Rule2024-20385
Emergency Import Restrictions Imposed on Categories of Archaeological and Ethnological Material of Ukraine
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Published
September 10, 2024
Effective
September 10, 2024
Issuing agencies
Homeland Security DepartmentU.S. Customs and Border ProtectionTreasury Department
Abstract
This document amends the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) regulations to reflect the imposition of emergency import restrictions on categories of archaeological and ethnological material of Ukraine, pursuant to a determination made by the United States Department of State under the terms of the Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act. The emergency import restrictions will be in effect until March 5, 2029, unless extended. This document contains the Designated List of Archaeological and Ethnological Material of Ukraine that describes the types of objects or categories of archaeological and ethnological material to which the import restrictions apply.
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[Federal Register Volume 89, Number 175 (Tuesday, September 10, 2024)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 73280-73289]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [<a href="http://www.gpo.gov">www.gpo.gov</a>]
[FR Doc No: 2024-20385]
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DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
19 CFR Part 12
[CBP Dec. 24-16]
RIN 1515-AE91
Emergency Import Restrictions Imposed on Categories of
Archaeological and Ethnological Material of Ukraine
AGENCY: U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Department of Homeland
Security; Department of the Treasury.
ACTION: Final rule.
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SUMMARY: This document amends the U.S. Customs and Border Protection
(CBP) regulations to reflect the imposition of emergency import
restrictions on categories of archaeological and ethnological material
of Ukraine, pursuant to a determination made by the United States
Department of State under the terms of the Convention on Cultural
Property Implementation Act. The emergency import restrictions will be
in effect until March 5, 2029, unless extended. This document contains
the Designated List of Archaeological and Ethnological Material of
Ukraine that describes the types of objects or categories of
[[Page 73281]]
archaeological and ethnological material to which the import
restrictions apply.
DATES: Effective on September 10, 2024.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For legal aspects, W. Richmond
Beevers, Chief, Cargo Security, Carriers and Restricted Merchandise
Branch, Regulations and Rulings, Office of Trade, (202) 325-0084, <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#5c33287133282e2e3f293028292e3d302c2e332c392e28251c3f3e2c7238342f723b332a"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="127d663f7d66606071677e666760737e62607d627760666b527170623c767a613c757d64">[email protected]</span></a>. For operational aspects, Julie L.
Stoeber, Chief, 1USG Branch, Trade Policy and Programs, Office of
Trade, (202) 945-7064, <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#94a5c1c7d3d6e6f5faf7fcd4f7f6e4baf0fce7baf3fbe2"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="0b3a5e584c49796a6568634b68697b256f6378256c647d">[email protected]</span></a>.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Background
The Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act (Pub. L. 97-
446, 19 U.S.C. 2601 et seq.) (CPIA), which implements the 1970 United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit
Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (823
U.N.T.S. 231 (1972)) (Convention), allows for the conclusion of an
agreement between the United States and another party to the Convention
to impose import restrictions on eligible archaeological and
ethnological material. In certain limited circumstances, the CPIA
authorizes the imposition of restrictions on an emergency basis (19
U.S.C. 2603). The emergency restrictions are effective for no more than
five years from the date of the State Party's request and may be
extended for three years where it is determined that the emergency
condition continues to apply with respect to the covered material (19
U.S.C. 2603(c)(3)). These restrictions may also be continued, in whole
or in part, pursuant to an agreement concluded within the meaning of
the CPIA (19 U.S.C. 2603(c)(4)).
Determinations
Pursuant to 19 U.S.C. 2602(a), the government of Ukraine, a State
Party to the Convention, requested on March 5, 2024, that import
restrictions be imposed on certain archaeological and ethnological
material, the pillage of which jeopardizes the cultural heritage of
Ukraine. The CPIA authorizes the President (or designee) to apply
import restrictions on an emergency basis if the President determines
that an emergency condition applies with respect to any archaeological
or ethnological material of any requesting State Party (19 U.S.C.
2603).
On July 26, 2024, the Assistant Secretary for Educational and
Cultural Affairs, United States Department of State, after consultation
with and recommendation by the Cultural Property Advisory Committee,
made the determinations necessary under the CPIA for the emergency
imposition of import restrictions on categories of archaeological
material and ethnological material of the cultural heritage of Ukraine.
The Designated List below sets forth the categories of material to
which the import restrictions apply. Thus, U.S. Customs and Border
Protection (CBP) is amending Sec. 12.104g(b) of title 19 of the Code
of Federal Regulations (19 CFR 12.104g(b)) accordingly.
Importation of covered material from Ukraine will be restricted
until March 5, 2029, unless the conditions set forth in 19 U.S.C. 2606
and 19 CFR 12.104c are met.
Designated List of Archaeological and Ethnological Material of Ukraine
The Designated List includes, but is not limited to, categories of
objects described below.
Archaeological material in the Designated List ranges in date from
the Paleolithic period (c. 1.4 million years ago) through 1774 C.E.
Ethnological material in the Designated List includes: ethnological
religious and ritual objects, and objects related to funerary rites and
burials dating from 200 C.E. to 1917 C.E.; ethnological manuscripts,
written documents, and early prints dating from 900 C.E. to 1917 C.E.;
ethnological architectural elements dating from 200 C.E. to 1917 C.E.;
and ethnological paintings, military material, and traditional folk
clothing and textiles dating from 1700 C.E. to 1917 C.E. The designated
list set forth is representative only. Any dates and dimensions are
approximate.
Categories of Archaeological and Ethnological Material
I. Archaeological Material
A. Stone
B. Metal
C. Terracotta, Ceramic, Porcelain, Faience, and Fired Clay
D. Plaster, Stucco, and Unfired Clay
E. Bone, Ivory, Horn, and Shell
F. Wood and Other Organic Materials
G. Glass
H. Human Remains
II. Ethnological Material
A. Religious and Ritual Objects, and Objects Related to Funerary
Rites and Burials
B. Architectural Elements
C. Manuscripts, Written Documents, and Early Prints
D. Ethnological Paintings
E. Military Material
F. Traditional Folk Clothing and Textiles
Approximate simplified chronology of well-known periods:
Paleolithic: c. 1.4 million years ago-8000 B.C.E.
Mesolithic: c. 7000-4500 B.C.E.
Neolithic: c. 6000-3000 B.C.E. (c. 6000-4000 B.C.E. on the right bank
of the Dnipro River and 5000-3000 B.C.E. in Polissia and the left bank
of the Dnipro River)
Copper Age (or Eneolithic): c. 4000-2000 B.C.E.
Bronze Age: c. 2100-800 B.C.E.
Early Iron Age: c. 800-400 B.C.E.
Ancient Greek Period: c. 650 B.C.E-47 B.C.E.
Roman Period: c. 47 B.C.E.-340 C.E.
Late Antiquity and Early Byzantine Periods: c. 340-880 C.E.
Kyivan Rus Period: c. 880-1240 C.E.
Late Medieval Period: c. 1240-1650 C.E.
Early Modern Period: c. 1650-1917 C.E.
