Notice2024-11031
Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled Into Modules, From Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Initiation of Less-Than-Fair-Value Investigations
Primary source
Metadata and text below are from the Federal Register, a public-domain U.S. government work. Always verify the official published version before relying on it for any legal matter.
Published
May 20, 2024
Issuing agencies
Commerce DepartmentInternational Trade Administration
Full Text
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<title>Federal Register, Volume 89 Issue 98 (Monday, May 20, 2024)</title>
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[Federal Register Volume 89, Number 98 (Monday, May 20, 2024)]
[Notices]
[Pages 43809-43816]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [<a href="http://www.gpo.gov">www.gpo.gov</a>]
[FR Doc No: 2024-11031]
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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
International Trade Administration
[A-555-003, A-557-830, A-549-851, A-552-841]
Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled
Into Modules, From Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Socialist
Republic of Vietnam: Initiation of Less-Than-Fair-Value Investigations
AGENCY: Enforcement and Compliance, International Trade Administration,
Department of Commerce.
DATES: Applicable May 14, 2024.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Hermes Pinilla or Joshua Weiner
(Cambodia) at (202) 482-3477 or (202) 482-3902, respectively; Patrick
Barton (Malaysia) at (202) 482-0012; Drew Jackson (Thailand) at (202)
482-4406; and Laurel LaCivita and Deborah Cohen (the Socialist Republic
of Vietnam (Vietnam)) at (202) 482-4243 and (202) 482-4521,
respectively, AD/CVD Operations, Offices I, III, and IV, Enforcement
and Compliance, International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of
Commerce, 1401 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20230.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
The Petitions
On April 24, 2024, the U.S. Department of Commerce (Commerce)
received antidumping duty (AD) petitions concerning imports of
crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, whether or not assembled into
modules (solar cells), from Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam
filed in proper form on behalf of the American Alliance for Solar
Manufacturing Trade Committee (the petitioner or the Committee).\1\ On
May 9, 2024, the petitioner filed an amendment to the Petitions,
clarifying the identity of the members of the Committee.\2\ These AD
Petitions were accompanied by countervailing duty (CVD) petitions
concerning imports of solar cells from Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand,
and Vietnam.\3\
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\1\ See Petitioner's Letters, ``Petitions for the Imposition of
Antidumping and Countervailing Duties,'' dated April 24, 2024 (the
Petitions); and ``Errata to General Issues Volume I of Antidumping
and Countervailing Duty Petitions,'' dated April 26, 2024 (General
Issues Errata).
\2\ See Petitioner's Letter, ``Amendment to Petitions for the
Imposition of Antidumping and Countervailing Duties,'' dated May 9,
2024 (Petition Amendment). The petitioner clarifies that the members
of the Committee are: First Solar, Inc., Hanwha Q CELLS USA, Inc.,
and Mission Solar Energy LLC. See Petition Amendment at 1
\3\ See Petitions.
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Between April 26 and May 13, 2024, Commerce requested supplemental
information pertaining to certain aspects of the Petitions in
supplemental questionnaires.\4\ The petitioner responded to Commerce's
supplemental questionnaires between April 30 and May 13, 2024.\5\
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\4\ See Commerce's Letters, ``Supplemental Questions,'' dated
April 26, 2024 (General Issues Questionnaire), and ``Supplemental
Questions,'' dated April 26, 2024 (Cambodia Supplemental); see also
Country-Specific Supplemental Questionnaires: Malaysia Supplemental,
Thailand Supplemental, and Vietnam Supplemental, dated April 26,
2024; and Memoranda, ``Phone Call with Counsel to the Petitioner,''
dated May 3, 2024 (May 3 Memorandum); ``Phone Call with Counsel to
the Petitioner,'' dated May 9, 2023; and ``Phone Call with Counsel
to the Petitioner,'' dated May 13, 2024.
\5\ See Petitioner's Letters, ``Petitioner's Responses to First
Supplemental Questionnaire Regarding General Injury Vol. I of the
Petition,'' dated April 30, 2024 (First General Issues Supplement);
see also First Country-Specific AD Supplemental Responses, dated
April 30, 2024; Second Country-Specific Supplemental Responses,''
dated May 1, 2024; Third Cambodia and Vietnam Supplemental
Responses,'' dated May 6, 2024; ``Petitioner's Responses to
Supplemental Questionnaire Phone Call Regarding General Injury Vol.
