 days or seek an extension, contending the
institutional appeal was within the institution's purview, not ORI's.
ORI concurred and removed most of the requirements in Sec. 93.314. ORI
recognizes the potential inefficiency of starting oversight review
while an institutional appeal is ongoing that could reverse or modify
the institutional findings of research misconduct. The final rule
clarifies that institutions should not transmit their institutional
record until the conclusion of any institutional appeals. If an appeal
is filed after the institution has transmitted the institutional
record, the institution must promptly notify ORI so the agency can
postpone oversight review until the institutional appeal is complete.
GG. Decision by the Institutional Deciding Official, Final Rule Sec.
93.314
ORI added this section to clearly identify the responsibilities of
the Institutional Deciding Official at the conclusion of an
investigation and to respond to commenters generally requesting
additional clarity.
HH. Completing the Research Misconduct Process, NPRM Sec. 93.316(a)
ORI revised the requirement that institutions notify ORI in advance
if an institution plans to close research misconduct proceedings to
omit ``or for any other reason'' to eliminate unnecessary burden.
II. Institutional Standards of Conduct, NPRM Sec. 93.318
This section was intended to indicate that ORI findings of research
misconduct or HHS settlements of research misconduct proceedings, or
the absence thereof, do not affect institutional findings or actions
taken based on an institution's standards of conduct. ORI combined (a)
and (b) of this section and clarified language accordingly.
JJ. Interaction With Other Entities and Interim Actions, NPRM Sec.
93.401
ORI added language to clarify the relationship between ORI and the
HHS official authorized to impose suspension and debarment.
KK. Final HHS Actions, NPRM Sec. 93.406
ORI removed unnecessary language regarding suspension and
debarment.
LL. HHS Administrative Actions, NPRM Sec. 93.407
ORI revised this section to clarify that, for purposes of this
regulation, HHS administrative actions do not include suspension and
debarment. However, the HHS official authorized to impose suspension
and debarment remains free to pursue those actions under applicable
regulations, as stated in Sec. 93.407(d).
MM. Mitigating and Aggravating Factors in HHS Administrative Actions,
NPRM Sec. 93.408
ORI removed unnecessary language regarding suspension and
debarment.
NN. Final HHS Action With No Settlement or Finding of Research
Misconduct, NPRM Sec. 93.410(a)
ORI removed the phrase ``as it deems necessary'' in Sec. 93.410(a)
because it does not add further meaning to the section.
OO. Final HHS Action With No Settlement or Finding of Research
Misconduct, NPRM Sec. 93.410(b)
Many commenters urged ORI to remove Sec. 93.410(b), which proposed
that ORI publish notice of institutional investigations and actions.
Commenters cited regulatory overreach, breaches of confidentiality, and
inconsistency with other agencies' policies. One commenter noted that
ORI's publication of institutional reports and findings would be
inconsistent with the confidentiality provisions established in the
clinical research context. A minority of commenters recommended
revising the section to redact respondents' identifying information to
ensure confidentiality. A few commenters recommended retaining the
section as proposed. ORI removed proposed Sec. 93.410(b) from the
final rule, ensuring institutions have discretion in this area.
PP. Final HHS Action With a Settlement or Finding of Misconduct, NPRM
Sec. 93.411
One commenter objected to replacing ``may'' with ``shall,''
regarding ORI's publication of findings and settlements. ORI restored
the 2005 regulatory language of ``may'' to retain flexibility.
QQ. HHS Compliance Actions, NPRM Sec. 93.413
ORI revised this section to clarify the process for making a
discretionary referral to the HHS official authorized to impose
suspension and debarment under separate and distinct regulations. In
addition, ORI changed the section's name to ``ORI compliance actions''
for accuracy.
RR. Notice, NPRM Sec. 93.414
One commenter objected to replacing ``may'' with ``shall''
regarding ORI's publication of findings and settlements. ORI restored
the 2005 regulatory language of ``may'' to retain flexibility.
Commenters were concerned this portion of the proposed regulation
weakens respondents' confidentiality protections and runs counter to
the remedial purpose of regulations and HHS administrative actions. One
commenter requested adding language to protect the institution's
confidentiality in subsection (b). Numerous commenters recommended
requiring ORI to notify the relevant institution when it closes a case
without a settlement or a finding of research misconduct. One commenter
expressed that ORI should attempt to restore the reputation of
respondents not found to have committed research misconduct; they also
expressed that if a complainant is found to have conflicts
[[Page 76287]]
of interest with the respondent, ORI should consider taking action
against the complainant. Another commenter was concerned about Sec.
93.414(f), which provides that any publications or disclosures pursuant
to this section are not considered appealable ``administrative
actions.'' ORI revised this section for clarity and removed proposed
subsections 93.414(c)-(f) in response to the comments.
SS. General Policy, NPRM Sec. 93.500
ORI revised this section to clarify that a respondent must exhaust
administrative remedies under this part prior to seeking judicial
review in Federal court.
TT. Conferences, NPRM Sec. 93.510
ORI revised this section to restore in subsection 93.510(e) the
phrase ``Whenever possible'' from the 2005 regulation to retain
flexibility for the ALJ.
UU. Hearing To Resolve Genuine Factual Dispute, NPRM Sec. 93.511
One commenter, in response to the NPRM's request for comments on
the scope of and need for limited hearings, suggested the research
misconduct process allows for sufficient procedures to make such
limited hearings unnecessary. ORI agreed, removed proposed Sec. 93.511
from the final rule, and made corresponding edits throughout subpart E.
VV. The Administrative Law Judge's Ruling, NPRM Sec. 93.512
To promote consistency in agency decision making, ORI reinstated
and updated from the 2005 regulation an opportunity for the Assistant
Secretary for Health (ASH) to review the ALJ's decision under subpart
E. Although Sec. 93.511 in the final rule explicitly provides that the
ASH may review the ALJ's recommended decision before it becomes final,
the ASH and the Secretary also have the ability to review ORI findings
of research misconduct and/or proposed HHS administrative actions
before a charge letter is issued under Sec. 93.405 and to act as final
decision maker before a charge letter is issued, if either of them so
chooses.
IV. Significant Comments Not Resulting in Changes
A. Accepted Practices of the Relevant Research Community, NPRM Sec.
93.200
Commenters supported retaining this proposed definition but found
it overly expansive. Commenters recommended revised language, including
practices specific to PHS-funded research. ORI left this definition
unchanged to acknowledge the expanding universe of research
disciplines.
B. Allegation, NPRM Sec. 93.203
Commenters supported revising this definition to clarify purposeful
disclosure of possible research misconduct. After consideration, ORI
left the definition as proposed, to avoid adding another element to the
definition that may discourage reporting possible research misconduct.
C. Assessment, NPRM Sec. 93.205
Many commenters recommended deleting this definition because they
conveyed that it was unnecessary. Some commenters' recommended
revisions were related to concerns about the proposed description of
the assessment phase in subpart C. A minority of commenters supported
the inclusion of the definition but sought clarification for what
constitutes readily available information. ORI made changes to subpart
C and left the definition of ``assessment'' as proposed because there
was no consensus among the comments and because it was satisfied that
the proposed definition served the purpose of explaining the term to
those who may be unfamiliar with the term in the research misconduct
context. ORI may address this topic through future policymaking.
D. Complainant, NPRM Sec. 93.207
Commenters recommended revising this definition to add details
about complainant anonymity. ORI agreed on the importance of anonymity
and addressed confidentiality elsewhere in subpart A of the final rule.
ORI left the definition of complainant unchanged.
E. Contract, NPRM Sec. 93.208
One commenter proposed removing this definition because it is a
commonly understood term. ORI opted to leave the definition as
proposed, because it is helpful to those who are not familiar with
contracts under the Federal Acquisition Regulation.
F. Day, NPRM Sec. 93.209
Some commenters recommended removing or revising this definition to
factor in academic calendars. Since academic calendars vary, ORI
retained the definition in its proposed form.
G. Departmental Appeals Board, NPRM Sec. 93.210
One commenter recommended removing this definition because it is a
commonly understood term. ORI retained the definition in its proposed
form because it is helpful to those who are not familiar with that
organization.
H. Evidence, NPRM Sec. 93.212
A small number of commenters provided contradictory recommendations
about removing or enhancing the definition. ORI retained the definition
in its proposed form because there was no consensus among the comments
and because it was satisfied that the proposed definition served the
purpose of explaining the term to those who may be unfamiliar with the
term in the research misconduct context.
I. Falsification, NPRM Sec. 93.214
One commenter recommended revising this definition to include
allegations of misconduct and intent. ORI retained the definition in
its proposed form because it is consistent with the definition found in
the 2000 Office of Science and Technology Policy's Federal Policy on
Research Misconduct, 65 FR 76260 (Dec. 6, 2000).
J. Good Faith, NPRM Sec. 93.216
Some commenters recommended revising this definition to express
nuance without fundamentally altering its meaning. ORI retained the
definition in its proposed form because commenters were not opposed to
the meaning expressed in the definition.
K. Institution, NPRM Sec. 93.219
One commenter recommended revising this definition to clarify that
institutions are not persons. ORI retained the definition in its
proposed form. While the definition refers to ``any person,'' the term
``person'' is defined in Sec. 93.226 of the final rule to include both
individuals and other legal entities that are not individuals.
L. Institutional Deciding Official, NPRM Sec. 93.221
Commenters recommended revising this definition to permit the
Research Integrity Officer, or RIO, to serve as the Institutional
Deciding Official. ORI retained the definition in its proposed form,
because requiring a different individual to serve in each role will
better ensure a fair and unbiased outcome.
M. Institutional Member, NPRM Sec. 93.222
Commenters recommended revising the definition to remove the
inclusion of subcontractors and subrecipients. ORI retained the
definition in its proposed form and clarified related wording under
``Applicability'' in subpart A, because an individual's duty to protect
PHS funds from misuse should not depend on the individual's employment
status with a specific institution.
[[Page 76288]]
N. Intentionally, NPRM Sec. 93.224
Commenters suggested revising this definition to provide further
clarification. One commenter also suggested better harmonization with
definitions used by other Federal agencies. ORI retained the definition
in its proposed form to avoid including additional terms that could
introduce ambiguity. ORI intends to explore opportunities to harmonize
policy across Federal entities.
O. Knowingly, NPRM Sec. 93.226
Many commenters generally supported retaining this proposed
definition; however, several commenters requested clarification on
distinctions among ``knowingly,'' ``recklessly,'' and
``intentionally.'' ORI retained the definition in its proposed form to
avoid including additional terms that could introduce ambiguity.
P. Notice, NPRM Sec. 93.227
One commenter recommended removing this definition. Another
commenter recommended revision to remove the word ``serve.'' ORI
retained the definition because it describes an essential part of the
process of notifying respondents. ORI retained the word ``serve'' for
clarity and notes that the definition does not require the use of a
process server.
Q. Office of Research Integrity or ORI, NPRM Sec. 93.228
One commenter recommended removing this definition because it is a
commonly understood term. ORI retained the definition in its proposed
form because it is helpful to the public.
R. Plagiarism, NPRM Sec. 93.230
Commenters recommended revising this definition, particularly to
clarify ``self-plagiarism.'' ORI retained the definition in its
proposed form. Because ``plagiarism'' is defined as the appropriation
of ``another person's'' ideas, processes, results, or words, without
giving appropriate credit, the exclusion of a ``self-plagiarism''
definition was intended to confirm that the appropriation must be of
``another person's'' rather than one's own ideas, processes, results,
or words. Thus, ORI does not believe it necessary to further define
``self-plagiarism'' in its regulation, but ORI may address this topic
through future policymaking.
S. Preponderance of Evidence, NPRM Sec. 93.231
One commenter supported the inclusion of the definition. Another
commenter recommended revision to clarify the definition. ORI retained
the definition because there was no consensus among the comments and
because it was satisfied that the proposed definition served the
purpose of explaining the term to those who may be unfamiliar with the
term in the research misconduct context.
T. Research Integrity Officer or RIO, NPRM Sec. 93.237
Several commenters provided feedback on this definition. Many
commenters supported the inclusion of this definition. A minority of
commenters recommended its removal because they conveyed that it was
unnecessary or confusing. ORI retained the definition in its proposed
form because it is helpful to the public and clarifies the specific
responsibilities of this role.
U. Research Misconduct, NPRM Sec. 93.238
Commenters recommended revision of the definition to include
questionable research practices. One commenter conveyed that the
definition was unnecessary. One commenter requested retention of the
proposed definition. ORI decided to retain this definition because it
is consistent with the definition found in the 2000 Office of Science
and Technology Policy's Federal Policy on Research Misconduct, 65 FR
76260 (Dec. 6, 2000).
V. Retaliation, NPRM Sec. 93.242
Commenters recommended revision of this definition to make it more
expansive. ORI retained the definition in its proposed form as a more
limited definition is needed to accommodate HHS components that address
retaliation in other contexts.
W. General Responsibilities for Compliance, NPRM Sec. 93.300(g)
Commenters proposed removing the portion of Sec. 93.300(g) that
requires institutions to address deficiencies or additional
allegations, noting that ORI already has a broad mandate to ensure
compliance. One commenter asked ORI to add a requirement that
institutions take precautions to ensure that complainants do not have
unresolved conflicts of interest with the respondent. Some commenters
recommended retaining the section as proposed. Commenters also
requested more guidance on fostering an environment of research
integrity and developing and evaluating effective training programs;
one commenter offered suggestions about how to improve Responsible
Conduct of Research training. ORI acknowledges the compliance process
can be complex. ORI left this section unchanged because providing
guidance rather than stipulating additional regulatory requirements
reduces institutional burden. ORI intends to issue further guidance on
these topics.
X. Research Integrity Assurances, NPRM Sec. 93.301
One commenter noted changing the title of this section from
``Institutional Assurances'' to ``Research Integrity Assurances'' was
confusing and could be misread as materially altering the nature of
institutional assurances. One commenter expressed it was inappropriate
to require the person who coordinates an institution's compliance
assurances and Responsible Conduct of Research program to also be
responsible for fostering an environment that supports research
integrity, because that is a leadership-level responsibility. There was
a request for more specific guidance on how institutions can foster
research integrity, with examples focused not only on research but also
the concept of ``research integrity'' more broadly. ORI acknowledges
the compliance process can be complex. ORI left this section unchanged
because providing guidance rather than stipulating additional
regulatory requirements reduces institutional burden. ORI intends to
issue further guidance on these topics.