I. Archaeological Material
Archaeological material includes categories of objects ranging in
date from c. 1.4 million years ago through 1774 C.E.
A. Stone
1. Large Sculpture and Statues--Including anthropomorphic,
zoomorphic, and multi-figure compositions. Made primarily of sandstone,
limestone, marble, and shell rock. Neolithic menhir-like stones may
represent stylized human images, while Bronze Age statues are usually
rectangular with the head outlined and other body parts shown in
relief. Scythian sculptures schematically depict warriors. Sculptures
from the Eneolithic and Ancient Greek periods often take the form of
schematic human busts. Ancient Greek and Roman sculptures often depict
naturalistic images of various figures, including humans, mythological
creatures, and animals. Medieval nomadic stelae depict humans
schematically, often with pointed headdresses. Approximate date: 6000
B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
2. Miniature Sculptures and Statues--Made primarily of marble,
quartz, and alabaster, these include anthropomorphic and zoomorphic
forms and images of objects. Copper Age figurines vary in shape, often
featuring prominent eyes, noses, or sex markers. Ancient Greek and
Roman marble statuettes are naturalistic, depicting various figures.
Approximate date: 6000 B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
3. Architectural Elements--Originating from religious, residential,
and burial sites and used in walls, floors, vaults, and roofs.
Constructed from slate, sandstone, limestone,
[[Page 73282]]
marble, and other stones. Elements include, but are not limited to,
capitals and parts of columns, pilasters, friezes, door and window
frames, keystones, altars, altar screens, mosaics, and tiles. Stone
slabs with relief and inlaid sculpted compositions, depicting religious
figures, animals, and floral motifs, were embedded into railings or
other parts of buildings. Approximate date: 650 B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
4. Mosaics--Composed of painted pebbles, marble, limestone, and
bricks. Floors made of painted pebbles decorated Ancient Greek-period
inner courts and rooms. Early Christian churches in Crimea and Kyiv
were decorated with mosaics made of marble of various colors,
limestone, and bricks. These mosaics were crafted from small cube-
shaped stones (tesserae) measuring approximately 4-6 cm x 3-5 cm, set
in a limestone mortar or cement. Motifs include, but are not limited
to, geometric patterns, palmettes, depictions of people, borders with
meanders, waves, braids, pairs of animals, and griffins. They show a
variety of colors, including black, white, dark blue, and brown.
Approximate date: 700 B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
5. Miniature Columns and Small Altars--Used to decorate shrines,
burials, and churches, miniature columns range in size from 10 to 100
cm high and could be rounded, fluted, twisted, or composed of semi-
columns. Made primarily of white marble, gray limestone, or shell rock.
Small altars are movable architectural structures with rectangular or
rounded bases, sometimes column-shaped with a shallow round surface,
ranging in height from 10 cm to 1 m. These items are found at Ancient
Greek, Roman, Byzantine, and Medieval sites. Approximate date: 650
B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
6. Furniture--Including, but not limited to, tables, tripods, and
stool legs often shaped like lion's paws, as well as throne or stool
backs and armrests decorated with reliefs or sculptures. Typically made
of marble and other stones and dating from the Ancient Greek and Roman
periods. Approximate date: 650 B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
7. Slabs with Relief Images and Inscriptions--Made of marble,
limestone, and other local stones, these slabs have been produced since
the Bronze Age. Locally quarried slabs are often gray, porous, and
rough, while slabs carved in Ukraine on imported marble are white and
gray. Motifs on Ancient Greek and Roman period slabs include humans,
lions, sphinxes, and griffins, with reliefs sometimes combined with
paintings. Inscriptions in various scripts, including Latin, Greek, and
Cyrillic, are found on slabs of various shapes and sizes. Approximate
date: 3000 B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
8. Sarcophagi, Ossuaries, and Gravestones--Sarcophagi and ossuaries
are usually rectangular constructions made of jointed or carved slabs;
their lids are also included, having roof-like shapes in the Roman
period. Sizes vary depending on purpose: for cremations or inhumations,
they range from half a meter to several meters. Gravestones are
typically decorated with floral ornaments, rosettes, and cornices;
usually rectangular with roof, arch, or cone-shaped tops. Late Antique,
Medieval, and Early Modern gravestones include those shaped as crosses,
tree trunks, or architectural structures. Approximate date: 650 B.C.E.-
1774 C.E.
9. Crosses and Icons--Stone crosses are made primarily of marble or
limestone and range in size from 10 cm to over half a meter. Stone
icons are typically carved as rectangular or round plates usually from
pink or blue slate or sandstone. Icons range from 5 to 25 cm in size.
They are painted with images of single, frontally depicted, full-length
or half-length figures of Christ, the Virgin Mary, or saints such as
Nicholas, Theodore Stratelates, or others, or religious scenes with two
to three figures shown frontally or in three-quarters view, such as the
Annunciation, Presentation, Descent into Hell, and others. Icons
usually have a frame, while crosses are sometimes set in frames made of
other materials. Precious stones may be used in the decoration of small
cultic objects. Approximate date: 300-1774 C.E.
10. Vessels--Made primarily of limestone, marble, and alabaster.
Including, but not limited to, mortars and pestles of various sizes
from the Bronze Age, and marble vessels for washing from the Ancient
Greek and Roman periods. Alabaster vases and lamps were common in the
Ancient Greek period. Church ceremonial vessels from the Medieval and
Early Modern periods vary in shape from miniature narrow bottles
(alabastra) to large open-shaped water basins (louteria). Approximate
date: 3000 B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
11. Tools--Types include, but are not limited to, choppers,
handaxes, axe heads, microlithic inlays, scrapers, blades, polishing
tools, loom-weights, grindstones, wine-press stones, and anchors.
Primarily made of flint, obsidian, granite, quartz, quartzite, shale,
and steatite. Early Paleolithic tools were pebbles with chopped edges;
later shapes continuing through the Copper and Bronze Ages include
flaked tools. Loom-weights vary from conical to elongated shapes.
Approximate date: 1.4 million years ago-1774 C.E.
12. Weapons--Types include, but are not limited to, arrowheads,
spearheads, darts, maces, and cannonballs. Stone weapon heads have been
used since the Paleolithic period. Stone maces from the Neolithic
period are often smoothed. Cannonballs, often made of porous stone,
range from 10 to 30 cm in diameter. Approximate date: 1.4 million years
ago-1774 C.E.
13. Games--Represented primarily by dice and chess pieces. Chess
pieces from the Kyivan Rus period have one flat side and a spherical or
anthropomorphic shape. Ancient Greek dice are flat pebbles with ancient
engravings and marks. Dice are about 2-4 cm in diameter. Approximate
date: 650 B.C.E.-1300 C.E.
14. Adornments--Types include, but are not limited to, beads,
pendants, and inlays made from materials such as turquoise, marble,
quartz, emerald, carnelian, jasper, onyx, ruby, amethyst, and lazurite.