I of the Petition,'' dated May 7, 2024 (Second General Issues
Supplement); ``Petitioner's Responses to May 9, 2024 Supplemental
Questionnaire Phone Call Regarding Cambodia Antidumping Duty Volume
II of the Petition,'' dated May 10, 2024; and ``Petitioner's
Response to the Third Supplemental Questionnaire Regarding General
Injury Vol. I of the Petition,'' dated May 13, 2024 (Third General
Issues Supplement).
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In accordance with section 732(b) of the Tariff Act of 1930, as
amended (the Act), the petitioner alleges that imports of solar cells
from Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam are being, or are likely
to be, sold in the United States at less than fair value (LTFV) within
the meaning of section 731 of the Act, and that imports of such
products are materially injuring, or threatening material injury to,
the solar cells industry in the United States. Consistent with section
732(b)(1) of the Act, the Petitions were accompanied by information
reasonably available to the petitioner supporting its allegations.
Commerce finds that the petitioner filed the Petitions on behalf of
the domestic industry, because the petitioner is an interested party,
as defined in section 771(9)(F) of the Act.\6\ Commerce also finds that
the petitioner demonstrated sufficient industry
[[Page 43810]]
support for the initiation of the requested LTFV investigations.\7\
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\6\ The majority of the members of the Committee are interested
parties under section 771(9)(C) of the Act; thus, the Committee
qualifies as an interested party under section 771(9)(F) of the Act.
\7\ See section on ``Determination of Industry Support for the
Petitions,'' infra.
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Periods of Investigation
Because the Petitions were filed on April 24, 2024, pursuant to 19
CFR 351.204(b)(1), the period of investigation (POI) for the LTFV
investigations from Cambodia, Malaysia, and Thailand is April 1, 2023,
through March 31, 2024. Because Vietnam is a non-market economy (NME)
country, pursuant to 19 CFR 351.204(b)(1), the POI for LTFV
investigation from Vietnam is October 1, 2023, through March 31, 2024.
Scope of the Investigations
The products covered by these investigations are solar cells from
Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam. For a full description of
the scope of these investigations, see the appendix to this notice.
Comments on the Scope of the Investigations
On May 3, 2024, Commerce requested information and clarification
from the petitioner regarding the proposed scope to ensure that the
scope language in the Petitions is an accurate reflection of the
products for which the domestic industry is seeking relief.\8\ On May
7, 2024, the petitioner provided clarifications and revised the
scope.\9\ The description of merchandise covered by these
investigations, as described in the appendix to this notice, reflects
these clarifications.
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\8\ See May 3 Memorandum.
\9\ See Second General Issues Supplement at 2-6.
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As discussed in the Preamble to Commerce's regulations, we are
setting aside a period for interested parties to raise issues regarding
product coverage (i.e., scope).\10\ Commerce will consider all scope
comments received from interested parties and, if necessary, will
consult with interested parties prior to the issuance of the
preliminary determinations. If scope comments include factual
information,\11\ all such factual information should be limited to
public information. To facilitate preparation of its questionnaires,
Commerce requests that scope comments be submitted by 5:00 p.m. Eastern
Time (ET) on June 3, 2024, which is 20 calendar days from the signature
date of this notice.\12\ Any rebuttal comments, which may include
factual information, and should also be limited to public information,
must be filed by 5:00 p.m. ET on June 13, 2024, which is 10 calendar
days from the initial comment deadline.
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\10\ See Antidumping Duties; Countervailing Duties, Final Rule,
62 FR 27296, 27323 (May 19, 1997) (Preamble); see also 19 CFR
351.312.
\11\ See 19 CFR 351.102(b)(21) (defining ``factual
information'').
\12\ See 19 CFR 351.303(b)(1).
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Commerce requests that any factual information that parties
consider relevant to the scope of these investigations be submitted
during that period. However, if a party subsequently finds that
additional factual information pertaining to the scope of the
investigations may be relevant, the party must contact Commerce and
request permission to submit the additional information. All scope
comments must be filed simultaneously on the records of the concurrent
LTFV and CVD investigations.