Y. Maintaining Active Research Integrity Assurances, NPRM Sec.
93.302(a)
One commenter requested greater clarity in proposed Sec.
93.302(a)(4)(ii) on the scope of policies and procedures that
institutions are required to make publicly available. ORI intends to
issue guidance on this topic.
Z. General Conduct of Research Misconduct Proceedings--Sequestration of
Research Records and Other Evidence, NPRM Sec. 93.305(a)
Most commenters approved of proposed Sec. 93.305(a) and expressed
appreciation that institutions may sequester copies of records if they
are substantially equivalent in evidentiary value. ORI retained the
language as proposed.
AA. General Conduct of Research Misconduct Proceedings--Multiple
Institutions, NPRM Sec. 93.305(e)
Commenters appreciated ORI's addition of this subsection because
there has been an increase in complex cases involving more than one
institution. However, they requested further guidance on how to handle
such cases, including how to determine a lead institution. ORI intends
to issue further guidance on this topic.
[[Page 76289]]
BB. General Conduct of Research Misconduct Proceedings--Interviews,
NPRM Sec. 93.305(g)
Some commenters suggested revising NPRM section Sec. 93.305(g)(5)
to require institutions to redact all interview transcripts before
forwarding them to the respondent, to protect interviewees' identities.
ORI left this section unchanged and moved it to Sec. 93.310(g) because
policies regarding interview transcriptions prior to the investigation
phase should be left to the discretion of institutions.
CC. Institutional Investigation, NPRM Sec. 93.310
Commenters recommended revising Sec. 93.310(a) to extend the time
to begin an investigation. ORI retained the proposed language because
it is important to proceed promptly after an institution decides an
investigation is warranted.
DD. Investigation Time Limits, NPRM Sec. 93.311
Several commenters approved of ORI's increasing the investigation
period from 120 to 180 days; however, a significant number of
commenters expressed that 180 days is inadequate to conduct a thorough
investigation. These commenters requested timeframes ranging up to a
year or more. ORI retained the proposed 180-day timeline, because the
timeframe balances the needs of institutions and the need of
respondents to have investigations conclude within a reasonable amount
of time, and institutions have the opportunity to request extensions.
ORI will continue to work closely with institutions that request and
substantiate the need for an extension.
EE. Interaction With Other Entities and Interim Actions, NPRM Sec.
93.401(b)
Commenters recommended revising Sec. 93.401(b) to require ORI to
notify the RIO or the Institutional Deciding Official if ORI makes a
determination to refer a case to the Department of Justice or other
Federal agencies while the institution's research misconduct
proceedings are pending. ORI retained the language of this section
because such referrals are nonpublic.
FF. ORI Allegation Assessments, NPRM Sec. 93.402
One commenter was concerned about the removal of language that was
in the 2005 regulation specifying the requirements for ORI to conduct
an assessment. ORI did not restore the language because it is redundant
with Sec. 93.204 of the final rule.
GG. Final HHS Action With No Settlement or Finding of Research
Misconduct, NPRM Sec. 93.410(b)
One commenter stated that the institutional investigation report is
part of a PHS-supported research process and should be made public;
they suggested copies of or links to all institutional investigation
reports should be posted on the ORI website. ORI retained the language
as proposed because the institutional investigation report is not a
public document and is protected by the Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. 552a.
HH. Rights of the Parties, NPRM Sec. 93.505
One commenter suggested that discovery and de novo review are not
needed; all that should be required is consideration of all the
evidence available to the ALJ, including the institutional record and
additional testimony and other evidence provided during the appeal. ORI
did not make further changes because ORI already proposed removing the
discovery and de novo review provisions in the NPRM.
V. Effective Date
The final rule will become effective January 1, 2025, and all
regulatory requirements will be applicable on January 1, 2026, which
will apply prospectively. The effect of the prospective application to
research misconduct proceedings will depend on when allegations are
received by institutions. The final rule applies to research misconduct
proceedings based on allegations received by institutions on or after
January 1, 2026. For allegations received by an institution prior to
January 1, 2026, an institution must follow 42 CFR part 93 as published
in the 2005 edition of the Code of Federal Regulations, unless a
respondent and institution agree in writing to apply the final rule to
a particular research misconduct proceeding. Institutions must
implement and submit revised policies and procedures that comply with
the final rule along with their annual report covering 2025, which must
be received by ORI on or before April 30, 2026.
VI. Required Regulatory Analyses
We examined the impacts of the final rule under Executive Order
12866, Executive Order 13563, Executive Order 14094, the Regulatory
Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601-612), the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of
1995 (Pub. L. 104-4), and the Congressional Review Act (5 U.S.C. 801-
808).
Executive Orders 12866, 13563, and 14094 direct us to assess all
benefits, costs, and transfers of available regulatory alternatives
and, when regulation is necessary, to select regulatory approaches that
maximize net benefits (including potential economic, environmental,
public health and safety, and other advantages; distributive impacts;
and equity). A ``significant regulatory action'' under Executive Order
12866 Section 3(f)(1) (as amended by Executive Order 14094) includes a
``regulatory action likely to result in a rule that may have an annual
effect on the economy of $200 million or more (adjusted every 3 years
by the Administrator of [the Office of Information and Regulatory
Affairs (OIRA)] for changes in gross domestic product); or adversely
affect in a material way the economy, a sector of the economy,
productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public health or
safety, or State, local, territorial, or tribal governments or
communities.'' The analysis below concludes that this final rule is not
a significant regulatory action under Executive Order 12866 Section
3(f)(1). OIRA has determined that this final rule is a significant
regulatory action, but that it does not meet the criteria set forth in
5 U.S.C. 804(2) under the Congressional Review Act.
The Regulatory Flexibility Act requires us to analyze regulatory
options that would minimize any significant impact of a rule on small
institutions. The analysis below concludes that the final rule will not
have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small
institutions.
The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) generally requires
that each agency conduct a cost-benefit analysis, identify and consider
a reasonable number of regulatory alternatives, and select the least
costly, most cost-effective, or least burdensome alternative that
achieves the objectives of the rule before promulgating any proposed or
final rule that includes a Federal mandate that may result in
expenditures of more than $100 million (adjusted for inflation) in at
least one year by State, local, and tribal governments, or by the
private sector. Each agency must also seek input from State, local, and
tribal governments. The current threshold after adjustment for
inflation using the Implicit Price Deflator for the Gross Domestic
Product is $183 million, reported in 2023 dollars. Per the analysis
below, this final rule will not result in an unfunded mandate in any
year that meets or exceeds this amount.
Baseline and Summary of Impacts
Under the current regulatory requirements, all recipients of PHS
[[Page 76290]]
support for biomedical or behavioral research, biomedical or behavioral
research training, or activities related to that research or research
training must comply with certain reporting and record keeping
requirements. However, since many of these impacts have not been
comprehensively quantified and monetized in a previously published
regulatory impact analysis, when considering the potential impacts of
this final rule, we adopt an analytic baseline that excludes many
ongoing activities associated with the existing requirements. For
example, absent any further regulatory action, we anticipate that
covered entities would continue to incur costs (inclusive of the
opportunity costs of staff time and other resources) associated with
filing an annual statement of assurance (research integrity assurance)
and an annual report on allegations received; costs associated with
submitting reports and evidence to support their results and
conclusions of inquiries or investigations of research misconduct; and
costs associated with obtaining all research records and other evidence
when there is an allegation of research misconduct and engaging persons
to handle the process for addressing the allegations of research
misconduct.
We anticipate that the final rule will likely reduce the burden of
compliance by institutions through reduced confusion and uncertainty.
Thus, the benefits of this final rule stem from reduced confusion for
research institutions to understand the requirements that apply to
them. This final rule will reduce the potential for lengthy back-and-
forth discussions between ORI and institutions to ensure that
institutions conduct complete and fair investigations of allegations of
research misconduct. It will also streamline the process for
respondents to appeal ORI findings of research misconduct and proposed
HHS administrative actions. We anticipate that these revisions will
reduce the burden across the affected research community. This final
rule will also help foster an environment of responsible conduct of
research.
We anticipate that this final rule will likely result in one-time
costs associated with covered institutions updating their policies and
procedures for responding to allegations of research misconduct. For
institutions that undertake proceedings to address allegations of
research misconduct, we identify and monetize additional recurring
costs associated with documenting aspects of those proceedings. We
quantify and monetize these costs in the next section.
One-Time Costs Associated With Updating Policies and Procedures
In support of the NPRM, we performed an initial threshold analysis
to assess the approximate magnitude of the impacts of the proposed rule
to determine whether it would result in a significant regulatory action
per section 3(f)(1) of Executive Order 12866. We identified the
potential costs associated with covered institutions updating their
policies and procedures for responding to allegations of research
misconduct as the largest impact under the proposed rule. To quantify
this impact, we adopted a count of 5,910 institutions holding research
integrity assurances that would update their policies and procedures.
For the purposes of the initial threshold analysis, we adopted 16 hours
as an estimate for the average time across all covered entities for
these tasks. Across all covered entities, this was 94,560 total hours
spent updating policies and procedures.
To monetize the change in time use associated with these
activities, we adopted an hourly value of time based on the cost of
labor, including wages and benefits, and also indirect costs, which
``reflect resources necessary for the administrative oversight of
employees and generally include time spent on administrative personnel
issues (e.g., human resources activities such as hiring, performance
reviews, personnel transfers, affirmative action programs), writing
administrative guidance documents, office expenses (e.g., space rental,
utilities, equipment costs), and outreach and general training (e.g.,
employee development).'' \1\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the
Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. 2017. ``Valuing
Time in U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Regulatory
Impact Analyses: Conceptual Framework and Best Practices.'' <a href="https://aspe.hhs.gov/reports/valuing-time-us-department-health-human-services-regulatory-impact-analyses-conceptual-framework">https://aspe.hhs.gov/reports/valuing-time-us-department-health-human-services-regulatory-impact-analyses-conceptual-framework</a>. Page v.
Accessed March 29, 2024.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
For these tasks, we identified a pre-tax hourly wage for Education
Administrators, Postsecondary. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics, the mean hourly wage for these individuals was $53.49 per
hour.\2\ We assumed that benefits plus indirect costs equal
approximately 100 percent of pre-tax wages, and adjusted this hourly
rate by multiplying by two, for a fully loaded hourly wage rate of
$106.98. We multiplied this fully loaded hourly wage rate by the 94,560
total hours across covered entities spent updating policies and
procedures and estimated a total cost in the first year of about $10.1
million.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\2\ U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Occupational Employment and
Wages, May 2021. 11-9033 Education Administrators, Postsecondary.
Mean hourly wage. <a href="https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes119033.htm">https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes119033.htm</a>.
Accessed March 29, 2024.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
We received public comments suggesting it will take institutions
more than 16 hours to update their policies and procedures,\3\ with
alternative estimates including between 17-26 hours, between 27-40
hours, or more than 40 hours. We appreciate these comments, and in
response, we present an additional threshold analysis, following the
same approach described above, but adopting several revised assumptions
and updated data. This threshold analysis helps to determine whether it
will result in a significant regulatory action per section 3(f)(1) of
Executive Order 12866 and to determine whether any effects will exceed
the UMRA threshold. For this analysis, we adopt a more recent estimate
that 6,394 institutions holding research integrity assurances.
Consistent with an upper-bound estimate from public comments, we adopt
40 hours as the average hours per covered entity. We updated the pre-
tax hourly wage to $55.38 per hour,\4\ for a fully loaded hourly wage
rate of $110.76. The modified assumptions indicate that, across all
covered entities, 255,760 hours would be spent updating policies and
procedures. Monetizing this impact using the fully loaded hourly wage
rate, this would represent a cost in the first year of about $28.3
million. Thus, our modified threshold analysis indicates that the
largest economic impact of the final rule would not exceed the monetary
threshold for significant regulatory actions per section 3(f)(1) of
Executive Order 12866 or the UMRA threshold. We emphasize that this
estimate corresponds to an upper-bound estimate of the potential
impacts based on public comments to the proposed rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\3\ For example, see ``Comment from COGR, HHS-OASH-2023-0014,
HHS-OASH-2023-0014-0001, 2023-21746.'' <a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/HHS-OASH-2023-0014-0074">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/HHS-OASH-2023-0014-0074</a>. Accessed March 29, 2024.
\4\ U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Occupational Employment and
Wages, May 2022. 11-9033 Education Administrators, Postsecondary.
Mean hourly wage. <a href="https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes119033.htm">https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes119033.htm</a>.
Accessed March 29, 2024.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
As discussed in greater detail in the Preamble, this final rule
includes several revisions that generally reduce the burden on the
institutions covered, compared to the proposed rule. To estimate the
costs associated with covered institutions updating their policies and
procedures, we adopt 16 hours as an estimate for the average time per
covered entity and apply the updated fully loaded hourly wage
[[Page 76291]]
estimate ($110.76) and covered entity count (6,394 institutions).
Combining these assumptions results in an estimate of the total cost
associated with updating policies and procedures in the first year of
about $11.3 million.
Recurring Costs Attributable to the Final Rule
For institutions that address allegations of research misconduct,
we identify additional recurring costs associated with the final rule's
reporting, recordkeeping, and third-party disclosure requirements
related to institutions responding to allegations of research
misconduct. To quantify these impacts, we adopt an estimate of 230
cases per year, matching the most recent annual count of cases reported
to HHS.
Consistent with our estimates in the Paperwork Reduction Act
section of this Preamble, we believe that institutions will spend a
total of 221,030 hours per year on these requirements, which is about
961 hours per case. To monetize these impacts, we adopt the fully
loaded hourly value of time of $110.76 per hour for postsecondary
education administrators. Across all 230 cases, we compute an annual
cost associated with these regulatory requirements of $24,481,283 per
year. The Paperwork Reduction Act section of this Preamble contains
additional details on the annual burden estimates and total costs
associated with each of these requirements.