Sarmatian jewelry contemporary with the Ancient Greek and Roman periods
features inlaid precious stones. Byzantine and Kyivan Rus periods are
known for amethyst and lazurite beads and inlays. Imported inlays were
used in Medieval and later periods. Approximate date: 6000 B.C.E.-1774
C.E.
B. Metal
1. Coins--In gold, silver, bronze, copper, and lead. Some coin
types minted in or commonly found in archaeological contexts in Ukraine
in various periods are listed below.
a. Ancient Greek cities in Ukraine, including Olbia, Panticapaeum,
Chersonesus, and Tyras, minted coins of various weights and metals.
Cast currency in dolphin, sturgeon, and arrowhead forms was also
produced in this period. See Zograph, A. Ancient Coinage, Part II,
Ancient Coins of the Northern Black Sea Littoral. (Oxford, 1977).
Approximate date: 600-47 B.C.E.
b. In the Roman period, Panticapaeum continued to mint coins, and
other Roman imperial coins were also used. See MacDonald, D. An
Introduction to the History and Coinage of the Kingdom of the Bosporus,
Classical Numismatic Studies 5. (Lancaster, 2005). Approximate date: 47
B.C.E.-500 C.E.
c. Coins minted in the Kyivan Rus period include gold and silver
zlatnyks with a portrait of the ruler and the trident (tryzub) symbol.
Hexagonal cast ingots (hryvnia) were also produced. Bohemian deniers
and dirhams of Islamic states were also used in the
[[Page 73283]]
Medieval period. Pierced coins and exfoliated (flaked) coins, including
half-coins and forgeries, were common. Approximate date: 880-1240 C.E.
d. Coins in use during the Late Medieval and Early Modern periods
include, but are not limited to, Mongolian dirhams, Lithuanian denars,
Polish ducats, Crimean Khanate akces, Austro-Hungarian talers, Ottoman
coins, and Russian rubles. Approximate date: 1240-1774 C.E.
2. Medallions--Usually featuring relief images, known since the
Early Iron Age, with gold, silver, and bronze phaleras used during the
Roman period. Approximate date: 1000 B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
3. Relief Plaques and Reliefs--Made of gold, silver, bronze, and
lead. Used to decorate clothes, wooden, or leather objects, such as
horse harnesses, quivers, scabbards, belts, and vessels. Decorations
include animals and floral ornaments. Approximate date: 650 B.C.E.-1774
C.E.
4. Jewelry--Types include, but are not limited to, diadems,
earrings, rings, necklaces, bracelets, crosses, pendants, fibulae,
beads, and tubes. Scythian jewelry in the Animal Style was typically
made of gold, less often of silver and bronze. Usually, these pieces
depict predators attacking herbivorous animals and mythological
creatures. Small gold pendants and beads were used to decorate clothes
of these and later nomads. Byzantine and Kyivan Rus jewelry featured
floral and geometric designs. Medieval period pendants include moon-
shaped examples decorated with ornaments and temporal or temple rings
of various shapes, including plain wrapped wire or featuring plates,
pendants and ornaments. Bronze and silver fibulae of the Early Iron Age
show a variety of forms and are much smaller than the massive Early
Medieval fibulae shaped as anthropomorphic figurines or five-rayed
ornaments. Approximate date: 3000 B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
5. Vessels--Primarily made of bronze, silver, and gold. Large
riveted bronze cauldrons with thick walls and short stems or feet, up
to 1 meter in diameter, known since the Bronze Age. Smaller Scythian
vessels include, but are not limited to, cones, rhytons, kylixes,
phiales, cups, ceremonial plates, kraters, ladles, and strainers.
Sarmatians widely used Roman-type vessels like situlas and pans.
Vessels corresponding to Greek, Roman, Celtic and Late Roman bronze
vessel types are also known. Metal handles from Scythian, Greek-period,
and other vessels are often shaped as anthropomorphic or zoomorphic
figures. Approximate date: 2500 B.C.E.-late 1774 C.E.
6. Sculpture and Small Figurines--Include bronze sculptures from
the Ancient Greek and Roman periods, often fragmentary. Small figurines
typically depicted deities, animals, and mythological creatures.
Medieval examples show a more schematic style. Approximate date: 2500
B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
7. Horse Harness Elements--Including, but not limited to, shuffrons
or chanfrons (face covers), often decorated in relief, psalia (bit and
cheek-pieces), horseshoes, spurs, and stirrups. Scythian horse bridles
were composed of bronze bits with stirrup-shaped ends, iron bits with
looped ends, three-looped iron or bronze cheek-pieces, and nose plates.
Sarmatian sets often included silver and lead bridle roundels, iron
bits, cheek-pieces, frontlets with a hook, and phaleras. Medieval horse
harnesses also featured phaleras, psalia, and other details made of
precious metals. For example, the Khazar psalia were nail-shaped, and
Kyivan Rus sets sometimes included horse head-covers made of several
plates. Approximate date: 1000 B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
8. Armor Elements--Including, but not limited to, mail, knee and
elbow guards, shields (and shield bosses or umbos), helmets, and belt
sets. Scale armor consisted of iron, bronze, or bone scales sewn onto
leather. Chain mail made of iron links was known in the Roman period
and more frequent in the Kyivan Rus period. Approximate date: 900
B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
9. Weapons--Including, but not limited to, swords (including folded
ones), daggers, arrowheads, spearheads, darts, maces, scepters,
crossbows, cannons and cannonballs, and sabers. Scythians used leaf-
shaped spearheads, bronze or sometimes iron arrowheads with a socket
and two or three edges, iron swords and daggers, long swords, and war
axes. Kyivan Rus warriors used star-shaped maces, axes, spears, swords,
and arrows. Approximate date: 2500 B.C.E.-late 1774 C.E.
10. Vehicle Elements--Including, but not limited to, anchors, cart
elements, and chariot wheels. Ancient Greek- and Roman-period chariot
details often featured figurines. Approximate date: 2000 B.C.E.-300
C.E.
11. Tools--Including, but not limited to, knives, axes, tongs,
needles, thimbles, medical instruments, strigils, miniature spoons,
nails, hoes, plows, and sickles. May be made of bronze, copper, iron,
silver, and gold. Precious metals were sometimes applied to miniature
or ceremonial tools, which are often decorated with ornaments or
figurative terminals. Approximate date: 2500 B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
12. Bells--Typically made in bronze or iron, in various shapes and
sizes, including spherical, with holes and balls inside; dome-shaped;
cylindrical; and pear-shaped. Bells adorned jewelry and dress, as well
as carts, chariots, and horse harnesses. Examples for cultic use were
hollow, with slits and small balls inside; they were positioned on
elongated sockets and crowned with images of animal- or bird-heads or
figures. Approximate date: 700 B.C.E.-1300 C.E.
13. Lighting Devices--Including oil lamps and candle holders,
sometimes elaborately decorated and typically made of bronze. Oil lamps
were rounded or elongated containers with one or more nozzles and a
handle. Candle holders are found in hanging, table, and standing
varieties. They are often decorated with separately produced ornaments.