Filing Requirements
All submissions to Commerce must be filed electronically via
Enforcement and Compliance's Antidumping Duty and Countervailing Duty
Centralized Electronic Service System (ACCESS), unless an exception
applies.\13\ An electronically filed document must be received
successfully in its entirety by the time and date it is due.
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\13\ See Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Proceedings:
Electronic Filing Procedures; Administrative Protective Order
Procedures, 76 FR 39263 (July 6, 2011); see also Enforcement and
Compliance: Change of Electronic Filing System Name, 79 FR 69046
(November 20, 2014) for details of Commerce's electronic filing
requirements, effective August 5, 2011. Information on using ACCESS
can be found at <a href="https://access.trade.gov/help.aspx">https://access.trade.gov/help.aspx</a> and a handbook
can be found at <a href="https://access.trade.gov/help/Handbook_on_Electronic_Filing_Procedures.pdf">https://access.trade.gov/help/Handbook_on_Electronic_Filing_Procedures.pdf</a>.
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Comments on Product Characteristics
Commerce is providing interested parties an opportunity to comment
on the appropriate physical characteristics of solar cells to be
reported in response to Commerce's AD questionnaires. This information
will be used to identify the key physical characteristics of the
subject merchandise in order to report the relevant factors of
production (FOP) or cost of production (COP) accurately, as well as to
develop appropriate product comparison criteria.
Interested parties may provide any information or comments that
they feel are relevant to the development of an accurate list of
physical characteristics. Specifically, they may provide comments as to
which characteristics are appropriate to use as: (1) general product
characteristics; and (2) product comparison criteria. We note that it
is not always appropriate to use all product characteristics as product
comparison criteria. We base product comparison criteria on meaningful
commercial differences among products. In other words, although there
may be some physical product characteristics utilized by manufacturers
to describe solar cells, it may be that only a select few product
characteristics take into account commercially meaningful physical
characteristics. In addition, interested parties may comment on the
order in which the physical characteristics should be used in matching
products. Generally, Commerce attempts to list the most important
physical characteristics first and the least important characteristics
last.
In order to consider the suggestions of interested parties in
developing and issuing the AD questionnaires, all product
characteristics comments must be filed by 5:00 p.m. ET on June 3, 2024,
which is 20 calendar days from the signature date of this notice.\14\
Any rebuttal comments must be filed by 5:00 p.m. ET on June 13, 2024,
which is 10 calendar days from the initial comment deadline. All
comments and submissions to Commerce must be filed electronically using
ACCESS, as explained above, on the record of each of the LTFV
investigations.
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\14\ See 19 CFR 351.303(b)(1).
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Determination of Industry Support for the Petitions
Section 732(b)(1) of the Act requires that a petition be filed on
behalf of the domestic industry. Section 732(c)(4)(A) of the Act
provides that a petition meets this requirement if the domestic
producers or workers who support the petition account for: (i) at least
25 percent of the total production of the domestic like product; and
(ii) more than 50 percent of the production of the domestic like
product produced by that portion of the industry expressing support
for, or opposition to, the petition. Moreover, section 732(c)(4)(D) of
the Act provides that, if the petition does not establish support of
domestic producers or workers accounting for more than 50 percent of
the total production of the domestic like product, Commerce shall: (i)
poll the industry or rely on other information in order to determine if
there is support for the petition, as required by subparagraph (A); or
(ii) determine industry support using a statistically valid sampling
method to poll the ``industry.''
Section 771(4)(A) of the Act defines the ``industry'' as the
producers as a whole of a domestic like product. Thus, to determine
whether a petition has the requisite industry support, the statute
directs Commerce to look to producers and workers who produce the
domestic
[[Page 43811]]
like product. The U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC), which is
responsible for determining whether ``the domestic industry'' has been
injured, must also determine what constitutes a domestic like product
in order to define the industry. While both Commerce and the ITC apply
the same statutory definition regarding the domestic like product,\15\
they do so for different purposes and pursuant to a separate and
distinct authority. In addition, Commerce's determination is subject to
limitations of time and information. Although this may result in
different definitions of the like product, such differences do not
render the decision of either agency contrary to law.\16\
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\15\ See section 771(10) of the Act.