Summary and Timing of Costs of the Final Rule
Across all covered institutions, we anticipate that the final rule
will result in about $11.3 million in one-time costs associated with
institutions updating policies and procedures. We account for timing of
these impacts by assuming they will occur in 2025. We also identify
incremental costs of about $24.5 million associated with the final
rule's reporting, recordkeeping, and third-party disclosure
requirements related to institutions responding to allegations of
research misconduct. Consistent with the implementation schedule of the
final rule, we account for timing of these recurring impacts by
assuming they will occur in 2026 and in subsequent years. Over a 5-year
time horizon, we report a present value of total costs attributable to
the final rule of about $102.5 million, or annualized costs of about
$21.7 million, both calculated using a constant 2% real discount rate.
Table 1--Costs of the Final Rule
[Constant 2023 dollars, 2% discount rate]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year Cost
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2025.................................................. $11,331,191
2026.................................................. 24,481,283
2027.................................................. 24,481,283
2028.................................................. 24,481,283
2029.................................................. 24,481,283
-----------------
Present Value..................................... 102,499,288
Annualized........................................ 21,746,084
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Regulatory Flexibility Act
The Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601-612) requires agencies
to prepare a regulatory flexibility analysis describing the impact of
the final rule on small entities (``institutions'' for purposes of the
final rule) unless they certify that a final rule will not, if
promulgated, have a significant economic impact on a substantial number
of small institutions. HHS generally considers a rule to have a
significant impact on a substantial number of small institutions if it
has at least a 3% impact on revenue on at least 5% of small
institutions. We considered whether the final rule would result in
effects that exceed these thresholds. This analysis below concludes,
and the Secretary certifies that this final rule will not have a
significant impact on a substantial number of small institutions, as
defined by the Regulatory Flexibility Act, based on the following
facts.
As of March 1, 2024, approximately 22 percent (1,412) of 6,394
institutions holding research integrity assurances are small
institutions. The primary impact of the final rule on covered
institutions results from the reporting and record keeping provisions,
which are analyzed in detail under the heading ``The Paperwork
Reduction Act.'' Potentially significant annual burdens apply only if
an institution learns of possible research misconduct and begins an
inquiry, investigation, or both.
Institutions covered by 42 CFR part 93 reported having conducted a
total of 124 inquiries and 121 investigations during the 2023 reporting
period. In total, one inquiry and three investigations were conducted
by small institutions. Small institutions may be able to avoid
developing and filing the full policies and procedures for addressing
allegations of research misconduct required by Sec. 93.304 by filing a
Small Institution Statement. Under the 2005 regulation, this is called
a Small Organization Statement. ORI or another appropriate HHS office
will work with small institutions to develop and/or advise on a process
for handling allegations of research misconduct consistent with 42 CFR
part 93. The burden of filing the Small Institution Statement is 0.5
hour. Thus, the burden of developing and filing the full policies and
procedures for addressing allegations of research misconduct required
by Sec. 93.304 will not fall on a substantial number of small
entities.
A small entity that files the Small Institution Statement must
still report allegations of research misconduct to ORI and comply with
all provisions of the final rule except as described in Sec. 93.303.
The most significant burden that could fall on an entity filing a Small
Institution Statement is in addressing allegations of research
misconduct, which would include obtaining all research records and
other evidence when there is an allegation of research misconduct,
engaging persons to handle the process for addressing the allegations
of research misconduct, and submitting reports and evidence to support
the small institution's results and conclusions of inquiries or
investigations of research misconduct. The average burden per response
is estimated at 40 hours. Based on reports of research misconduct over
the past five years, fewer than five small institutions will have to
incur that burden in any year. Based on this analysis, HHS concludes
that the regulations set forth in the final rule will not impose a
significant burden on a substantial number of small institutions.
Paperwork Reduction Act
Sections 104, 301-303, 305-313, and 315-318 of this final rule
contain information collection requirements that are subject to review
and approval by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under the
Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501-3521). These
provisions involve the following institutional activities in addressing
allegations of misconduct involving PHS-funded research:
Title: The title of the section of the Public Health Service
Policies on Research Misconduct involving institutional activities.
Description: The relevant passage(s) of the section describing the
institutional information collection requirements.
Description of Respondents: The ``respondents'' for the collection
of information described in this regulation are institutions that apply
for or receive PHS support through grants, contracts, or cooperative
agreements for any project or program that involves the conduct of
biomedical or behavioral research, biomedical or behavioral research
training, or activities related to
[[Page 76292]]
that research or training (see definition of ``Institution'' at Sec.
93.216).
Subpart A--General
Section 93.104
(ii) For research misconduct that appears subject to the subsequent
use exception, institutions must document their determination that the
subsequent use exception does not apply. Such documentation must be
retained in accordance with Sec. 93.318.
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--40 hours.
Total Annual Burden--9,200 hours.
Subpart C--Responsibilities of Institutions
Compliance and Assurances
Section 93.305
(b) Access to research records. Where appropriate, an institution
must give the respondent copies of, or reasonable supervised access to,
the research records that are sequestered in accordance with paragraph
(a) of this section.
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--25 hours.
Total Annual Burden--5,750 hours.
(c) Maintenance of sequestered research records and other evidence.
An institution must maintain the sequestered research records and other
evidence as required by Sec. 93.318.
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--80 hours.
Total Annual Burden--18,400 hours.
(g) Notifying ORI of special circumstances. At any time during a
research misconduct proceeding, as defined in Sec. 93.235, an
institution must notify ORI immediately if it has reason to believe
that any of the following conditions exist:
(1) Health or safety of the public is at risk, including an
immediate need to protect human or animal subjects.
(2) HHS resources or interests are threatened.
(3) Research activities should be suspended.
(4) There is reasonable indication of possible violations of civil
or criminal law.
(5) Federal action is required to protect the interests of those
involved in the research misconduct proceeding.
(6) HHS may need to take appropriate steps to safeguard evidence
and protect the rights of those involved.
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--1 hour.
Total Annual Burden--230 hours.
The Institutional Assessment
Section 93.306
(c) Assessment results.
(2) If the RIO or another designated institutional official
determines that requirements for an inquiry are met, they must: (i)
document the assessment;
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--80 hours.
Total Annual Burden--18,400 hours.
(ii) promptly sequester all research records and other evidence,
consistent with Sec. 93.305(a), and promptly initiate the inquiry.
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--160 hours.
Total Annual Burden--36,800 hours.
(3) If the RIO or another designated institutional official
determines that requirements for an inquiry are not met, they must keep
sufficiently detailed documentation of the assessment to permit a later
review by ORI of the reasons why the institution did not conduct an
inquiry. Such documentation must be retained in accordance with Sec.
93.318.
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--10 hours.
Total Annual Burden--2,300 hours.
The Institutional Inquiry
Section 93.307
(d) Sequestration of records. An institution must obtain all
research records and other evidence needed to conduct the research
misconduct proceeding, consistent with Sec. 93.305(a).
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--80 hours.
Total Annual Burden--18,400 hours.
Section 93.308
(a) Notice to respondent. The institution must notify the
respondent whether the inquiry found that an investigation is
warranted. The notice must include a copy of the inquiry report and
include a copy of or refer to this part and the institution's policies
and procedures adopted under its research integrity assurance.
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--2 hours.
Total Annual Burden--460 hours.
Section 93.309
(a) Within 30 days of determining that an investigation is
warranted, the institution must provide ORI with a copy of the inquiry
report, which includes the following information:
(1) The names, professional aliases, and positions of the
respondent and complainant;
(2) A description of the allegation(s) of research misconduct;
(3) The PHS support, including, for example, grant numbers, grant
applications, contracts, and publications listing PHS support;
(4) The composition of the inquiry committee, if used, including
name(s), position(s), and subject matter expertise;
(5) Inventory of sequestered research records and other evidence
and description of how sequestration was conducted;
(6) Transcripts of any transcribed interviews;
(7) Timeline and procedural history;
(8) Any scientific or forensic analyses conducted;
(9) The basis for recommending that the allegation(s) warrant an
investigation;
(10) The basis on which any allegation(s) do not merit an
investigation;
(11) Any comments on the inquiry report by the respondent or the
complainant; and
(12) Any institutional actions implemented, including
communications with journals or funding agencies.
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--4 hours.
Total Annual Burden--920 hours.
(b) Institutions must keep detailed documentation of inquiries to
permit a later assessment by ORI of the reasons why the institution
decided not to investigate. Such documentation must be retained in
accordance with Sec. 93.318.
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
[[Page 76293]]
Annual Average Burden per Response--0 hours. Burden accounted for
in Sec. 93.316(a)(2).
Total Annual Burden--0 hours.
(c) In accordance with Sec. 93.305(g), institutions must notify
ORI of any special circumstances that may exist.
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--2 hours.
Total Annual Burden--460 hours.
The Institutional Investigation
Section 93.310
Institutions conducting research misconduct investigations must:
(b) Notify ORI of the decision to begin an investigation on or before
the date the investigation begins and provide an inquiry report that
meets the requirements of Sec. 93.307 and Sec. 93.309.
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--0 hours. Burden accounted for
in Sec. 93.309(a).
Total Annual Burden--0 hours.
(d) Notice to the respondent. Notify the respondent in writing of
the allegation(s) within a reasonable amount of time after determining
that an investigation is warranted, but before the investigation
begins.
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--0 hours. Burden accounted for
in Sec. 93.308(a).
Total Annual Burden--0 hours.
(g) Interviews. During the investigation, an institution must
interview each respondent, complainant, and any other available person
who has been reasonably identified as having information regarding any
relevant aspects of the investigation, including witnesses identified
by the respondent. (1) Interviews during the investigation must be
recorded and transcribed.
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--300 hours.
Total Annual Burden--69,000 hours.
(3) The transcript of the interview must be made available to the
relevant interviewee for correction.
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--4 hours.
Total Annual Burden--920 hours.
(5) The respondent must be provided a transcript of the interview.
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--4 hours.
Total Annual Burden--920 hours.
(j) Pursue leads. If additional allegations are raised, the
respondent(s) must be notified in writing of the additional allegations
raised against them.
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--2 hours.
Total Annual Burden--460 hours.
Section 93.310
(b) Extension of time limit. If unable to complete the
investigation in 180 days, the institution must ask ORI for an
extension in writing that includes the circumstances or issues
warranting additional time.
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--1 hour.
Total Annual Burden--230 hours.
(c) Progress reports. If ORI grants an extension, it may direct the
institution to file periodic progress reports.
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--1 hour.
Total Annual Burden--230 hours.
Section 93.312
(a) The institution must give the respondent a copy of the draft
investigation report and, concurrently, a copy of, or supervised access
to, the research records and other evidence that the investigation
committee considered or relied on. The respondent must submit any
comments on the draft report to the institution within 30 days of
receiving the draft investigation report.
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--2 hours.
Total Annual Burden--460 hours.
Section 93.313
A final investigation report for each respondent must be in writing
and include:
(a) Description of the nature of the allegation(s) of research
misconduct, including any additional allegation(s) addressed during the
research misconduct proceeding.
(b) Description and documentation of the PHS support, including,
for example, any grant numbers, grant applications, contracts, and
publications listing PHS support.
(c) Description of the specific allegation(s) of research
misconduct for consideration in the investigation of the respondent.
(d) Composition of investigation committee, including name(s),
position(s), and subject matter expertise.
(e) Inventory of sequestered research records and other evidence,
except records the institution did not consider or rely on; and a
description of how any sequestration was conducted during the
investigation. This inventory must include manuscripts and funding
proposals that were considered or relied on during the investigation.
(f) Transcripts of all interviews conducted, as described in Sec.
93.310(g).
(g) Identification of the specific published papers, manuscripts
submitted but not accepted for publication (including online
publication), PHS funding applications, progress reports,
presentations, posters, or other research records that allegedly
contained the falsified, fabricated, or plagiarized material.
(h) Any scientific or forensic analyses conducted.
(i) If not already provided to ORI, the institutional policies and
procedures under which the investigation was conducted.
(j) Any comments made by the respondent and complainant on the
draft investigation report and the investigation committee's
consideration of those comments.
(k) A statement for each separate allegation of whether the
investigation committee recommends a finding of research misconduct.
(1) If the investigation committee recommends a finding of research
misconduct for an allegation, the investigation report must, for that
allegation:
(i) Identify the individual(s) who committed the research
misconduct.
(ii) Indicate whether the research misconduct was falsification,
fabrication, and/or plagiarism.
(iii) Indicate whether the research misconduct was committed
intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly.
(iv) State whether the other requirements for a finding of research
misconduct, as described in Sec. 93.103, have been met.
(v) Summarize the facts and the analysis which support the
conclusion
[[Page 76294]]
and consider the merits of any explanation by the respondent.
(vi) Identify the specific PHS support.
(vii) Identify whether any publications need correction or
retraction.
(2) If the investigation committee does not recommend a finding of
research misconduct for an allegation, the investigation report must
provide a detailed rationale.
(l) List of any current support or known applications or proposals
for support that the respondent has pending with PHS and non-PHS
Federal agencies.
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--160 hours.
Total Annual Burden--36,800 hours.
Section 93.315
(a) If a respondent appeals an institution's finding(s) of research
misconduct or institutional actions, the institution must promptly
notify ORI.
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--1 hour.
Total Annual Burden--230 hours.
(b) If the institution has not transmitted its institutional record
to ORI in accordance with Sec. 93.316 prior to the appeal, the
institution must wait until the appeal is concluded to transmit its
institutional record. The institution must ensure that the complete
record of the appeal is included in the institutional record consistent
with Sec. 93.220(a)(5).
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--0 hours. Burden accounted for
in Sec. 93.316(a).
Total Annual Burden--0 hours.
(c) If the institution has transmitted its institutional record to
ORI in accordance with Sec. 93.316 prior to the appeal, the
institution must provide ORI a complete record of the appeal once the
appeal is concluded.
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--2 hours.
Total Annual Burden--460 hours.
Section 93.316
After the Institutional Deciding Official has made a final
determination of research misconduct findings in accordance with Sec.
93.314, the institution must transmit the institutional record to ORI.
The institutional record must be consistent with Sec. 93.220 and
logically organized.