Approximate date: 650 B.C.E.-late 1774 C.E.
14. Seals or Sealings--Medieval hanging lead seals used to certify
documents are called molybdobulas or bullas. They have at least one
round flat side with a relief, and they often resemble medallions and
were pierced to be hung. Later bullas take the shape of gold
chrysobulls. They begin at about 2 cm in diameter, and their color
varies from gray to brown. Approximate date: 200-1774 C.E.
15. Icons and Crosses--Including, but not limited to, relief metal
icons, crosses, and encolpions (icon medallions). Encolpions, relief
metal icons, and their frames were often made of mixed materials and
carved, inlaid with precious stones and metals, or engraved. Both icons
and crosses are found in various sizes, including smaller examples for
wearing on the chest and large ceremonial ones. Approximate date: 300-
1774 C.E.
16. Mirrors--Including, but not limited to, hand mirrors made of
silver and bronze, with one polished flat side and carved decoration on
the back. May be round with a handle or a loop at the center of the
back. Handles typically take the form of either a loop or a plaque
raised above two small posts; they are sometimes decorated with
sculpted or carved animals on the terminals, or made in anthropomorphic
form. Approximate date: 600 B.C.E.-200 C.E.
17. Keys and Locks--Including, but not limited to, cylindrical
locks with C-shaped shackles. Later examples were flattened with more
complex keyways. Some examples had protective shields. Approximate
date: 800-1774 C.E.
[[Page 73284]]
18. Lead Plates--Including inscribed and uninscribed examples. May
be folded or unrolled. Lead plates with traces of cast ornamentation
are known. Vary in color from light gray to almost black with green or
brown tints. Approximate date: 700 B.C.E.-1300 C.E.
19. Games--Including dice and simple chess pieces, made from lead
and bronze, shaped as knucklebones or cylinders with or without
carving. Used across various periods, in sizes around 2-4 cm in
diameter. Approximate date: 650 B.C.E.-1300 C.E.
C. Terracotta, Ceramic, Porcelain, Faience, and Fired Clay
1. Architectural Ceramics--Including, but not limited to,
terracotta roof tiles with stamps, antefixes (ornamented or
anthropomorphic), sculpted rainwater spouts (typically in a lion-head
shape), drainpipes, stamped or engraved bricks, including ``plinths''
(wide and flat fired bricks resembling tiles). Roof-tile styles include
ridge tiles, raised tiles (imbrices), and tegulae. May be decorated
with stamped relief designs. Antefixes may be decorated with palmettes,
anthropomorphic images, or painted. Includes relief plaques and
medallions that may be part of antefixes and are decorated with
mythological scenes. Bricks may have traces of graffiti or be stamped.
Kyivan Rus bricks used in churches may bear trident-shaped relief
marks. Approximate date: 650 B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
2. Stove Tiles--Including glazed and unglazed stove tiles. Glazed
types may be smooth or have relief decoration. Glazed stove tiles are
typically decorated in green, blue, white, brown, red, and other
colors. Unglazed stove tiles are typically created from clays in brown,
buff, pink, red, and yellow colors, and may have negative relief
decoration. Stove tiles may be decorated with painted ornaments, such
as heraldic, floral, anthropomorphic, and/or zoomorphic motifs, or
state and family symbols. Sizes vary, but they are typically 10 to 50
cm in height. Approximate date: 1200-1774 C.E.
3. Vessels--Including utilitarian vessels, fine tableware, and
special-purpose vessels, in conventional shapes such as amphorae,
bowls, bottles, goblets, jars, pitchers, plates, storage vessels, and
vases, as well as unconventional shapes such as anthropomorphic and
zoomorphic forms. Includes vessel lids and fragments of vessels. Clay
colors vary but are typically gray or red. Vessels may be glazed
(typically black or red), enameled, or engobed. Vessels may be painted,
incised, molded or stamped in relief, or incrusted, or bear applied
decoration. Types and characteristics of various periods are described
below.
a. Neolithic and Copper Age--Vessel styles include Linear Band Ware
or Linear Spiral-Meander Pottery with a globular shape and linear
incised ornamentation such as spirals, and Cucuteni-Trypillia wares
that may be decorated with incised or stamped designs, sometimes filled
with white or red paste, or painted in monochrome, bichrome, or
polychrome designs in white, red, brown, and black and engobed in red,
orange, white, and other colors. Painted designs include geometric and
organic motifs. Characteristic Trypillia forms include biconical pots
and binocular-shaped cultic vessels, as well as anthropomorphic and
zoomorphic vessels. Includes vessels that may have applied zoomorphic
ornaments. Approximate date: 6000-2000 B.C.E.
b. Bronze Age--Vessel styles include types related to Corded Ware
pottery with impressed or incised rope-like decorations and globular
forms. Approximate date: 2100-800 B.C.E.
c. Greek and Roman Pottery--Ancient Greek pottery most often found
in Ukraine includes, but is not limited to, kraters, table amphorae,
bomoi, olpes, jars, oinochoes, kylixes, skyphoi, cups, pateras,
phiales, lekythoi, plates, lekanes with lids, flasks, and gutti. The
most recognizable types of painted vessels are Geometric, Black-figure,
Red-figure, and White-ground. Greek and Roman tableware also includes
vessels cast in molds such as Hellenistic cups and Roman Sigillata.
Black glazed (lacquered) pottery includes several types with stamped
ornaments. May bear short painted inscriptions (dipinti) or incised
inscriptions (graffiti). The rims of pithoi were often incised with
letters or ornaments. Approximate date: 700 B.C.E.-340 C.E.
d. Byzantine and Medieval--Vessels may be glazed and/or decorated
with paint or relief ornaments. Transport amphorae are also found in
this period. Approximate date: 340-1650 C.E.
e. Miniature Vessels--Miniature vessels are typically found in the
above-mentioned shapes and styles, but in sizes as small as 1 cm in
diameter. May be painted. Includes miniature clay spoons. Approximate
date: 4000-47 B.C.E
4. Figurines and Models--Including figurines representing
anthropomorphic, zoomorphic, and mythical figures and models of
objects, buildings, or vehicles. Styles common in various periods are
described below. Approximate date: 4000 B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
a. Copper Age Trypillian--Figurines are typically abstract and
stylized with pierced, incised, and pinched details. Models of houses,
boats, and sleighs drawn by oxen are typical in this period.
b. Ancient Greek and Roman Period--Figurines are usually
naturalistic images of humans, half-human creatures, animals, and
objects. Some figurines are made with separate movable limbs. Most
figurines are hollow inside, with a technical opening (rounded, square,
or triangular). May be painted, gilded, and/or decorated with applied
elements, such as small clay balls, fruits, flowers, rosettes, leaves,
and/or wreaths, which may bear incised details. Some figurines may have
been created in molds. Clay cart models drawn by a horse are also found
in the Roman period.
c. Late Antique to Early Modern Period--Figurines may be handmade
or molded in anthropomorphic and zoomorphic forms. May be painted or
incised.