\16\ See USEC, Inc. v. United States, 132 F. Supp. 2d 1, 8 (CIT
2001) (citing Algoma Steel Corp., Ltd. v. United States, 688 F.
Supp. 639, 644 (CIT 1988), aff'd Algoma Steel Corp., Ltd. v. United
States, 865 F.2d 240 (Fed. Cir. 1989)).
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Section 771(10) of the Act defines the domestic like product as ``a
product which is like, or in the absence of like, most similar in
characteristics and uses with, the article subject to an investigation
under this title.'' Thus, the reference point from which the domestic
like product analysis begins is ``the article subject to an
investigation'' (i.e., the class or kind of merchandise to be
investigated, which normally will be the scope as defined in the
petition).
With regard to the domestic like product, the petitioner does not
offer a definition of the domestic like product distinct from the scope
of the investigations.\17\ Based on our analysis of the information
submitted on the record, we have determined that solar cells, as
defined in the scope, constitute a single domestic like product, and we
have analyzed industry support in terms of that domestic like
product.\18\
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\17\ See Petitions at Volume I (pages 27-31); see also
Petitioner's Letter, ``Response to Comments on Standing and Industry
Support,'' dated May 9, 2024 (Petitioner Response) at 7-12 and
Exhibit 2.
\18\ For a discussion of the domestic like product analysis as
applied to these cases and information regarding industry support,
see Checklists, ``Antidumping Duty Investigation Initiation
Checklists: Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not
Assembled into Modules, from Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the
Socialist Republic of Vietnam,'' dated concurrently with, and hereby
adopted by, this notice (Country-Specific AD Initiation Checklists),
at Attachment II, Analysis of Industry Support for the Antidumping
and Countervailing Duty Petitions Covering Crystalline Silicon
Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled into Modules, from
Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
(Attachment II). These checklists are on file electronically via
ACCESS.
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In determining whether the petitioner has standing under section
732(c)(4)(A) of the Act, we considered the industry support data
contained in the Petitions with reference to the domestic like product
as defined in the ``Scope of the Investigations,'' in the appendix to
this notice. To establish industry support, the petitioner provided the
2023 production of the domestic like product for the U.S. producers
that support the Petitions.\19\ The petitioner estimated the production
of the domestic like product for the entire domestic industry based on
the production data from the ITC's 2024 report from its second
monitoring proceeding of the safeguard measures on solar cells and made
certain adjustments to these data to estimate total U.S. production of
the domestic like product in 2023.\20\ The petitioner compared the
production of the supporters of the Petitions to the estimated total
2023 production of the domestic like product for the entire domestic
industry.\21\ We have relied on the data provided by the petitioner for
purposes of measuring industry support.\22\
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\19\ See Petitions at Volume I (pages 9-11 and Exhibits I-3 and
I-19); see also First General Issues Supplement at 3 and Exhibit I-
Supp-5; and Petitioner Response at 16-17 and Exhibits 8-9.
\20\ See Petitions at Volume I (pages 9-11 and Exhibit I-19);
see also First General Issues Supplement at 1-4 and Exhibits I-Supp-
2 through I-Supp-5; and Petitioner Response at 16-17 and Exhibits 9-
10.
\21\ See Petitions at Volume I (pages 9-11 and Exhibits I-3 and
I-19); see also First General Issues Supplement at 1-4 and Exhibits
I-Supp-2 through I-Supp-5; and Petitioner Response at 16-17 and
Exhibits 8-10.
\22\ See Petitions at Volume I (pages 8-11 and Exhibits I-1, I-
2, and I-19); see also First General Issues Supplement at 1-4 and
Exhibits I-Supp-2 through I-Supp-5; Petitioner Response at 16-17 and
Exhibits 8-10; and Third General Issues Supplement. For further
discussion, see Attachment II of the Country-Specific AD Initiation
Checklists.