Per Sec. 93.220: The institutional record comprises:
(a) The records that the institution compiled or generated during
the research misconduct proceeding, except records the institution did
not consider or rely on. These records include, but are not limited to:
(1) Documentation of the assessment as required by Sec. 93.306(c).
(2) If an inquiry is conducted, the inquiry report and all records
(other than drafts of the report) considered or relied on during the
inquiry, including, but not limited to, research records and the
transcripts of any transcribed interviews conducted during the inquiry,
information the respondent provided to the institution, and the
documentation of any decision not to investigate as required by Sec.
93.309(c).
(3) If an investigation is conducted, the investigation report and
all records (other than drafts of the report) considered or relied on
during the investigation, including, but not limited to, research
records, the transcripts of each interview conducted pursuant to Sec.
93.310(g), and information the respondent provided to the institution.
(4) Decision(s) by the Institutional Deciding Official, such as the
written decision from the Institutional Deciding Official under Sec.
93.314.
(5) The complete record of any institutional appeal consistent with
Sec. 93.315.
(b) A single index listing all the research records and evidence
that the institution compiled during the research misconduct
proceeding, except records the institution did not consider or rely on.
(c) A general description of the records that were sequestered but
not considered or relied on.
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--4 hours.
Total Annual Burden--920 hours.
Section 93.317
(a) Institutions must notify ORI in advance if the institution
plans to close a research misconduct proceeding at the assessment,
inquiry, investigation, or appeal stage on the basis that the
respondent has admitted to committing research misconduct or a
settlement with the respondent has been reached.
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--1 hour.
Total Annual Burden--230 hours.
(b) The [respondent's written] admission statement must meet all
elements required for a research misconduct finding under Sec. 93.103
and must be provided to ORI before the institution closes its research
misconduct proceeding.
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--10 hours.
Total Annual Burden--2,300 hours.
(b--continued): The institution must also provide a statement to
ORI describing how it determined that the scope of the misconduct was
fully addressed by the admission and confirmed the respondent's
culpability.
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--10 hours.
Total Annual Burden--2,300 hours.
Section 93.318
(a) Maintenance of institutional record and all sequestered
evidence. An institution must maintain the institutional record and all
sequestered evidence including physical objects (regardless of whether
the evidence is part of the institutional record) in a secure manner
for seven years after completion of the proceeding or the completion of
any HHS proceeding involving the research misconduct allegation under
subparts D and E of this part, whichever is later, unless custody has
been transferred to HHS under paragraph (b) of this section or ORI
advises otherwise in writing.
Number of Respondents--230.
Number of Responses per Respondent--1.
Annual Average Burden per Response--8 hours.
Total Annual Burden--1,840 hours.
[[Page 76295]]
Estimated Annualized Burden Hour Table (9/3/2024)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of Average
Forms (If necessary) Type of Number of responses per burden hours Total burden
respondent respondents respondent per response Hours
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sec. 93.104................ Institutions... 230 1 40 9,200
Sec. 93.305.b.............. Institutions... 230 1 25 5,750
Sec. 93.305.c.............. Institutions... 230 1 80 18,400
Sec. 93.325................ Institutions... 230 1 1 230
Sec. 93.306.c.2.i.......... Institutions... 230 1 80 18,400
Sec. 93.306.c.2.ii......... Institutions... 230 1 160 36,800
Sec. 93.306.c.2.iii........ Institutions... 230 1 10 2,300
Sec. 93.307................ Institutions... 230 1 80 18,400
Sec. 93.308................ Institutions... 230 1 2 460
Sec 93.309.a................. Institutions... 230 1 4 920
Sec 93.309.c................. Institutions... 230 1 2 460
Sec. 93.310.g.1............ Institutions... 230 1 300 69,000
Sec. 93.310.g.3............ Institutions... 230 1 4 920
Sec. 93.310.g.5............ Institutions... 230 1 4 920
Sec. 93.310.j.............. Institutions... 230 1 2 460
Sec. 93.310.b.............. Institutions... 230 1 1 230
Sec. 93.310.c.............. Institutions... 230 1 1 230
Sec. 93.312................ Institutions... 230 1 2 460
Sec. 93.313................ Institutions... 230 1 160 36,800
Sec. 93.315.a.............. Institutions... 230 1 1 230
Sec. 93.315.c.............. Institutions... 230 1 2 460
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total.................... ............... .............. .............. .............. 221,030
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Estimated annualized cost to
respondents (9/3/2024) Forms (If Type of respondent Total burden Hourly wage Total respondent
necessary) hours rate cost
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sec. 93.104....................... Institutions........... 9,200 $111 $1,018,992
Sec. 93.305.b..................... Institutions........... 5,750 111 636,870
Sec. 93.305.c..................... Institutions........... 18,400 111 2,037,984
Sec. 93.325....................... Institutions........... 230 111 25,475
Sec. 93.306.c.2.i................. Institutions........... 18,400 111 2,037,984
Sec. 93.306.c.2.ii................ Institutions........... 36,800 111 4,075,968
Sec. 93.306.c.2.iii............... Institutions........... 2,300 111 254,748
Sec. 93.307....................... Institutions........... 18,400 111 2,037,984
Sec. 93.308....................... Institutions........... 460 111 50,950
Sec 93.309.a........................ Institutions........... 920 111 101,899
Sec 93.309.c........................ Institutions........... 460 111 50,950
Sec. 93.310.g.1................... Institutions........... 69,000 111 7,642,440
Sec. 93.310.g.3................... Institutions........... 920 111 101,899
Sec. 93.310.g.5................... Institutions........... 920 111 101,899
Sec. 93.310.j..................... Institutions........... 460 111 50,950
Sec. 93.310.b..................... Institutions........... 230 111 25,475
Sec. 93.310.c..................... Institutions........... 230 111 25,475
Sec. 93.312....................... Institutions........... 460 111 50,950
Sec. 93.313....................... Institutions........... 36,800 111 4,075,968
Sec. 93.315.a..................... Institutions........... 230 111 25,475
Sec. 93.315.c..................... Institutions........... 460 111 50,950
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total........................... ....................... .............. .............. 24,481,283
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Following publication of the final rule, ORI will publish 60-day
and 30-day notices in the Federal Register seeking public comment on
these information collection requirements and associated burden
estimates, and ORI will submit an Information Collection Request (ICR)
to OMB seeking approval for these requirements under existing OMB
Control Number 0937-0198, which currently covers the assurance and
annual reporting requirements of 42 CFR part 93 (the Institutional
Assurance and Annual Report on Possible Research Misconduct, PHS-6349,
and the Assurance of Compliance by Sub-Award Recipients, PHS-6315).
Before the applicability date of this final rule, ORI anticipates
publishing a notice in the Federal Register announcing OMB's decision
to approve, modify, or disapprove this ICR. This final rule does not
make any substantive revisions to the Assurance or Annual Report that
would require clearance under the PRA, but ORI anticipates making minor
updates to these forms as part of the upcoming revision to 0937-0198.
An Agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required
to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a
currently valid OMB control number.
List of Subjects in 42 CFR Part 93
Government contracts, Grant programs, Reporting and recordkeeping
requirements, Research, Science and technology.
0
For reasons discussed in the preamble, HHS is revising 42 CFR part 93
to read as follows:
[[Page 76296]]
PART 93--PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE POLICIES ON RESEARCH MISCONDUCT
Sec.
93.25 Organization of this part.
93.50 Special terms.
93.75 Application of effective date to research misconduct
proceedings.
Subpart A--General
93.100 General policy.
93.101 Purpose.
93.102 Applicability.
93.103 Requirements for findings of research misconduct.
93.104 Time limitations.
93.105 Evidentiary standards.
93.106 Confidentiality.
93.107 Coordination with other agencies.
Subpart B--Definitions
93.200 Accepted practices of the relevant research community.
93.201 Administrative action.
93.202 Administrative record.
93.203 Allegation.
93.204 Assessment.
93.205 Charge letter.
93.206 Complainant.
93.207 Contract.
93.208 Day.
93.209 Departmental Appeals Board or DAB.
93.210 Evidence.
93.211 Fabrication.
93.212 Falsification.
93.213 Funding Component.
93.214 Good Faith.
93.215 Inquiry.
93.216 Institution.
93.217 Institutional Certifying Official.
93.218 Institutional Deciding Official.
93.219 Institutional member.
93.220 Institutional record.
93.221 Intentionally.
93.222 Investigation.
93.223 Knowingly.
93.224 Notice.
93.225 Office of Research Integrity or ORI.
93.226 Person.
93.227 Plagiarism.
93.228 Preponderance of the evidence.
93.229 Public Health Service or PHS.
93.230 PHS support.
93.231 Recklessly.
93.232 Research.
93.233 Research Integrity Officer or RIO.
93.234 Research misconduct.
93.235 Research misconduct proceeding.
93.236 Research record.
93.237 Respondent.
93.238 Retaliation.
93.239 Secretary or HHS.
93.240 Small institution.
93.241 Suspension and Debarment Official or SDO.
Subpart C--Responsibilities of Institutions
Compliance and Assurances
93.300 General responsibilities for compliance.
93.301 Research integrity assurances.
93.302 Maintaining active research integrity assurances.
93.303 Research integrity assurances for small institutions.
93.304 Institutional policies and procedures.
93.305 General conduct of research misconduct proceedings.
The Institutional Assessment
93.306 Institutional assessment.
The Institutional Inquiry
93.307 Institutional inquiry.
93.308 Notice of the results of the inquiry.
93.309 Reporting to ORI on the decision to initiate an
investigation.
The Institutional Investigation
93.310 Institutional investigation.
93.311 Investigation time limits.
93.312 Opportunity to comment on the draft investigation report.
93.313 Investigation report.
93.314 Decision by the Institutional Deciding Official.
93.315 Institutional appeals.
93.316 Transmittal of the institutional record to ORI.
93.317 Completing the research misconduct process.
Other Institutional Responsibilities
93.318 Retention and custody of the institutional record and all
sequestered evidence.
93.319 Institutional standards of conduct.
Subpart D--Responsibilities of the U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services
General Information
93.400 General statement of ORI authority.
93.401 Interaction with other entities and interim actions.
Research Misconduct Issues
93.402 ORI allegation assessments.
93.403 ORI review of research misconduct proceedings.
93.404 Findings of research misconduct and proposed HHS
administrative actions.
93.405 Notifying the respondent of findings of research misconduct
and proposed HHS administrative actions.
93.406 Final HHS actions.
93.407 HHS administrative actions.
93.408 Mitigating and aggravating factors in HHS administrative
actions.
93.409 Settlement of research misconduct proceedings.
93.410 Final HHS action with no settlement or finding of research
misconduct.
93.411 Final HHS action with a settlement or finding of misconduct.
Institutional Compliance Issues
93.412 Making decisions on institutional noncompliance.
93.413 ORI compliance actions.
Disclosure of Information
93.414 Notice.
Subpart E--Opportunity to Contest ORI Findings of Research Misconduct
and Proposed HHS Administrative Actions
General Information
93.500 General policy.
Process for Contesting Research Misconduct Findings and/or Proposed HHS
Administrative Actions
93.501 Notice of appeal.
93.502 Appointment of the Administrative Law Judge.
93.503 Filing of the administrative record.
93.504 Standard of review.
93.505 Rights of the parties.
93.506 Authority of the Administrative Law Judge.
93.507 Ex parte communications.
93.508 Filing, format, and service.
93.509 Filing motions.
93.510 Conferences.
93.511 The Administrative Law Judge's ruling.
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 216 and 289b
Sec. 93.25 Organization of this part.
This part is subdivided into five subparts. Each subpart contains
information related to a broad topic or specific audience with special
responsibilities as shown in the following table.
Table 1 to Sec. 93.25
------------------------------------------------------------------------
You will find sections related to .
In subpart . . . . .
------------------------------------------------------------------------
A................................. General information about this part.
B................................. Definitions used in this part.
C................................. Responsibilities of institutions
with PHS support.
D................................. Responsibilities of the U.S.
Department of Health and Human
Services and the Office of Research
Integrity.
E................................. Information on how to contest ORI
research misconduct findings and
proposed HHS administrative
actions.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sec. 93.50 Special terms.
This part uses terms throughout the text that have special meaning.
Those terms are defined in subpart B of this part.
Sec. 93.75 Application of effective date to research misconduct
proceedings.
(a) An institution must follow this part for allegations received
by the institution on or after January 1, 2026, except for the policies
and procedures required under Sec. Sec. 93.300(a) and 93.302(b), which
must be implemented and submitted by due date of the annual report
covering the 2025 reporting year, as specified by ORI.
(b) For allegations received by an institution before January 1,
2026, unless the institution and the respondent both elect in writing
to follow this part, an institution must follow this part as published
in the 2005 edition of the Code of Federal Regulations.
[[Page 76297]]
Subpart A--General
Sec. 93.100 General policy.
(a) Research misconduct involving Public Health Service (PHS)
support is contrary to the interests of the PHS and the Federal
Government, to the health and safety of the public, to the integrity of
research, and to the conservation of public funds.
(b) The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and
institutions that apply for or receive PHS support for biomedical or
behavioral research, biomedical or behavioral research training, or
activities related to that research or research training share
responsibility for the integrity of the research process. HHS has
ultimate oversight authority for PHS-supported research, and for taking
other actions as appropriate or necessary, including the right to
assess allegations and to perform inquiries or investigations at any
time. Institutions and institutional members have an affirmative duty
to protect PHS funds from misuse by ensuring the integrity of all PHS-
supported work, and primary responsibility for responding to and
reporting allegations of research misconduct, as provided in this part.
Sec. 93.101 Purpose.
The purpose of this part is to--
(a) Establish the responsibilities of HHS, the Office of Research
Integrity (ORI), and institutions in addressing allegations of research
misconduct;
(b) Define what constitutes research misconduct in PHS-supported
research;
(c) Establish the requirements for a finding of research
misconduct;
(d) Define the general types of administrative actions HHS may take
in response to research misconduct;
(e) Require institutions to:
(1) Develop and implement policies and procedures for reporting and
addressing allegations of research misconduct covered by this part;
(2) Provide HHS with the assurances necessary to permit
institutions to participate in PHS-supported research;
(f) Protect the health and safety of the public, promote the
integrity of PHS-supported research and the research process, and
conserve public funds.