5. Miniature Altars--Typically in cubic, rectangular, and rounded
forms, but may also take the form of the club of Heracles. They are
usually profiled, but sometimes bear relief images on their sides.
Sizes typically vary from 10 to over 50 cm in height. Approximate date:
650 B.C.E.-300 C.E.
6. Molds--Types include jewelry molds and figurine molds. Sizes
vary, but jewelry molds are typically 5-15 cm in length, while figurine
molds reach up to 25-30 cm. Approximate date: 1000 B.C.E.-1300 C.E.
7. Tools--Including, but not limited to, loom-weights (may be round
or pyramidal), coils, and fishing sinkers (may be pyramidal or
quadrangular). Loom-weights and sinkers are typically pierced and
smoothed but undecorated. Sizes vary, but are typically between 5-10 cm
in diameter (rounded shapes) or up to 15 cm in height (pyramidal and
quadrangular shapes). Approximate date: 6000 B.C.E.-1300 C.E.
8. Musical Instruments--Including wind and rattle-like instruments
or toys that may be shaped like birds, eggs, boars, tortoises, other
zoomorphic forms, and coffins. Approximate date: 3500 B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
9. Lamps and Lighting--Including, but not limited to, oil lamps and
candle holders. Oil lamps vary in shape and type, ranging from open-
shaped and hanging types to closed types with narrow nozzles, thin
handles, and reliefs on the discus. Typically made from gray or red
clay. May also be black-glazed or painted. Approximate date: 600
B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
10. Smoking Pipes--Early forms are typically short and rounded.
Later forms are typically decorated and sometimes
[[Page 73285]]
stamped. Approximate date: 600 B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
11. Items of Personal Adornment--Includes, but not limited to,
beads and pendants. May be plain, glazed, painted, and/or engraved.
Some beads and pendants have a zoomorphic form. Beads and pendants of
Egyptian faience (sintered quartz) are typically light blue and may
retain traces of glaze. Forms in this material include, but are not
limited to, scarabs, Bes, Horus-Harpocrates, and other Hellenized
Egyptian deities, as well as lions. Approximate date: 3500 B.C.E.-1774
C.E.
12. Games and Toys--Includes, but is not limited to, gaming pieces
such as dice, chess pieces, painted eggs, and disc- or square-shaped
tokens. Tokens may bear the impression of a coin on one side. Clay eggs
may be plain or painted. Approximate date: 2500 B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
D. Plaster, Stucco, and Unfired Clay Architectural Elements
Including fragments of plaster used in architectural contexts from
the Ancient Greek period and from the Kyivan Rus through Early Modern
periods. May be painted, incised, or stamped. Approximate date: 650
B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
E. Bone, Ivory, Horn, and Shell
1. Plaques and Decorated Bones--Made from the bones of bulls,
goats, mammoths, and other animals or from fossilized bone. The bone
may be untreated, polished, painted, cut, incised, and/or engraved.
Bone plaques may be decorated with linear and geometric incisions (such
as coils), images, symbols (such as tamgas) and/or inscriptions.
Approximate date: 1.4 million years ago-1774 C.E.
2. Figurines--Decoration includes crosses; humans; animals,
particularly camels, ibex, and snakes; geometric and/or floral designs;
and other designs; includes fragments. Painted on wood, stone, and
plaster. May be on domestic or public walls or tombs. Approximate
dates: 1200 B.C. to 1773 C.E.
3. Miniature Vessels and Boxes--Including, but not limited to,
pyxides and their lids and narrow boxes for needles. Often bear
engraved decorations. Approximate date: 1000 B.C.E.-1650 C.E.
4. Tools--Including, but not limited to, harpoons, needles, coils,
awls, knife- and sickle-handles, miniature spoons, and writing
implements (styli). Sizes vary, but typically range from 2 to 10 cm in
length. Handles may be sculpted. Approximate date: 1 million years ago-
1774 C.E.
5. Musical Instruments--Including parts of wind instruments such as
the aulos, syrinx, syringa, and pan flute, and parts of stringed
instruments such as the chelys or lyre, made from tortoiseshell.
Approximate date: 650 B.C.E.-1300 C.E.
6. Horse and Warrior's Equipment--Including, but not limited to,
bone psalia (bit and cheek-pieces), whip handles, plaques for maces,
bows, and quivers, and arrowheads. Approximate date: 2500 B.C.E.-1300
C.E.
7. Items of Personal Adornment--Including, but not limited to,
pins, bracelets, beads, rings, buckles, buttons, combs, furniture
inlays, incrustations, box inlays, crosses, mirror handles, pommels,
and powder containers. Combs may have engraved decoration, typically in
circular form, and may be double-sided. Pommels are often carved as
figurines. Amulets are often made of animal teeth and rings of tubular
bones. Engraved pieces are commonly decorated with ornaments, marks,
signs, and more. Plaques applied to decorate furniture, coffins,
chests, and small boxes may bear elaborate reliefs. Buckles, buttons,
and other accessories frequently feature engraved designs, images, and
sometimes graffiti or carvings. Mirror handles and pins of the Ancient
Greek and Roman periods may bear figurative carvings. Crosses and their
inlay details were often made of bone, either engraved or carved.
Trifold bone containers, approximately 10 cm in height, are interpreted
as powder containers. They date to the Late Medieval to Early Modern
periods and are often decorated with engravings. Approximate date: 1
million years ago-1774 C.E.
8. Games--Including gaming pieces such as dice, knucklebones,
simple chess pieces, and other types. Knucklebones often have a variety
of engraved marks on them. Chess pieces often have one flat side and a
spherical or anthropomorphic shape; some may have a polychrome
decoration. Approximate date: 650 B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
F. Wood and Other Organic Materials
1. Architectural Elements--Including, but not limited to, elements
of towers, wells, churches, dwellings, and fences, particularly from
the Medieval period. Carved wooden house decorations are found in the
Medieval and Early Modern periods. Large elements may reach over 2 m,
while carved elements may be smaller. Approximate date: 6000 B.C.E.-
1774 C.E.
2. Vehicle Elements--Including, but not limited to, part of
cartwheels, chariots, and boats. Cartwheels and fragments thereof, in
both solid and spoked forms, may be found in Bronze Age burials.
Includes elements of Ancient Greek and Roman period chariots. Boats and
parts thereof from the Medieval period were sometimes used as coffins.
Approximate date: 2500 B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
3. Furniture and Coffin Elements--Including, but not limited to,
parts of tables, tripods, thrones, chairs, and klines (beds), sometimes
carved with sculptural details. Carved and inlaid furniture is
particularly common in the Medieval and Early Modern periods.