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On May 3, 2024, we received timely filed comments on industry
support from NextEra Energy Constructors, LLC (NextEra), a U.S.
importer of solar cells.\23\ On May 7, 2024, we received timely filed
comments on industry support from Illuminate USA LLC (Illuminate), a
U.S. producer of the domestic like product.\24\ On May 7, 2024, we also
received timely filed comments on industry support from Canadian Solar
US Module Manufacturing Corporation, Canadian Solar International
Limited, and Canadian Solar Manufacturing (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
(collectively, Canadian Solar), a U.S. producer of the domestic like
product and foreign producer and exporter of solar cells.\25\ On May 9,
2024, the petitioner responded to the comments from NextEra,
Illuminate, and Canadian Solar in a timely filed rebuttal
submission.\26\
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\23\ See NextEra's Letter, ``Request to Reject the Petitions or
to Poll the Industry,'' dated May 3, 2024.
\24\ See Illuminate's Letter, ``Challenge to Petitioner's
Standing for Domestic Production of Cells and Request to Poll the
Domestic Industry,'' dated May 7, 2024.
\25\ See Canadian Solar's Letter, ``Request to Exclude Hanwha
from Commerce's Industry Support Calculations,'' dated May 7, 2024.
\26\ See Petitioner Response.
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Our review of the data provided in the Petitions, the First General
Issues Supplement, the Third General Issues Supplement, the Petitioner
Response, and other information readily available to Commerce indicates
that the petitioner has established industry support for the
Petitions.\27\ First, the Petitions established support from domestic
producers (or workers) accounting for more than 50 percent of the total
production of the domestic like product and, as such, Commerce is not
required to take further action in order to evaluate industry support
(e.g., polling).\28\ Second, the domestic producers (or workers) have
met the statutory criteria for industry support under section
732(c)(4)(A)(i) of the Act because the domestic producers (or workers)
who support the Petitions account for at least 25 percent of the total
production of the domestic like product.\29\ Finally, the domestic
producers (or workers) have met the statutory criteria for industry
support under section 732(c)(4)(A)(ii) of the Act because the domestic
producers (or workers) who support the Petitions account for more than
50 percent of the production of the domestic like product produced by
that portion of the industry expressing support for, or opposition to,
the Petitions.\30\ Accordingly, Commerce determines that the Petitions
were filed on behalf of the domestic industry within the meaning of
section 732(b)(1) of the Act.\31\
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\27\ See Attachment II of the Country-Specific AD Initiation
Checklists.
\28\ Id.; see also section 732(c)(4)(D) of the Act.
\29\ See Attachment II of the Country-Specific AD Initiation
Checklists.
\30\ Id.
\31\ Id.
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Allegations and Evidence of Material Injury and Causation
The petitioner alleges that the U.S. industry producing the
domestic like product is being materially injured, or is threatened
with material injury, by reason of the imports of the subject
merchandise sold at LTFV. In addition, the petitioner argues that
subject imports from Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Cambodia
individually exceed the negligibility threshold
[[Page 43812]]
provided for under section 771(24)(A) of the Act.\32\
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\32\ See Petitions at Volume I (pages 40-41 and Exhibit I-32).
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The petitioner contends that the industry's injured condition is
illustrated by the significant and increasing volume of subject
imports; the increase in subject imports' market share; underselling
and price depression and/or suppression; lost sales and revenues;
negative impact on capacity utilization, employment, planned expansions
and new facilities, and financial performance; and the magnitude of the
alleged dumping margins.\33\ We assessed the allegations and supporting
evidence regarding material injury, threat of material injury,
causation, as well as negligibility, and we have determined that these
allegations are properly supported by adequate evidence, and meet the
statutory requirements for initiation.\34\
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\33\ Id. at Volume I (pages 3-8, 26-27, 32-59 and Exhibits I-5
through I-16, and I-25 through I-53); see also First General Issues
Supplement at 4 and Exhibit I-Supp-6.
\34\ See Country-Specific AD Initiation Checklists at Attachment
III, Analysis of Allegations and Evidence of Material Injury and
Causation for the Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Petitions
Covering Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not
Assembled into Modules, from Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and
Vietnam.
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Allegations of Sales at LTFV
The following is a description of the allegations of sales at LTFV
upon which Commerce based its decision to initiate LTFV investigations
of imports of solar cells from Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and
Vietnam. The sources of data for the deductions and adjustments
relating to U.S. price and normal value (NV) are discussed in greater
detail in the Country-Specific AD Initiation Checklists.