Sec. 93.102 Applicability.
(a) Every extramural or intramural institution that applies for or
receives PHS support for biomedical or behavioral research, biomedical
or behavioral research training, or activities related to that research
or research training must comply with this part.
(b) This part applies to allegations of research misconduct
involving:
(1) Applications or proposals for PHS support for biomedical or
behavioral extramural or intramural research, biomedical or behavioral
research training, or activities related to that research or research
training;
(2) PHS-supported biomedical or behavioral extramural or intramural
research;
(3) PHS-supported biomedical or behavioral extramural or intramural
research training programs;
(4) PHS-supported extramural or intramural activities that are
related to biomedical or behavioral research or research training, such
as, but not limited to, the operation of tissue and data banks or the
dissemination of research information;
(5) Research records produced during PHS-supported research,
research training, or activities related to that research or research
training; and
(6) Research proposed, performed, reviewed, or reported, as well as
any research record generated from that research, regardless of whether
an application or proposal for PHS funds resulted in an awarded grant,
contract, cooperative agreement, subaward, or other form of PHS
support.
(c) This part does not supersede or establish an alternative to any
applicable statutes, regulations, policies, or procedures for handling
fiscal improprieties, the ethical treatment of human or animal
subjects, criminal matters, personnel actions against Federal
employees, or addressing whistleblowers and/or retaliation.
(d) This part does not supersede or establish an alternative to the
HHS suspension and debarment regulations set forth at 2 CFR part 180,
as implemented by HHS at 2 CFR part 376; and 48 CFR part 9, subpart
9.4, as supplemented by HHS at 48 CFR part 309, subpart 309.4. The
Suspension and Debarment Official SDO and ORI may coordinate actions to
the extent consistent with the SDO's and ORI's respective authorities.
Such coordination includes jointly issuing notices or seeking
settlements of actions and proceedings.
(e) This part does not prohibit or otherwise limit how institutions
handle allegations of misconduct that do not fall within this part's
definition of research misconduct or that do not involve PHS support.
Sec. 93.103 Requirements for findings of research misconduct.
A finding of research misconduct made under this part requires
that:
(a) There be a significant departure from accepted practices of the
relevant research community; and
(b) The misconduct be committed intentionally, knowingly, or
recklessly; and
(c) The allegation be proven by a preponderance of the evidence.
Sec. 93.104 Time limitations.
(a) Six-year limitation. This part applies only to research
misconduct occurring within six years of the date HHS or an institution
receives an allegation of research misconduct.
(b) Exceptions to the six-year limitation. Paragraph (a) of this
section does not apply in the following instances:
(1) Subsequent use exception. The respondent continues or renews
any incident of alleged research misconduct that occurred before the
six-year limitation through the use of, republication of, or citation
to the portion(s) of the research record (e.g., processed data, journal
articles, funding proposals, data repositories) alleged to have been
fabricated, falsified, or plagiarized, for the potential benefit of the
respondent.
(i) When the respondent uses, republishes, or cites to the
portion(s) of the research record that is alleged to have been
fabricated, falsified, or plagiarized, in submitted or published
manuscripts, submitted PHS grant applications, progress reports
submitted to PHS funding components, posters, presentations, or other
research records within six years of when the allegations were received
by HHS or an institution, this exception applies.
(ii) For research misconduct that appears subject to the subsequent
use exception, institutions must document their determination that the
subsequent use exception does not apply. Such documentation must be
retained in accordance with Sec. 93.318.
(2) Exception for the health or safety of the public. If ORI or the
institution, following consultation with ORI, determines that the
alleged research misconduct, if it occurred, would possibly have a
substantial adverse effect on the health or safety of the public, this
exception applies.
Sec. 93.105 Evidentiary standards.
(a) Standard of proof. An institutional or HHS finding of research
misconduct must be proved by a preponderance of the evidence.
(b) Burden of proof. (1) The institution or HHS has the burden of
proof for making a finding of research misconduct. A respondent's
destruction of research records documenting the questioned research is
evidence of research misconduct where the institution or HHS
establishes by a
[[Page 76298]]
preponderance of the evidence that the respondent intentionally or
knowingly destroyed records after being informed of the research
misconduct allegations. A respondent's failure to provide research
records documenting the questioned research is evidence of research
misconduct where the respondent claims to possess the records but
refuses to provide them upon request.
(2) The respondent has the burden of going forward with and
proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, all affirmative defenses
raised. In determining whether HHS or the institution has carried the
burden of proof imposed by this part, the finder of fact shall give due
consideration to admissible, credible evidence of honest error or
difference of opinion presented by the respondent.
(3) The respondent has the burden of going forward with and
proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, any mitigating factors
relevant to a decision to impose administrative actions after a
research misconduct proceeding.
Sec. 93.106 Confidentiality.
(a) Disclosure of the identity of respondents, complainants, and
witnesses while conducting the research misconduct proceedings is
limited, to the extent possible, to those who need to know, as
determined by the institution, consistent with a thorough, competent,
objective, and fair research misconduct proceeding, and as allowed by
law. Those who need to know may include institutional review boards,
journals, editors, publishers, co-authors, and collaborating
institutions. This limitation on disclosure of the identity of
respondents, complainants, and witnesses no longer applies once an
institution has made a final determination of research misconduct
findings. The institution, however, must disclose the identity of
respondents, complainants, or other relevant persons to ORI pursuant to
an ORI review of research misconduct proceedings under this part.
(b) Except as may otherwise be prescribed by applicable law,
confidentiality must be maintained for any records or evidence from
which research subjects might be identified. Disclosure is limited to
those who need to know to carry out a research misconduct proceeding.
(c) This section does not prohibit institutions from managing
published data or acknowledging that data may be unreliable.
Sec. 93.107 Coordination with other agencies.
(a) When more than one agency of the Federal Government has
jurisdiction over a research misconduct allegation, HHS will cooperate
with the other agencies in designating a lead agency to coordinate the
response of the agencies to the allegation. Where HHS is not the lead
agency, it may, in consultation with the lead agency, take appropriate
action.
(b) In research misconduct proceedings involving more than one
agency, HHS may refer to the other agency's (or agencies') evidence or
reports if HHS determines that the evidence or reports will assist in
resolving HHS issues. In appropriate cases, HHS may seek to resolve
allegations jointly with the other agency or agencies.
Subpart B--Definitions
Sec. 93.200 Accepted practices of the relevant research community.
Accepted practices of the relevant research community means those
practices established by 42 CFR part 93 and by PHS funding components,
as well as commonly accepted professional codes or norms within the
overarching community of researchers and institutions that apply for
and receive PHS awards.
Sec. 93.201 Administrative action.
Administrative action means an HHS action, consistent with Sec.
93.407, taken in response to a research misconduct proceeding to
protect the health and safety of the public, to promote the integrity
of PHS-supported biomedical or behavioral research, biomedical or
behavioral research training, or activities related to that research or
research training, or to conserve public funds.
Sec. 93.202 Administrative record.
Administrative record comprises: the institutional record; any
information provided by the respondent to ORI, including but not
limited to the transcript of any virtual or in-person meetings under
Sec. 93.403(b) between the respondent and ORI, and correspondence
between the respondent and ORI; any additional information provided to
ORI while the case is pending before ORI; and any analysis or
additional information generated or obtained by ORI. Any analysis or
additional information generated or obtained by ORI will also be made
available to the respondent.
Sec. 93.203 Allegation.
Allegation means a disclosure of possible research misconduct
through any means of communication and brought directly to the
attention of an institutional or HHS official.
Sec. 93.204 Assessment.
Assessment means a consideration of whether an allegation of
research misconduct appears to fall within the definition of research
misconduct; appears to involve PHS-supported biomedical or behavioral
research, biomedical or behavioral research training, or activities
related to that research or research training; and is sufficiently
credible and specific so that potential evidence of research misconduct
may be identified. The assessment only involves the review of readily
accessible information relevant to the allegation.
Sec. 93.205 Charge letter.
Charge letter means the written notice, as well as any amendments
to the notice, sent to the respondent stating the findings of research
misconduct and any proposed HHS administrative actions.
Sec. 93.206 Complainant.
Complainant means an individual who in good faith makes an
allegation of research misconduct.
Sec. 93.207 Contract.
Contract means an acquisition instrument awarded under the Federal
Acquisition Regulation (FAR), 48 CFR chapter 1.
Sec. 93.208 Day.
Day means calendar day unless otherwise specified. If a deadline
falls on a Saturday, Sunday, or Federal holiday, the deadline will be
extended to the next day that is not a Saturday, Sunday, or Federal
holiday.
Sec. 93.209 Departmental Appeals Board or DAB.
Departmental Appeals Board or DAB means the organization, within
the HHS Office of the Secretary, established to conduct hearings and
provide impartial review of disputed decisions made by HHS operating
components.
Sec. 93.210 Evidence.
Evidence means anything offered or obtained during a research
misconduct proceeding that tends to prove or disprove the existence of
an alleged fact. Evidence includes documents, whether in hard copy or
electronic form, information, tangible items, and testimony.
Sec. 93.211 Fabrication.
Fabrication means making up data or results and recording or
reporting them.
[[Page 76299]]
Sec. 93.212 Falsification.
Falsification means manipulating research materials, equipment, or
processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the
research is not accurately represented in the research record.
Sec. 93.213 Funding component.
Funding component means any organizational unit of the PHS
authorized to award grants, contracts, or cooperative agreements for
any activity covered by this part involving research or research
training; funding components may be agencies, bureaus, centers,
institutes, divisions, offices, or other awarding units within the PHS.
Sec. 93.214 Good faith.
(a) Good faith as applied to a complainant or witness means having
a reasonable belief in the truth of one's allegation or testimony,
based on the information known to the complainant or witness at the
time. An allegation or cooperation with a research misconduct
proceeding is not in good faith if made with knowledge of or reckless
disregard for information that would negate the allegation or
testimony.
(b) Good faith as applied to an institutional or committee member
means cooperating with the research misconduct proceeding by
impartially carrying out the duties assigned for the purpose of helping
an institution meet its responsibilities under this part. An
institutional or committee member does not act in good faith if their
acts or omissions during the research misconduct proceedings are
dishonest or influenced by personal, professional, or financial
conflicts of interest with those involved in the research misconduct
proceeding.
Sec. 93.215 Inquiry.
Inquiry means preliminary information-gathering and preliminary
fact-finding that meets the criteria and follows the procedures of
Sec. 93.307 through Sec. 93.309.
Sec. 93.216 Institution.
Institution means any person that applies for or receives PHS
support for any activity or program that involves the conduct of
biomedical or behavioral research, biomedical or behavioral research
training, or activities related to that research or training. This
includes, but is not limited to, colleges and universities, PHS
intramural biomedical or behavioral research laboratories, research and
development centers, national user facilities, industrial laboratories
or other research institutes, research institutions, and independent
researchers.
Sec. 93.217 Institutional Certifying Official.
Institutional Certifying Official means the institutional official
responsible for assuring on behalf of an institution that the
institution has written policies and procedures for addressing
allegations of research misconduct, in compliance with this part; and
complies with its own policies and procedures and the requirements of
this part. The Institutional Certifying Official is responsible for
certifying the content of the institution's annual report, which
contains information specified by ORI on the institution's compliance
with this part, and ensuring the report is submitted to ORI, as
required.
Sec. 93.218 Institutional Deciding Official.
Institutional Deciding Official means the institutional official
who makes final determinations on allegations of research misconduct
and any institutional actions. The same individual cannot serve as the
Institutional Deciding Official and the Research Integrity Officer.
Sec. 93.219 Institutional member.
Institutional member or members means an individual (or
individuals) who is employed by, is an agent of, or is affiliated by
contract or agreement with an institution. Institutional members may
include, but are not limited to, officials, tenured and untenured
faculty, teaching and support staff, researchers, research
coordinators, technicians, postdoctoral and other fellows, students,
volunteers, subject matter experts, consultants, or attorneys, or
employees or agents of contractors, subcontractors, or sub-awardees.
Sec. 93.220 Institutional record.
The institutional record comprises:
(a) The records that the institution compiled or generated during
the research misconduct proceeding, except records the institution did
not consider or rely on. These records include, but are not limited to:
(1) Documentation of the assessment as required by Sec. 93.306(c).
(2) If an inquiry is conducted, the inquiry report and all records
(other than drafts of the report) considered or relied on during the
inquiry, including, but not limited to, research records and the
transcripts of any transcribed interviews conducted during the inquiry,
information the respondent provided to the institution, and the
documentation of any decision not to investigate as required by Sec.
93.309(c).
(3) If an investigation is conducted, the investigation report and
all records (other than drafts of the report) considered or relied on
during the investigation, including, but not limited to, research
records, the transcripts of each interview conducted pursuant to Sec.
93.310(g), and information the respondent provided to the institution.
(4) Decision(s) by the Institutional Deciding Official, such as the
written decision from the Institutional Deciding Official under Sec.
93.314.
(5) The complete record of any institutional appeal consistent with
Sec. 93.315.
(b) A single index listing all the research records and evidence
that the institution compiled during the research misconduct
proceeding, except records the institution did not consider or rely on.
(c) A general description of the records that were sequestered but
not considered or relied on.
Sec. 93.221 Intentionally.
To act intentionally means to act with the aim of carrying out the
act.
Sec. 93.222 Investigation.
Investigation means the formal development of a factual record and
the examination of that record that meets the criteria and follows the
procedures of Sec. Sec. 93.310 through 93.317.
Sec. 93.223 Knowingly.
To act knowingly means to act with awareness of the act.
Sec. 93.224 Notice.
Notice means a written or electronic communication served in person
or sent by mail or its equivalent to the last known street address,
facsimile number, or email address of the addressee.
Sec. 93.225 Office of Research Integrity or ORI.
Office of Research Integrity or ORI means the office established by
Public Health Service Act section 493 (42 U.S.C. 289b) and to which the
HHS Secretary has delegated responsibility for addressing research
integrity and misconduct issues related to PHS-supported activities.
Sec. 93.226 Person.
Person means any individual, corporation, partnership, institution,
association, unit of government, or other legal entity, however
organized.
Sec. 93.227 Plagiarism.