Approximate date: 650 B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
4. Vessels--Including, but not limited to, Scythian-period cups and
trays, which are sometimes set with precious metal plaques, and
Medieval-period plates, which may be engraved. Also includes barrels
from the Medieval and Early Modern periods. Approximate date: 1000
B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
5. Tools and Weapons--Including, but not limited to, distaffs,
knife handles, quivers, and weaving combs. Approximate date: 1000
B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
6. Crosses and Icons--Including both large ceremonial and smaller
personal crosses or carved wooden inlays for crosses. Crosses from the
Medieval period and later are often made of cypress. Ceremonial crosses
may reach up to 1 m, while personal crosses range from 1 to 15 cm in
height. Icons are typically made of from one to three panels of
coniferous or deciduous wood that have been joined together, painted,
and finished with transparent varnish. Painted images include single,
frontally depicted, full-length or half-length figures of Christ, the
Virgin Mary, or saints such as Nicholas, Theodore Stratelates, or
others, or religious scenes with two to three figures shown frontally
or in three-quarters view, such as the Annunciation, Presentation,
Descent into Hell, and others. Icons range in size from 20 cm to 2 or 3
m. Approximate date: 300-1774 C.E.
7. Musical Instruments--Including, but not limited to, stringed
instruments, wind instruments, and percussion instruments. Beck-flutes
are typical of the Medieval period. Approximate date: 3000 B.C.E.-1774
C.E.
8. Objects of Ceremonial and Daily Use--Including, but not limited
to, wooden and bark shoes, lids from Ancient Greek-type mirrors,
chests, caskets, games-such as simple chess pieces-and game boards.
Also includes inscriptions in various scripts and languages on wooden
plaques, birchbark, and paper. Chests may be painted or engraved and
range in size from 5 to 50 cm. Approximate date: 2000 B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
9. Leather Objects--Including, but not limited to, tokens, elements
of dress
[[Page 73286]]
such as shoes and belts, saddle elements, quivers, and casket elements.
Approximate date: 1000 B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
10. Textiles--Textiles and textile fragments are attested beginning
in the Bronze Age and particularly in the Scythian period. May have
floral ornaments in gold thread. Approximate date: 2500 B.C.E.-1774
C.E.
11. Amber Objects--Including, but not limited to, sculptures or
figurines, usually schematic in style, dating particularly to the
Copper and Bronze Ages and the Kyivan Rus period. Also includes jewelry
and adornments such as beads, pendants, and inlays. Approximate date:
4000 B.C.E.-1240 C.E.
G. Glass
1. Items of Personal Adornment--Including, but not limited to,
intaglios (also called gems), plain jewelry inlays, beads, rings, and
bracelets. Intaglios are of various colors, but most commonly red or
white. They have one flat surface with an engraved image, such as
mythological figures and symbols. Inlays were most commonly made for
rings, seals, and earrings. Beads, rings, and bracelets were made in a
variety of colors, including red, blue, and yellow. Approximate date:
1000 B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
2. Vessels--Including both thicker, colored glass and transparent
glass. Early vessel shapes include, but are not limited to, aryballoi
(globular flasks). Thin transparent glass vessels, often with colored
waves, are found beginning in the Roman period. Approximate date: 700
B.C.E.-1774 C.E.
3. Games--Including, but not limited to, dice and simple chess
pieces. Chess pieces may be spherical or anthropomorphic in form; they
are usually made of white, green, and brown glass and may be
polychromatic. Approximate date: 700 B.C.E.-1300 C.E.
4. Mosaics--Glass tesserae were used for mosaics decorating floors,
walls, and ceilings of Christian temples, as well as icons. Mosaic
tesserae are around 1-2 cm and appear in various colors, including gold
and blue. May be cobalt glass. Approximate date: 400-1300 C.E.
H. Human Remains
Including human remains and fragments of human remains, such as
skeletal remains, soft tissue, and ash from the human body that may be
preserved in burials, reliquaries, ossuaries, and other contexts.
Bronze Age remains may include elongated skulls and mummified remains.
Also includes Bronze Age skulls that have been painted and/or modeled,
pierced, or given other decorations, as well as bones painted with red
ochre or other materials. Approximate date: 1.4 million years ago-1774
C.E.
II. Ethnological Material
Ethnological material includes the following categories:
ethnological religious and ritual objects, and objects related to
funerary rites and burials dating from c. 200 to 1917 C.E.;
ethnological manuscripts, written documents, and early prints dating
from c. 900 to 1917 C.E.; ethnological architectural elements dating
from c. 200 to 1917 C.E.; and ethnological paintings, military
material, and traditional folk clothing and textiles dating from c.
1700 to 1917 C.E.
A. Religious and Ritual Objects, and Objects Related to Funerary
Rites and Burials--Religious and ritual objects include moveable
objects typically used in Ukrainian communal religious and ceremonial
settings in all materials, as well as objects related to funerary rites
and burials. Primarily in stone, wood, ceramic, metal, hand mixed
paints, and textiles. Approximate date: c. 200-1917 C.E.
1. Sculptures--Including stone icons, relief plates, facade reliefs
on religious structures, large free-standing sculpture found in both
exterior and interior religious settings, small decorative sculptures,
roadside crosses or figures, baptismal fonts (sometimes lotus-shaped),
altars, lamps, and candlesticks. Primary materials include local stone
(pink or blue slate or sandstone), white limestone, and imported
materials such as jasper, steatite, alabaster, or wood. Stone icons are
small stone plates (5-25 cm) depicting Christ, the Virgin Mary,
Nicholas, and other religious figures. Reliefs often feature religious
and narrative images such as a warrior fighting a lion, two saintly
warriors on horseback, nativity scenes (vertep), and others.
2. Memorial Objects--Including sarcophagi, epitaph plaques, and
tombstones, such as Jewish matzevah, Crimean Tatar mezartash and
bashtash (gravestones bearing the name, place, and dates of birth and
death), grave crosses and sculptures, made of stone, marble, slate, and
other materials. Objects are often adorned with intricate carvings
(floral, human, and zoomorphic motifs) and inscriptions.
3. Ritual Processional and Altar Objects--Includes wooden and stone
icons of various sizes. Icons are a type of religious image carved from
rectangular or round stone plates (usually pink or blue slate or
sandstone, 5-25 cm) or painted on wood panels, depicting single saints
(Christ, the Virgin Mary, Nicholas, Theodore Stratelates, etc.)
frontally in either full-length or half-length, or religious scenes
with two to three figures (Annunciation, Presentation, Descent into
Hell, etc.) shown frontally or in three-quarter view. Intended for
private use and close viewing. Wooden icons are made of one to three
coniferous or deciduous wooden panels, joined together, prepared,
covered with tempera paint (pigments ground in egg yolk), and finished
with a transparent varnish. May be used in processions, altars,
iconostases, or be free-standing. Size usually ranges from 20 cm to 2-3
m.
This category also includes ritual and ceremonial vessels, such as
donation bowls, jugs and pitchers for holy water, Easter baskets
(paskivnyk), vessels used in wedding ceremonies (lembyk, perepiytsia),
Jewish seder plates, and Hanukkah menorah. Lembyk drinking vessels
often take human or animal forms. Jewish objects are frequently glazed
and decorated with flowers, birds, and animal motifs. The category also
includes tabernacles (kivot; sometimes resembling miniature
architecture), seven-branched candlesticks, reliquaries, icon cases
(kiot), processional icons (feretron), altar crosses, backdrop crosses,
hand-held crosses used in benedictions, collection boxes (skarbnychka),
and processional staffs (pateritsa, bakulus, pastoral). These objects
frequently bear relief carvings, gilding, and symbolic ornamentation.