Plagiarism means the appropriation of another person's ideas,
processes, results, or words, without giving appropriate credit.
(a) Plagiarism includes the unattributed verbatim or nearly
verbatim copying of sentences and paragraphs from another's work that
[[Page 76300]]
materially misleads the reader regarding the contributions of the
author. It does not include the limited use of identical or nearly
identical phrases that describe a commonly used methodology.
(b) Plagiarism does not include self-plagiarism or authorship or
credit disputes, including disputes among former collaborators who
participated jointly in the development or conduct of a research
project. Self-plagiarism and authorship disputes do not meet the
definition of research misconduct.
Sec. 93.228 Preponderance of the evidence.
Preponderance of the evidence means proof by evidence that,
compared with evidence opposing it, leads to the conclusion that the
fact at issue is more likely true than not.
Sec. 93.229 Public Health Service or PHS.
Public Health Service or PHS consists of the following components
within HHS: the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, the
Office of Global Affairs, the Administration for Strategic Preparedness
and Response, the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health, the
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, the Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry, the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration, the Health Resources and
Services Administration, the Indian Health Service, the National
Institutes of Health, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration, and any other components of HHS designated or
established as components of the Public Health Service.
Sec. 93.230 PHS support.
PHS support means PHS funding, or applications or proposals for PHS
funding, for biomedical or behavioral research, biomedical or
behavioral research training, or activities related to that research or
training, that may be provided through: funding for PHS intramural
research; PHS grants, cooperative agreements, or contracts; subawards,
contracts, or subcontracts under those PHS funding instruments; or
salary or other payments under PHS grants, cooperative agreements, or
contracts.
Sec. 93.231 Recklessly.
To act recklessly means to propose, perform, or review research, or
report research results, with indifference to a known risk of
fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism.
Sec. 93.232 Research.
Research means a systematic experiment, study, evaluation,
demonstration, or survey designed to develop or contribute to general
knowledge (basic research) or specific knowledge (applied research) by
establishing, discovering, developing, elucidating, or confirming
information or underlying mechanisms related to biological causes,
functions, or effects; diseases; treatments; or related matters to be
studied.
Sec. 93.233 Research Integrity Officer or RIO.
Research Integrity Officer or RIO refers to the institutional
official responsible for administering the institution's written
policies and procedures for addressing allegations of research
misconduct in compliance with this part.
Sec. 93.234 Research misconduct.
Research misconduct means fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism
in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting
research results. Research misconduct does not include honest error or
differences of opinion.
Sec. 93.235 Research misconduct proceeding.
Research misconduct proceeding means any actions related to alleged
research misconduct taken under this part, including allegation
assessments, inquiries, investigations, ORI oversight reviews, and
appeals under subpart E of this part.
Sec. 93.236 Research record.
Research record means the record of data or results that embody the
facts resulting from scientific inquiry. Data or results may be in
physical or electronic form. Examples of items, materials, or
information that may be considered part of the research record include,
but are not limited to, research proposals, raw data, processed data,
clinical research records, laboratory records, study records,
laboratory notebooks, progress reports, manuscripts, abstracts, theses,
records of oral presentations, online content, lab meeting reports, and
journal articles.
Sec. 93.237 Respondent.
Respondent means the individual against whom an allegation of
research misconduct is directed or who is the subject of a research
misconduct proceeding.
Sec. 93.238 Retaliation.
Retaliation means an adverse action taken against a complainant,
witness, or committee member by an institution or one of its members in
response to:
(a) A good faith allegation of research misconduct; or
(b) Good faith cooperation with a research misconduct proceeding.
Sec. 93.239 Secretary or HHS.
Secretary or HHS means the Secretary of HHS or any other official
or employee of HHS to whom the Secretary delegates authority.
Sec. 93.240 Small institution.
Small institution means an institution that may be too small to
conduct an inquiry or investigation into an allegation of research
misconduct as required by this part without actual or apparent
conflicts of interest.
Sec. 93.241 Suspension and Debarment Official or SDO.
Suspension and Debarment Official (SDO) means the HHS official
authorized to impose suspension and debarment, which are the actions
that Federal agencies take to disqualify persons deemed not presently
responsible from doing business with the Federal Government.
Subpart C--Responsibilities of Institutions
Compliance and Assurances
Sec. 93.300 General responsibilities for compliance.
Institutions must:
(a) Have written policies and procedures for addressing allegations
of research misconduct that meet the requirements of this part;
(b) Respond to each allegation of research misconduct for which the
institution is responsible under this part in a thorough, competent,
objective, and fair manner, including taking precautions to ensure that
individuals responsible for carrying out any part of the research
misconduct proceeding do not have unresolved personal, professional, or
financial conflicts of interest with the complainant, respondent, or
witnesses;
(c) Foster a research environment that promotes research integrity
and the responsible conduct of research, discourages research
misconduct, and deals promptly with allegations or evidence of possible
research misconduct;
(d) Take all reasonable and practical steps to protect the
positions and reputations of good faith complainants, witnesses, and
committee members and to protect these individuals from retaliation by
respondents and/or other institutional members;
(e) Provide confidentiality consistent with Sec. 93.106 to all
respondents, complainants, and witnesses in a research misconduct
proceeding, and to
[[Page 76301]]
research subjects identifiable from research records or other evidence;
(f) Take all reasonable and practical steps to ensure the
cooperation of respondents and other institutional members with
research misconduct proceedings, including, but not limited to, their
providing information, research records, and other evidence;
(g) Cooperate with HHS during any research misconduct proceeding or
compliance review, including addressing deficiencies or additional
allegations in the institutional record if directed by ORI;
(h) Assist in administering and enforcing any HHS administrative
actions imposed on its institutional members; and
(i) Have an active research integrity assurance.
Sec. 93.301 Research integrity assurances.
(a) General policy. (1) An institution that applies for or receives
PHS support for biomedical or behavioral research, biomedical or
behavioral research training, or activities related to that research or
research training, must provide HHS with an assurance of compliance
with this part by establishing and then maintaining an active research
integrity assurance.
(2) PHS funding components may only authorize release of funds for
extramural biomedical and behavioral research, biomedical and
behavioral research training, or activities related to that research or
research training, to institutions with an active research integrity
assurance on file with ORI.
(b) Research integrity assurance. The Institutional Certifying
Official must assure on behalf of the institution, initially and then
annually thereafter, that the institution:
(1) Has written policies and procedures for addressing allegations
of research misconduct, in compliance with this part.
(2) Complies with its policies and procedures for addressing
allegations of research misconduct.
(3) Complies with all provisions of this part.
Sec. 93.302 Maintaining active research integrity assurances.
(a) Compliance with this part. ORI considers an institution in
compliance with this part when it:
(1) Has policies and procedures for addressing allegations of
research misconduct according to this part, keeps those policies in
compliance with this part, and upon request, provides them to ORI and
other HHS components.
(2) Complies with its policies and procedures for addressing
allegations of research misconduct.
(3) Complies with all provisions of this part.
(4) Takes all reasonable and practical specific steps to foster
research integrity consistent with Sec. 93.300, including but not
limited to:
(i) Informing the institution's members about its policies and
procedures for addressing allegations of research misconduct, and the
institution's commitment to compliance with the policies and
procedures; and
(ii) Making its policies and procedures for addressing allegations
of research misconduct publicly available.
(b) Annual report. An institution must file an annual report with
ORI, which contains information specified by ORI, on the institution's
compliance with this part. The Institutional Certifying Official is
responsible for certifying the content of this report and for ensuring
the report is submitted as required.
(c) Additional information. Along with its annual report, an
institution must send ORI such other information as ORI may request on
the institution's research misconduct proceedings covered by this part
and the institution's compliance with the requirements of this part.
Sec. 93.303 Research integrity assurances for small institutions.
(a) Small institutions may file a Small Institution Statement with
ORI in place of the institutional policies and procedures required by
Sec. Sec. 93.300(a), 93.301, and 93.304, upon approval by ORI.
(b) The Small Institution Statement does not relieve the
institution from complying with any other provision of this part.
(c) By submitting a Small Institution Statement, the institution
agrees to report all allegations of research misconduct to ORI. ORI or
another appropriate HHS office will work with the institution to
develop and/or advise on a process for handling allegations of research
misconduct consistent with this part.
(d) If a small institution has or believes it has a conflict of
interest during any phase of a research misconduct proceeding, the
small institution may contact ORI for guidance.
Sec. 93.304 Institutional policies and procedures.
Institutions seeking an approved research integrity assurance must
have written policies and procedures for addressing allegations of
research misconduct. Such policies and procedures must:
(a) Address and be consistent with all applicable requirements
pertaining to institutional responsibilities included in this part;
(b) Include and be consistent with applicable definitions in this
part; and
(c) Provide for all reasonable and practical efforts, if requested
and as appropriate, to protect or restore the reputation of persons
alleged to have engaged in research misconduct but against whom no
finding of research misconduct is made.
Sec. 93.305 General conduct of research misconduct proceedings.
(a) Sequestration of research records and other evidence. An
institution must promptly take all reasonable and practical steps to
obtain all research records and other evidence, which may include
copies of the data or other evidence so long as those copies are
substantially equivalent in evidentiary value, needed to conduct the
research misconduct proceeding; inventory the research records and
other evidence; and sequester them in a secure manner. Where the
research records or other evidence are located on or encompass
scientific instruments shared by multiple users, institutions may
obtain copies of the data or other evidence from such instruments, so
long as those copies are substantially equivalent in evidentiary value
to the instruments. Whenever possible, the institution must obtain the
research records or other evidence:
(1) Before or at the time the institution notifies the respondent
of the allegation(s); and
(2) Whenever additional items become known or relevant to the
inquiry or investigation.
(b) Access to research records. Where appropriate, an institution
must give the respondent copies of, or reasonable supervised access to,
the research records that are sequestered in accordance with paragraph
(a) of this section.
(c) Maintenance of sequestered research records and other evidence.
An institution must maintain the sequestered research records and other
evidence as required by Sec. 93.318.
(d) Multiple respondents. If an institution identifies additional
respondents during an inquiry or investigation, the institution is not
required to conduct a separate inquiry for each new respondent.
However, each additional respondent must be provided notice of and an
opportunity to respond to the allegations, consistent with this
subpart.
(e) Multiple institutions. When allegations involve research
conducted at multiple institutions, one institution must be designated
as the lead
[[Page 76302]]
institution if a joint research misconduct proceeding is conducted. In
a joint research misconduct proceeding, the lead institution should
obtain research records and other evidence pertinent to the proceeding,
including witness testimony, from the other relevant institutions. By
mutual agreement, the joint research misconduct proceeding may include
committee members from the institutions involved. The determination of
whether further inquiry and/or investigation is warranted, whether
research misconduct occurred, and the institutional actions to be taken
may be made by the institutions jointly or tasked to the lead
institution.
(f) Using a committee, consortium, or other person for research
misconduct proceedings. (1) An institution must address any potential,
perceived, or actual personal, professional, or financial conflicts of
interest between members of the committee or consortium, or other
person, and the complainant, respondent, or witnesses.
(2) An institution must ensure that a committee, consortium, or
person acting on its behalf conducts research misconduct proceedings in
compliance with the requirements of this part.
(g) Notifying ORI of special circumstances. At any time during a
research misconduct proceeding, as defined in Sec. 93.235, an
institution must notify ORI immediately if it has reason to believe
that any of the following conditions exist:
(1) Health or safety of the public is at risk, including an
immediate need to protect human or animal subjects.
(2) HHS resources or interests are threatened.
(3) Research activities should be suspended.
(4) There is reasonable indication of possible violations of civil
or criminal law.
(5) Federal action is required to protect the interests of those
involved in the research misconduct proceeding.
(6) HHS may need to take appropriate steps to safeguard evidence
and protect the rights of those involved.
The Institutional Assessment
Sec. 93.306 Institutional assessment.
(a) Purpose. An assessment's purpose is to determine whether an
allegation warrants an inquiry.
(b) Conducting the institutional assessment. Upon receiving an
allegation of research misconduct, the RIO or another designated
institutional official must promptly assess the allegation to determine
whether the allegation:
(1) Falls within the definition of research misconduct under this
part;
(2) Is within the applicability criteria of Sec. 93.102; and
(3) Is sufficiently credible and specific so that potential
evidence of research misconduct may be identified.
(c) Assessment results. (1) An inquiry must be conducted if the
allegation meets the three assessment criteria in paragraph (b) of this
section.
(2) If the RIO or another designated institutional official
determines that requirements for an inquiry are met, they must:
(i) Document the assessment; and
(ii) Promptly sequester all research records and other evidence,
consistent with Sec. 93.305(a), and promptly initiate the inquiry.
(3) If the RIO or another designated institutional official
determines that requirements for an inquiry are not met, they must keep
sufficiently detailed documentation of the assessment to permit a later
review by ORI of the reasons why the institution did not conduct an
inquiry. Such documentation must be retained in accordance with Sec.
93.318.
The Institutional Inquiry
Sec. 93.307 Institutional inquiry.
(a) Criteria warranting an inquiry. An inquiry is warranted if the
allegation meets the following three criteria:
(1) Falls within the definition of research misconduct under this
part;
(2) Is within the applicability criteria of Sec. 93.102; and
(3) Is sufficiently credible and specific so that potential
evidence of research misconduct may be identified.
(b) Purpose. An inquiry's purpose is to conduct an initial review
of the evidence to determine whether an allegation warrants an
investigation. An inquiry does not require a full review of the
evidence related to the allegation.
(c) Notice to the respondent. At the time of or before beginning an
inquiry, an institution must make a good faith effort to notify in
writing the presumed respondent, if any. If the inquiry subsequently
identifies additional respondents, the institution must notify them.
Only allegations specific to a particular respondent are to be included
in the notification to that respondent. If additional allegations are
raised, the respondent(s) must be notified in writing of the additional
allegations raised against them.
(d) Sequestration of records. An institution must obtain all
research records and other evidence needed to conduct the research
misconduct proceeding, consistent with Sec. 93.305(a).
(e) Conducting the inquiry--(1) Multiple institutions. A joint
research misconduct proceeding must be conducted consistent with Sec.
93.305(e).