Metal liturgical and ceremonial objects include chests or arks,
tabernacles, reliquaries, small portable arks (pyxes), royal doors,
metal covers for icon-painted surfaces (shata, ryza, oklad), book
covers, fans on long handles (rypida), large hanging chandeliers
(panikadylo), wall-mounted lighting fixtures that reflect candlelight
in synagogues (reflectors), Hanukkah lamps, thuribles (kadylo), ritual
boxes for storing Sabbath spices (bsamim), Torah crowns, Torah shields
(tas), small boxes for storing Torah scrolls (mezuzah), Torah pointers,
chalices (potyr), Eucharistic plates (diskoi), metal arches to cover
diskoi (stars), double-edged knives with short triangular blades
(spears), clergymen's headwear (miters), cross-reliquaries (encolpion),
pectoral crosses, clergymen's round-form insignia (panagia), and
pastoral staffs (crosiers). These items were often made of bronze,
copper, gold, or silver, adorned with precious stones, pearls, and
enamels, and featured intricate decorations depicting religious scenes.
Ceramic altar crosses sometimes imitate those of wood or metal, and
sometimes adorn church
[[Page 73287]]
facades. This category also includes fragments of objects of the above-
mentioned types.
4. Church Furniture and Fixtures--Including iconostases and altars,
as well as their decorative frames, columns, cartouches, consoles,
cornices, royal doors, and deacon's doors. Component parts when
installed in the context of churches may form multi-tiered ensembles
and serve as the framing structures for painted icons. These are
typically carved from softwood or hardwood, decorated with chalk gesso,
gilding, silver gilding (vermeil), and colored lacquers. Stylized
grapevines are the most frequently occurring decorative motif. This
category also includes altar tables (prestol), protheses
(proskomydiynik), canopies (kivoriy), anoloys (analoy), tetrapods
(tetrapod), golgothas, tombs of the Lord, ambos (pulpits), thrones
(synthronon), monastic benches (stasidias), pews, large chandeliers,
and candelabrums of varying sizes. Most frequently carved from wood and
embellished to a greater or lesser degree with reliefs, painting, and
gilding.
5. Religious Fabrics--Including Christian processional banners
(horuhva), various liturgical service cloths, katasarka indittion,
ilyton, antimension fabrics made with woodcut or copperplate printing
techniques with relics sewn inside, antymins depicting the Burial of
Christ, pokrivets, chalice and diskos coverings (vozdukh, plaat,
pelena), decorative curtains such as those for the royal doors of
iconostases (Katapetasmas), or those for covering a Torah ark
(parokhet), decorative elements for synagogue curtains (lambrequin
kaporets). Materials include velvet or homespun cloth, sometimes
bearing embroidered or appliqu[eacute] icons, ornamental motifs, and
religious scenes or symbolism, and knotted wool. Religious garments
include vestments for priests, deacons, and bishops made of white,
gold-embroidered fabrics, miters, kippahs, yarmulkes, and prayer shawls
(tallits) made of wool, cotton, silk, or linen.
B. Architectural Elements--Objects in this category were produced
by skilled craftspeople in a nonindustrial society, with materials
often hand-carved and/or made from joined wood, modeled, formed, or
painted. Architectural elements are found in stone, wood, ceramic,
plaster or stucco, and other painted media used to decorate civic and
religious architecture. Approximate date: 200-1917 C.E.
1. Stone--Including capitals, balustrades and parapets, vases,
lanterns, brackets or consoles, facade reliefs, mascarons (sculpted
faces), and cartouches (scrolls, coats of arms).
2. Wood--Including carved beams (svolok), carved doorways,
balustrades, horse-head brackets (konyk), carved or painted window
frames (lyshtvy), and shutters. May be adorned with symbolic carvings
reflecting traditional Ukrainian styles.
3. Ceramic and Terracotta--Including exterior decorative elements,
pipes, roof coverings, chimneys, and echea (acoustic jars). More
rarely, may include ceramic cupolas with crosses, capitals, bell
towers, and other exterior decorations. Interior architectural elements
include ceramic icon cases, altars, and iconostases, frequently
decorated with techniques such as relief appliqu[eacute], stamping,
engraving, and colorful glazes or underglaze painting, tiles for wall
and floor cladding, and stoves. Thick wall tiles, especially from the
Lviv and Chernihiv regions, feature underglaze painting, imitating
Dutch tiles. Hutsul folk tiles depict everyday or military scenes, or
vegetal and animal motifs rendered in dark outlines and underglaze
painting (engobes) in green, yellow, and brown. Ichnia tiles bear white
surfaces and bird motifs.
4. Metal--Including bells and crosses on domes. Bells are hollow,
pear-shaped, with bronze, brass, gold, or silver alloy clappers. These
are often decorated with relief friezes, figures of saints, dedicatory
inscriptions, and coats of arms. Crosses vary in form and may be
adorned with geometric patterns (e.g., wavy, bent rods), plant motifs,
or smaller crosses.
5. Glass--Including monumental mosaics and stained glass, colored
stained glass found in domestic and religious settings, and small
colored glass fragments (smalta) used in mosaics that bear ornamental,
figural, or landscape scenes.
C. Manuscripts, Written Documents, and Early Prints--Manuscripts,
portions of manuscripts, and works on paper include handmade,
handwritten, hand-illustrated and/or illuminated sheets, bound volumes
and their bindings, manuscript books, and non-industrial print media.
Includes fragments. Approximate date: 900-1917 C.E.
Types include charters, bulls, autographs, and other paper
artifacts; liturgical manuscripts, illuminated manuscripts, early
printed books adorned with fabric, leather, and metal covers, and
parchment. Early pre-industrial centers of printing include Lviv,
Ostrih, Derman, Pochaiv, and Kyiv. Prints include woodcuts, engravings,
etchings, and lithographs. These may feature images of Jesus Christ,
the Virgin Mary, saints, and religious feast scenes, sometimes
illuminated with watercolors.
D. Ethnological Paintings--Paintings were made by artists who
progressed from traditional icon painters, using similar techniques,
hand mixing paints, and trained in workshops as apprentices to masters
of the craft. Approximate date: 1700-1917 C.E.
1. Icon Paintings on Glass--A popular form of folk art especially
in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Hutsulshchyna,
Bukovyna, and Pokuttya ethnographic regions; notable for their bright
colors and rich floral ornamentation.
2. Paper Cutouts--This category also includes paper cutouts,
another type of folk art. These objects are created by cutting forms
from paper or thin cardboard and were used in interior decoration
mainly in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
E. Military Material--Military material was made by skilled
metalworkers and armorers, traditionally working out of a small shop or
house--or as employed by an imperial authority--using the same hand-
striking process to produce weapons and armor. Approximate date: 1700-
1917 C.E. Including standards (bunchuk), maces (pernach), including but
not limited to those with metal spikes (buzdyhan), and those with
wooden or metal handles, sometimes decorated with precious stones,
horsehair, and gold spherical ornaments; sabers, axes (bartka), knives,
battle hammers bearing a sharp iron hook attached to a thin handle,
pistols, and rifles. Sabers may be decorated with valuable materials
such as ivory and gold, and intricate designs. Hutsul bartkas
(shepherd's axes) consist of long wooden handles adorned with geometric
patterns using embossing, engraving, and inlay techniques. The Crimean
Tatars' axe (ay balta) consists of heavily-ornamented, crescent-shaped
blades. Pistols and rifles, especially ceremonial ones, feature
detailed decorations with engraving, niello, and inlays.
F. Traditional Folk Clothing and Textiles--Traditional folk
clothing and textiles were handwoven and sewn by members of guilds,
operating in small businesses run out of weavers' homes. Approximate
date: 1700-1917 C.E.
1. Traditional Textiles--Including woven or knotted woolen carpets
with floral motifs, tapestries, gold-woven products that adorned the
walls of magnates' rooms (makata), pile carpets made on vertical looms
(kots), rectangular fabrics made of coarse wool, initially woven on a
horizontal loom as smooth double-sided carpets (lizhnyk),
[[Page 73288]]
fabric for covering beds, woven on a horizontal loom with plain or
twill weave from hemp or linen threads (vereta), and other domestic
textiles, embroidered (rushnyks) or bearing hand-printed ornamental
motifs.
2. Folk Clothing--Including items from the Hutsul regions and
Carpathian regions such as fur coats made from sable, lynx, and fox fur
(shuba), protective vests with sewn-on metal plates (kuyak), sleeveless
leather cloaks made from fur and lined with satin (vilchura), fur hats
(kuchma), wide belts with up to six buckles with rich metal
d[eacute]cor (cheres), small bags (tabivka), and narrow bags for arrows
(sahaidak, kolchan). Other garments include embroidered shirts, waist
garments, wide-cut pants, narrow trousers, upper garments, jackets,
belts, aprons, (all of which may be made of woolen fabric, sometimes
dyed red or black), sometimes richly embroidered or brocaded.
Embroidered fabrics bear regionally unique decorative and color
schemes.
a. Garments of the Cossack type are sewn from long panels (kaftans,
zhupans). Items may be made of red, gold-woven, gray, or blue cloth, or
silk, with velvet, brocade, or fur details. Outer garments include
coats made of sheepskin (kobenyak), cloth coats lined with cotton with
fur (bekesha), or loose-cut coats with slit elbow sleeves (delia). Wide
belts are made of gold-woven fabric, often highly embellished.
b. Crimean Tatar costume includes wide trousers (don, duman), wide-
cut shirts, striped silk dress-coats, linen shirts (colmek-keten),
vests (bagr-elek), jackets (marka), kamzols, eastern-style coats
(anteri, havtani), sleeveless leather coats, and various types of
trousers. These garments are often decorated with braids, cords, lace,
and unique handmade buttons.
3. Leather Footwear--Including footwear made of thick cow or pig
rawhide (postoly) or Moroccan leather in various colors (sapyantsi),
low-heeled women's shoes (cherevyky), and Crimean Tatar soft-soled
boots of yellow or black leather (mest).
Inapplicability of Notice and Delayed Effective Date
This regulation involves a foreign affairs function of the United
States and is, therefore, being made without notice or public procedure
under 5 U.S.C. 553(a)(1). For the same reason, a delayed effective date
is not required under 5 U.S.C. 553(d)(3).
Executive Orders 12866 and 13563
Executive Orders 12866 (Regulatory Planning and Review), as amended
by Executive Order 14094 (Modernizing Regulatory Review), and 13563
(Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review) direct agencies to assess
the costs and benefits of available regulatory alternatives and, if
regulation is necessary, to select regulatory approaches that maximize
net benefits (including potential economic, environmental, public
health and safety effects, distributive impacts, and equity). Executive
Order 13563 emphasizes the importance of quantifying costs and
benefits, reducing costs, harmonizing rules, and promoting flexibility.
CBP has determined that this document is not a regulation or rule
subject to the provisions of Executive Orders 12866 and 13563 because
it pertains to a foreign affairs function of the United States, as
described above, and therefore is specifically exempted by section
3(d)(2) of Executive Order 12866 and, by extension, Executive Order
13563.
Regulatory Flexibility Act
The Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.), as amended
by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996,
requires an agency to prepare and make available to the public a
regulatory flexibility analysis that describes the effect of a proposed
rule on small entities (i.e., small businesses, small organizations,
and small governmental jurisdictions) when the agency is required to
publish a general notice of proposed rulemaking for a rule. Since a
general notice of proposed rulemaking is not necessary for this rule,
CBP is not required to prepare a regulatory flexibility analysis for
this rule.
Signing Authority
This regulation is being issued in accordance with 19 CFR 0.1(a)(1)
pertaining to the Secretary of the Treasury's authority (or that of the
Secretary's delegate) to approve regulations related to customs revenue
functions.
Troy A. Miller, the Senior Official Performing the Duties of the
Commissioner, having reviewed and approved this document, has delegated
the authority to electronically sign this document to the Director (or
Acting Director, if applicable) of the Regulations and Disclosure Law
Division for CBP, for purposes of publication in the Federal Register.
List of Subjects in 19 CFR Part 12
Cultural property, Customs duties and inspection, Imports,
Prohibited merchandise, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.
Amendments to the CBP Regulations
For the reasons set forth above, part 12 of title 19 of the Code of
Federal Regulations (19 CFR part 12) is amended as set forth below:
PART 12--SPECIAL CLASSES OF MERCHANDISE
0
1. The general authority citation for part 12 and the specific
authority citation for Sec. 12.104g continue to read as follows:
Authority: 5 U.S.C. 301; 19 U.S.C. 66, 1202 (General Note 3(i),
Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS)), 1624.
* * * * *
Sections Sec. 12.104 through 12.104i also issued under 19
U.S.C. 2612;
* * * * *
0
2. In Sec. 12.104g, the table in paragraph (b) is amended by adding
Ukraine to the list in alphabetical order to read as follows:
Sec. 12.104g Specific items or categories designated by agreements or
emergency actions.
* * * * *
(b) * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
State party Cultural property Decision No.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
Ukraine............... Archaeological CBP Dec. 24-16.
material of Ukraine
ranging in date from
approximately the
Paleolithic period
(c. 1.4 million
years ago) through
1774 C.E., and
ethnological
material of Ukraine
ranging in date from
approximately 200
C.E. to 1917 C.E.
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 73289]]
Robert F. Altneu,
Director, Regulations & Disclosure Law Division, Regulations & Rulings,
Office of Trade U.S. Customs and Border Protection.
Approved:
Aviva R. Aron-Dine
Acting Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Tax Policy.
[FR Doc. 2024-20385 Filed 9-9-24; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 9111-14-P
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