(2) Person conducting the inquiry. Institutions may convene
committees of experts to conduct reviews at the inquiry stage to
determine whether an investigation is warranted. The inquiry review may
be done by a RIO or another designated institutional official in lieu
of a committee, with the caveat that if needed, these individuals may
utilize one or more subject matter experts to assist them in the
inquiry.
(3) Interviews. Institutions may interview witnesses or respondents
that would provide additional information for the institution's review.
(f) Inquiry results--(1) Criteria warranting an investigation. An
investigation is warranted if:
(i) There is a reasonable basis for concluding that the allegation
falls within the definition of research misconduct under this part and
involves PHS-supported biomedical or behavioral research, biomedical or
behavioral research training, or activities related to that research or
research training, as provided in Sec. 93.102; and
(ii) Preliminary information-gathering and fact-finding from the
inquiry indicates that the allegation may have substance.
(2) Findings of research misconduct. Findings of research
misconduct, including the determination of whether the alleged
misconduct is intentional, knowing, or reckless, cannot be made at the
inquiry stage.
(g) Inquiry report. (1) The institution must prepare a written
report that meets the requirements of this section and Sec. 93.309.
(2) If there is potential evidence of honest error or difference of
opinion, the institution must note this in the inquiry report.
(3) The institution must provide the respondent an opportunity to
review and comment on the inquiry report and attach any comments
received to the report.
(h) Time for completion. (1) The institution must complete the
inquiry within 90 days of its initiation unless circumstances warrant a
longer period.
(2) If the inquiry takes longer than 90 days to complete, the
inquiry report must document the reasons for exceeding the 90-day
period.
Sec. 93.308 Notice of the results of the inquiry.
(a) Notice to respondent. The institution must notify the
respondent whether the inquiry found that an
[[Page 76303]]
investigation is warranted. The notice must include a copy of the
inquiry report and include a copy of or refer to this part and the
institution's policies and procedures adopted under its research
integrity assurance.
(b) Notice to complainant. The institution is not required to
notify a complainant whether the inquiry found that an investigation is
warranted. The institution may, but is not required to, provide
relevant portions of the report to a complainant for comment. If an
institution provides notice to one complainant in a case, it must
provide notice, to the extent possible, to all complainants in the
case.
Sec. 93.309 Reporting to ORI on the decision to initiate an
investigation.
(a) Within 30 days of determining that an investigation is
warranted, the institution must provide ORI with a copy of the inquiry
report, which includes the following information:
(1) The names, professional aliases, and positions of the
respondent and complainant;
(2) A description of the allegation(s) of research misconduct;
(3) The PHS support, including, for example, grant numbers, grant
applications, contracts, and publications listing PHS support;
(4) The composition of the inquiry committee, if used, including
name(s), position(s), and subject matter expertise;
(5) Inventory of sequestered research records and other evidence
and description of how sequestration was conducted;
(6) Transcripts of any transcribed interviews;
(7) Timeline and procedural history;
(8) Any scientific or forensic analyses conducted;
(9) The basis for recommending that the allegation(s) warrant an
investigation;
(10) The basis on which any allegation(s) do not merit an
investigation;
(11) Any comments on the inquiry report by the respondent or the
complainant; and
(12) Any institutional actions implemented, including
communications with journals or funding agencies.
(b) The institution must provide the following information to ORI
whenever requested:
(1) The institutional policies and procedures under which the
inquiry was conducted; and
(2) The research records and other evidence reviewed, and copies of
all relevant documents.
(c) Institutions must keep detailed documentation of inquiries to
permit a later assessment by ORI of the reasons why the institution
decided not to investigate. Such documentation must be retained in
accordance with Sec. 93.318.
(d) In accordance with Sec. 93.305(g), institutions must notify
ORI of any special circumstances that may exist.
The Institutional Investigation
Sec. 93.310 Institutional investigation.
Institutions conducting research misconduct investigations must:
(a) Time. Begin the investigation within 30 days after deciding an
investigation is warranted.
(b) Notice to ORI. Notify ORI of the decision to begin an
investigation on or before the date the investigation begins and
provide an inquiry report that meets the requirements of Sec. Sec.
93.307 and Sec. 93.309.
(c) Notice to the respondent. Notify the respondent in writing of
the allegation(s) within a reasonable amount of time after determining
that an investigation is warranted, but before the investigation
begins.
(1) The institution must give the respondent written notice of any
allegation(s) of research misconduct not addressed during the inquiry
or in the initial notice of investigation within a reasonable amount of
time of deciding to pursue such allegation(s).
(2) If the institution identifies additional respondents during the
investigation, the institution may but is not required to conduct a
separate inquiry for each new respondent. If any additional
respondent(s) are identified during the investigation, the institution
must notify them of the allegation(s) and provide them an opportunity
to respond consistent with this subpart.
(3) While an investigation into multiple respondents can convene
with the same investigation committee members, separate investigation
reports and research misconduct determinations are required for each
respondent.
(d) Sequestration of records. Obtain all research records and other
evidence needed to conduct the investigation, consistent with Sec.
93.305(a).
(e) Documentation. Use diligent efforts to ensure that the
investigation is thorough and sufficiently documented and includes
examination of all research records and other evidence relevant to
reaching a decision on the merits of the allegation(s).
(f) Ensuring a fair investigation. Take reasonable steps to ensure
an impartial and unbiased investigation to the maximum extent
practicable, including participation of persons with appropriate
scientific expertise who do not have unresolved personal, professional,
or financial conflicts of interest relevant to the investigation. An
institution may use the same committee members from the inquiry in
their subsequent investigation.
(g) Interviews. During the investigation, an institution must
interview each respondent, complainant, and any other available person
who has been reasonably identified as having information regarding any
relevant aspects of the investigation, including witnesses identified
by the respondent.
(1) Interviews during the investigation must be recorded and
transcribed.
(2) Any exhibits shown to the interviewee during the interview must
be numbered and referred to by that number in the interview.
(3) The transcript of the interview must be made available to the
relevant interviewee for correction.
(4) The transcript(s) with any corrections and numbered exhibits
must be included in the institutional record of the investigation.
(5) The respondent must not be present during the witnesses'
interviews but must be provided a transcript of the interview.
(h) Multiple respondents. Consider, consistent with Sec.
93.305(d), the prospect of additional researchers being responsible for
the alleged research misconduct.
(i) Multiple institutions. A research misconduct proceeding
involving multiple institutions must be conducted consistent with Sec.
93.305(e).
(j) Pursue leads. Pursue diligently all significant issues and
leads discovered that are determined relevant to the investigation,
including any evidence of additional instances of possible research
misconduct, and continue the investigation to completion. If additional
allegations are raised, the respondent(s) must be notified in writing
of the additional allegations raised against them.
Sec. 93.311 Investigation time limits.
(a) Time limit for completing an investigation. An institution must
complete all aspects of an investigation within 180 days of beginning
it, including conducting the investigation, preparing the draft
investigation report for each respondent, providing the draft report to
each respondent for comment in accordance with Sec. 93.312, and
transmitting the institutional record including the final investigation
report and decision by the Institutional Deciding Official to ORI in
accordance with Sec. 93.316.
[[Page 76304]]
(b) Extension of time limit. If unable to complete the
investigation in 180 days, the institution must ask ORI for an
extension in writing that includes the circumstances or issues
warranting additional time.
(c) Progress reports. If ORI grants an extension, it may direct the
institution to file periodic progress reports.
(d) Investigation report. If the investigation takes longer than
180 days to complete, the investigation report must include the reasons
for exceeding the 180-day period.
Sec. 93.312 Opportunity to comment on the draft investigation report.
(a) The institution must give the respondent a copy of the draft
investigation report and, concurrently, a copy of, or supervised access
to, the research records and other evidence that the investigation
committee considered or relied on. The respondent must submit any
comments on the draft report to the institution within 30 days of
receiving the draft investigation report.
(b) The institution may provide the complainant a copy of the draft
investigation report or relevant portions of that report. The comments
of the complainant, if any, must be submitted within 30 days of the
date on which the complainant received the draft investigation report
or relevant portions of it.
Sec. 93.313 Investigation report.
A final investigation report for each respondent must be in writing
and include:
(a) Description of the nature of the allegation(s) of research
misconduct, including any additional allegation(s) addressed during the
research misconduct proceeding.
(b) Description and documentation of the PHS support, including,
for example, any grant numbers, grant applications, contracts, and
publications listing PHS support.
(c) Description of the specific allegation(s) of research
misconduct for consideration in the investigation of the respondent.
(d) Composition of investigation committee, including name(s),
position(s), and subject matter expertise.
(e) Inventory of sequestered research records and other evidence,
except records the institution did not consider or rely on; and a
description of how any sequestration was conducted during the
investigation. This inventory must include manuscripts and funding
proposals that were considered or relied on during the investigation.
(f) Transcripts of all interviews conducted, as described in Sec.
93.310(g).
(g) Identification of the specific published papers, manuscripts
submitted but not accepted for publication (including online
publication), PHS funding applications, progress reports,
presentations, posters, or other research records that allegedly
contained the falsified, fabricated, or plagiarized material.
(h) Any scientific or forensic analyses conducted.
(i) If not already provided to ORI, the institutional policies and
procedures under which the investigation was conducted.
(j) Any comments made by the respondent and complainant on the
draft investigation report and the investigation committee's
consideration of those comments.
(k) A statement for each separate allegation of whether the
investigation committee recommends a finding of research misconduct.
(1) If the investigation committee recommends a finding of research
misconduct for an allegation, the investigation report must, for that
allegation:
(i) Identify the individual(s) who committed the research
misconduct.
(ii) Indicate whether the research misconduct was falsification,
fabrication, and/or plagiarism.
(iii) Indicate whether the research misconduct was committed
intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly.
(iv) State whether the other requirements for a finding of research
misconduct, as described in Sec. 93.103, have been met.
(v) Summarize the facts and the analysis which support the
conclusion and consider the merits of any explanation by the
respondent.
(vi) Identify the specific PHS support.
(vii) Identify whether any publications need correction or
retraction.
(2) If the investigation committee does not recommend a finding of
research misconduct for an allegation, the investigation report must
provide a detailed rationale.
(3) List of any current support or known applications or proposals
for support that the respondent has pending with PHS and non-PHS
Federal agencies.
Sec. 93.314 Decision by the Institutional Deciding Official.
The Institutional Deciding Official is responsible for making a
final determination of research misconduct findings. This determination
must be provided in a written decision that includes:
(a) Whether the institution found research misconduct and, if so,
who committed the misconduct; and
(b) A description of relevant institutional actions taken or to be
taken.
Sec. 93.315 Institutional appeals.
(a) If a respondent appeals an institution's finding(s) of research
misconduct or institutional actions, the institution must promptly
notify ORI.
(b) If the institution has not transmitted its institutional record
to ORI in accordance with Sec. 93.316 prior to the appeal, the
institution must wait until the appeal is concluded to transmit its
institutional record. The institution must ensure that the complete
record of the appeal is included in the institutional record consistent
with Sec. 93.220(a)(5).
(c) If the institution has transmitted its institutional record to
ORI in accordance with Sec. 93.316 prior to the appeal, the
institution must provide ORI a complete record of the appeal once the
appeal is concluded.
Sec. 93.316 Transmittal of the institutional record to ORI.
After the Institutional Deciding Official has made a final
determination of research misconduct findings in accordance with Sec.
93.314, the institution must transmit the institutional record to ORI.
The institutional record must be consistent with Sec. 93.220 and
logically organized.
Sec. 93.317 Completing the research misconduct process.
(a) ORI expects institutions to carry inquiries and investigations
through to completion and to pursue diligently all significant issues
and credible allegations of research misconduct. Institutions must
notify ORI in advance if the institution plans to close a research
misconduct proceeding at the assessment, inquiry, investigation, or
appeal stage on the basis that the respondent has admitted to
committing research misconduct or a settlement with the respondent has
been reached.
(b) A respondent's admission of research misconduct must be made in
writing and signed by the respondent. An admission must specify the
falsification, fabrication, and/or plagiarism that occurred and which
research records were affected. The admission statement must meet all
elements required for a research misconduct finding under Sec. 93.103
and must be provided to ORI before the institution closes its research
misconduct proceeding. The institution must also provide a statement to
ORI
[[Page 76305]]
describing how it determined that the scope of the misconduct was fully
addressed by the admission and confirmed the respondent's culpability.
(c) After consulting with the institution on its basis for closing
a case under paragraph (a) of this section, ORI may conduct an
oversight review of the institution's handling of the case and take
appropriate action including:
(1) Approving or conditionally approving closure of the case;
(2) Directing the institution to complete its process;
(3) Directing the institution to address deficiencies in the
institutional record;
(4) Referring the matter for further investigation by HHS; or
(5) Taking a compliance action.
Other Institutional Responsibilities
Sec. 93.318 Retention and custody of the institutional record and all
sequestered evidence.
(a) Maintenance of institutional record and all sequestered
evidence. An institution must maintain the institutional record and all
sequestered evidence including physical objects (regardless of whether
the evidence is part of the institutional record) in a secure manner
for seven years after completion of the proceeding or the completion of
any HHS proceeding involving the research misconduct allegation under
subparts D and E of this part, whichever is later, unless custody has
been transferred to HHS under paragraph (b) of this section or ORI
advises otherwise in writing.
(b) Provision for HHS custody. On request, institutions must
transfer custody, or provide copies, to HHS of the institutional record
or any component of the institutional record and any sequestered
evidence (regardless of whether the evidence is included in the
institutional record) for ORI to conduct its oversight review, develop
the administrative record, or present the administrative record in any
proceeding under subparts D and E of this part.
Sec. 93.319 Institutional standards of conduct.
Institutions may have standards of conduct different from the
standards for research misconduct under this part. ORI findings of
research misconduct or HHS settlements of research misconduct
proceedings, or the absence thereof, do not affect institutional
findings or actions taken based on an institution's standards of
conduct.
Subpart D--Responsibilities of the U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services
General Information
Sec. 93.400 General statement of ORI authority.
(a) ORI review. ORI may respond directly to any allegation of
research misconduct at any time before, during, or after an
institution's response to the matter. The ORI response may include but
is not limited to:
(1) Conducting allegation assessments;
(2) Determining independently whether jurisdiction exists under
this part;
(3) Forwarding allegations of research misconduct to the
appropriate institution or HHS component for inquiry or investigation;
(4) Requesting clarification or additional information,
documentation, research records, or other evidence as necessary from an
institution or its members or other persons or sources to carry out
ORI's review;
(5) Notifying or requesting assistance and information from PHS
funding components, other affected Federal and state offices and
agencies, or institutions;
(6) Reviewing the institutional record and directing the
institution to address deficiencies or additional allegations in the
institutional record;
(7) Making a finding of research misconduct; and
(8) Taking actions as necessary to protect the health and safety of
the public, to promote the integrity of PHS-supported biomedical or
behavioral research, biomedical or behavioral research training, or
activities related to that research or research training, or to
conserve public funds.
(b) ORI assistance to institutions. ORI may:
(1) Provide information, technical assistance, and procedural
advice to institutional officials as needed regarding an institution's
research misconduct proceedings and the sufficiency of the
institutional record; and
(2) Issue guidance and provide information to support institutional
implementation of and/or compliance with the requirements of this part.
(c) Review of institutional research integrity assurances. ORI will
review institutional research integrity assurances and policies and
procedures for compliance with this part.
(d) Institutional compliance. ORI may make findings and impose ORI
compliance actions related to an institution's compliance with this
part and with its policies and procedures, including an institution's
participation in research misconduct proceedings.
Sec. 93.401 Interaction with other entities and interim actions.
(a) ORI may notify and consult with other entities, including
government funding agencies, institutions, journals, publishers, and
editors, at any time if those entities have a need to know about or
have information relevant to a research misconduct proceeding.
(b) If ORI believes that a criminal or civil fraud violation may
have occurred, it shall promptly refer the matter to the Department of
Justice (DOJ), the HHS Office of Inspector General (OIG), or other
appropriate investigative body.
(c) ORI may provide expertise and assistance to the DOJ, OIG, PHS
offices, other Federal offices, and state or local offices involved in
investigating or otherwise pursuing research misconduct allegations or
related matters.
(d) ORI may notify affected PHS offices and funding components at
any time to enable them to take appropriate interim actions.
(e) The information provided will not be disclosed as part of the
peer review and advisory committee review processes but may be used by
the Secretary in making decisions about the award or continuation of
funding.
(f) ORI may refer a research misconduct matter to the SDO at any
time for consideration under the HHS suspension and debarment
regulations. ORI may provide technical assistance and share other
information that the SDO needs to know to consider the referred matter.
Research Misconduct Issues
Sec. 93.402 ORI allegation assessments.
(a) When ORI receives an allegation, it may conduct an assessment
or refer the matter to the relevant institution for an assessment,
inquiry, or other appropriate actions.
(b) If ORI conducts an assessment and determines an inquiry is
warranted, it forwards the matter to the appropriate institution or HHS
component.
(c) If ORI conducts an assessment and determines an inquiry is not
warranted, it will close the case and forward the allegation in
accordance with paragraph (d) in this section.
(d) ORI may refer allegations that do not fall within the
jurisdiction of this part to the appropriate HHS component, Federal or
state agency, institution, organization, journal, or other appropriate
entity.
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Sec. 93.403 ORI review of research misconduct proceedings.
(a) In conducting its review of research misconduct proceedings,
ORI will:
(1) Determine whether this part applies;
(2) Consider the institutional record and determine whether the
institutional record is sufficient, provide instructions to the
institution(s) if ORI determines that revisions are needed or
additional allegations of research misconduct should be addressed, and
require institutions to provide the respondent with an opportunity to
respond to information or allegations added to the institutional
record;
(3) Determine whether the institution conducted the proceedings in
a timely and fair manner in accordance with this part with sufficient
thoroughness, objectivity, and competence to support the conclusions;
and
(4) After reviewing in accordance with paragraphs (a)(1) through
(3) of this section, determine whether to close the case without
further action or proceed with the case.
(b) If ORI determines to proceed with the case, ORI will:
(1) Obtain additional information or materials from the
institution, the respondent, complainants, or other sources, as needed;
(2) Conduct additional analyses, as needed;
(3) Provide the respondent the opportunity to access the
institutional record, any additional information provided to ORI while
the case is pending before ORI, and any analysis or additional
information generated or obtained by ORI;
(4) Provide the respondent the opportunity to submit information to
ORI;
(5) Allow the respondent and the respondent's attorney, if
represented, to meet virtually or in person with ORI to discuss the
information that the respondent has provided to ORI;
(6) Have ORI's virtual or in-person meeting(s) with the respondent
transcribed and provide a copy of the transcript to the respondent for
review and suggested correction;
(7) Close the administrative record following paragraphs (b)(3)
through (6) of this section;
(8) Provide the respondent the opportunity to access the complete
administrative record; and
(9) Take any other actions necessary to complete ORI's review of
the research misconduct proceedings.
Sec. 93.404 Findings of research misconduct and proposed HHS
administrative actions.
(a) After completing its review of the administrative record, ORI
may:
(1) Close the case without a separate ORI finding of research
misconduct;
(2) Make findings of research misconduct and propose and take HHS
administrative actions based on the administrative record; or
(3) Seek to settle the case.
(b) The lack of an ORI finding of research misconduct does not
overturn an institution's determination that the conduct constituted
professional or research misconduct warranting remediation under the
institution's policy.
Sec. 93.405 Notifying the respondent of findings of research
misconduct and proposed HHS administrative actions.
(a) When ORI makes a finding of research misconduct or proposes HHS
administrative actions, it notifies the respondent in a charge letter.
The charge letter:
(1) Includes ORI's findings of research misconduct, including the
basis for such findings in the administrative record, and any proposed
HHS administrative actions;
(2) Advises the respondent how to access the administrative record;
and
(3) Informs the respondent of the opportunity to contest the
findings and proposed HHS administrative actions under subpart E of
this part.
(b) ORI sends the charge letter by certified mail, private delivery
service, or electronic mail or other electronic means to the last known
address of the respondent or the last known principal place of business
of the respondent's attorney, if represented.
Sec. 93.406 Final HHS actions.
Unless the respondent contests the findings and/or the proposed HHS
administrative actions contained in the charge letter within the 30-day
period prescribed in Sec. 93.501(a), the ORI findings and HHS
administrative actions are final.
Sec. 93.407 HHS administrative actions.
(a) Based on the administrative record, HHS may impose
administrative actions that include but are not limited to:
(1) Clarification, correction, or retraction of the research
record.
(2) Letter(s) of reprimand.
(3) Imposition of special certification or research integrity
assurance requirements to ensure compliance with applicable regulations
or terms of HHS grants, contracts, or cooperative agreements.
(4) Suspension of award activities under, or termination of, a PHS
grant, contract, or cooperative agreement.
(5) Restriction on specific activities or expenditures under an
active PHS grant, contract, or cooperative agreement.
(6) Special review of all the respondent's requests for PHS
funding.
(7) Imposition of supervision requirements on a PHS grant,
contract, or cooperative agreement.
(8) Certification of attribution or authenticity in all requests
for support and reports to PHS.
(9) Prohibition of the respondent in participating in any advisory
capacity with the PHS.
(10) Recommending that the relevant agency take adverse personnel
action(s), if the respondent is a Federal employee, in compliance with
relevant Federal personnel policies and laws.
(b) In connection with research misconduct findings, HHS also may
seek to recover PHS funds spent supporting activities involving
research misconduct.
(c) Any authorized HHS component may impose, administer, or enforce
administrative actions separately or in coordination with other HHS
components, including, but not limited to ORI, OIG, and the PHS funding
component.
(d) HHS administrative actions under this part do not include
suspension or debarment. Regardless of whether HHS administrative
actions are imposed under this part, HHS may pursue suspension and
debarment under the HHS suspension and debarment regulations.
Sec. 93.408 Mitigating and aggravating factors in HHS administrative
actions.
The purpose of HHS administrative actions is remedial. The
appropriate administrative action is commensurate with the seriousness
of the misconduct and the need to protect the health and safety of the
public, promote the integrity of the PHS-supported research and
research process, and conserve public funds. ORI considers the
following aggravating and mitigating factors in determining appropriate
HHS administrative actions and their terms. The existence or
nonexistence of any factor is not determinative.
(a) Knowing, intentional, or reckless. Were the respondent's
actions knowing or intentional or were the actions reckless?
(b) Pattern. Was the research misconduct an isolated event or part
of a continuing or prior pattern of dishonest conduct?
(c) Impact. Did the misconduct have significant impact on the
proposed or
[[Page 76307]]
reported research record, research subjects, other researchers,
institutions, or the public health or welfare?
(d) Acceptance of responsibility. Has the respondent accepted
responsibility for the misconduct by:
(1) Admitting the conduct;
(2) Cooperating with the research misconduct proceedings;
(3) Demonstrating remorse and awareness of the significance and
seriousness of the research misconduct; and
(4) Taking steps to correct or prevent the recurrence of the
research misconduct?
(e) Failure to accept responsibility. Does the respondent blame
others rather than accepting responsibility for the actions?
(f) Retaliation. Did the respondent retaliate against complainants,
witnesses, committee members, or other individuals?
(g) Continued risk to PHS funding. Does the respondent demonstrate
responsible stewardship of research resources?
(h) Other factors. Are other factors relevant to the circumstances
of a particular case?
Sec. 93.409 Settlement of research misconduct proceedings.
(a) HHS may settle a research misconduct proceeding at any time it
determines that settlement is in the best interests of the Federal
Government and the public health or welfare.
(b) Settlement agreements are publicly available, regardless of
whether ORI made a finding of research misconduct.
(c) A settlement agreement precludes the respondent from contesting
any ORI findings of research misconduct, HHS administrative actions, or
ORI's jurisdiction in handling the research misconduct proceeding.
Sec. 93.410 Final HHS action with no settlement or finding of
research misconduct.
When the final HHS action does not result in a settlement or
finding of research misconduct, ORI may provide written notice to the
respondent, the relevant institution, the complainant, and HHS
officials.
Sec. 93.411 Final HHS action with a settlement or finding of research
misconduct.
When a final HHS action results in a settlement or research
misconduct finding(s), ORI may:
(a) Provide final notification of any research misconduct findings
and HHS administrative actions to the respondent, the relevant
institution, and appropriate HHS officials.
(b) Provide final notification of any research misconduct findings
and HHS administrative actions to the complainant(s).
(c) Send a notice to the relevant journal, publisher, data
repository, or other similar entity identifying publications or
research records that require correction or retraction.
(d) Publish notice of the research misconduct findings.
(e) Notify the respondent's current employer if the employer is an
institution subject to this part.
Institutional Compliance Issues
Sec. 93.412 Making decisions on institutional noncompliance.
ORI may determine an institution is not compliant with this part if
the institution does not implement and follow the requirements of this
part and its own research integrity assurance. In making this decision,
ORI may consider, but is not limited to the following factors:
(a) Failure to establish and comply with policies and procedures
under this part;
(b) Failure to respond appropriately when allegations of research
misconduct arise;
(c) Failure to report to ORI all investigations and findings of
research misconduct under this part;
(d) Failure to cooperate with ORI's review of research misconduct
proceedings; or
(e) Other actions or omissions that have a material, adverse effect
on reporting and responding to allegations of research misconduct.
Sec. 93.413 ORI compliance actions.
(a) If ORI determines an institution is not compliant with this
part, it may take a compliance action against the institution.
(b) If ORI determines an institution is not compliant with this
part, ORI may take any or all of the following compliance actions:
(1) Require the institution to accept and/or implement technical
assistance provided by ORI.
(2) Issue a letter of reprimand.
(3) Require the institution to take corrective actions.
(4) Place the institution on special review status. For a
designated period, ORI will closely monitor the institution's
activities for compliance with this part. Monitoring may consist of,
but is not limited to, compliance reviews and/or audits.
(5) Direct that research misconduct proceedings be handled by HHS.
(6) Any other action appropriate to the circumstances.
(c) If an institution fails to comply with the requirements of this
part, ORI may refer the institution to the SDO for consideration under
the HHS suspension and debarment regulations.
(d) If the institution's actions constitute a substantial or
recurrent failure to comply with this part, ORI may revoke the
institution's research integrity assurance under Sec. 93.301 or Sec.
93.303.
(e) ORI may make public any findings of institutional noncompliance
and ORI compliance actions.
Disclosure of Information
Sec. 93.414 Notice.
(a) ORI may disclose information to other persons for the purpose
of providing or obtaining information about research misconduct as
permitted under the Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. 552a and ORI's system of
records notice for research misconduct proceedings.
(b) ORI may disclose or publish a notice regarding settlements, ORI
findings of research misconduct, and HHS administrative actions, and
release or withhold information as permitted by the Privacy Act and the
Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. 552.
Subpart E--Opportunity To Contest ORI Findings of Research
Misconduct and Proposed HHS Administrative Actions
General Information
Sec. 93.500 General policy.
(a) This subpart provides a respondent an opportunity to contest
ORI findings of research misconduct and/or proposed HHS administrative
actions included in a charge letter.
(b) A respondent may contest ORI's research misconduct findings and
proposed HHS administrative actions by filing a notice of appeal with
an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) at the DAB.
(c) Based on the administrative record, the ALJ shall rule on
whether ORI's research misconduct findings and any proposed HHS
administrative actions are reasonable and not based on a material error
of law or fact. The ALJ's ruling constitutes a recommended decision to
the Assistant Secretary for Health (ASH) in accordance with Sec.
93.511(b).
(d) A respondent must exhaust all available administrative remedies
under this subpart before seeking judicial review of ORI's findings
and/or HHS administrative actions. The contested findings and/or
administrative actions shall be inoperative while the
[[Page 76308]]
respondent is pursuing administrative remedies under this subpart.
Process for Contesting Research Misconduct Findings and/or Proposed HHS
Administrative Actions
Sec. 93.501 Notice of appeal.
(a) Time to file. A respondent may contest ORI's findings of
research misconduct and/or pro
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This is legal information, not legal advice. Laws vary by jurisdiction and change frequently. Always verify current law with official sources and consult a licensed attorney in your jurisdiction for advice on your specific situation.