U.S. Price
For Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam, the petitioner based
export price (EP) on pricing information for sales, or offers for sale,
of solar cells produced in and exported from each country.\35\ For each
country, the petitioner made certain adjustments to U.S. price to
calculate a net ex-factory U.S. price, where applicable.\36\
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\35\ See Country-Specific AD Initiation Checklists.
\36\ Id.
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Normal Value <SUP>37</SUP>
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\37\ In accordance with section 773(b)(2) of the Act, for the
Cambodia, Malaysia, and Thailand investigations, Commerce will
request information necessary to calculate the constructed value
(CV) and COP to determine whether there are reasonable grounds to
believe or suspect that sales of the foreign like product have been
made at prices that represent less than the COP of the product.
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For Cambodia, Malaysia, and Thailand, the petitioner stated that it
was unable to obtain home market or third country pricing information
for solar cells to use as a basis for normal value (NV).\38\ Therefore,
for Cambodia, Malaysia, and Thailand, the petitioner calculated NV
based on CV.\39\ For further discussion of CV for Cambodia, Malaysia,
and Thailand, see the section ``Normal Value Based on Constructed
Value,'' below.
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\38\ See Country-Specific AD Initiation Checklists.
\39\ Id.
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Commerce considers Vietnam to be an NME country.\40\ In accordance
with section 771(18)(C)(i) of the Act, any determination that a foreign
country is an NME country shall remain in effect until revoked by
Commerce. Therefore, we continue to treat Vietnam as an NME country for
purposes of the initiation of the Vietnam LTFV investigation.
Accordingly, we base NV on FOPs valued in a surrogate market economy
country in accordance with section 773(c) of the Act.
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\40\ See, e.g., Certain Frozen Fish Fillets from the Socialist
Republic of Vietnam: Final Results, and Final Results of No
Shipments of the Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2016-2017,
84 FR 18007 (April 29, 2019).
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The petitioner claims that Indonesia is an appropriate surrogate
country for Vietnam because it is a market economy that is at a level
of economic development comparable to that of Vietnam and is a
significant producer of comparable merchandise.\41\ The petitioner
provided publicly available information from Indonesia to value all
FOPs.\42\ Based on the information provided by the petitioner, we
believe it is appropriate to use Indonesia as a surrogate country for
Vietnam to value all FOPs.
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\41\ See Vietnam AD Initiation Checklist.
\42\ Id.
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Interested parties will have the opportunity to submit comments
regarding surrogate country selection and, pursuant to 19 CFR
351.301(c)(3)(i), will be provided an opportunity to submit publicly
available information to value FOPs within 30 days before the scheduled
date of the preliminary determination.
Factors of Production
Because information regarding the volume of inputs consumed by
Vietnamese producers/exporters was not reasonably available, the
petitioner used product-specific consumption rates from a U.S. producer
of solar cells as a surrogate to value Vietnamese manufacturers'
FOPs.\43\ Additionally, the petitioner calculated factory overhead,
selling, general, and administrative (SG&A) expenses, and profit based
on the experience of an Indonesian producer of identical
merchandise.\44\
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\43\ Id.
\44\ Id.
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Normal Value Based on Constructed Value
As noted above for Cambodia, Malaysia, and Thailand, the petitioner
stated that it was unable to obtain home market or third-country prices
for solar cells to use as a basis for NV. Therefore, for Cambodia,
Malaysia, and Thailand, the petitioner calculated NV based on CV.\45\
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\45\ See Country-Specific AD Initiation Checklists.
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Pursuant to section 773(e) of the Act, the petitioner calculated CV
as the sum of the cost of manufacturing, SG&A expenses, financial
expenses, and profit.\46\ For Cambodia, Malaysia, and Thailand, in
calculating the cost of manufacturing, the petitioner relied on the
production experience and input consumption rates of a U.S. producer of
solar cells, valued using publicly available information applicable to
the respective countries, where applicable.\47\ In calculating SG&A
expenses, financial expenses, and profit ratios, the petitioner relied
on the fiscal year 2022-2023 financial statements of producers of
identical merchandise domiciled in Malaysia, and Thailand.\48\ For
Cambodia, the petitioner was not able to find financial statements from
a producer of identical or comparable merchandise in Cambodia and used
a 2023 audited financial statements from a Thai producer of integrated
circuits, microelectronics circuit boards.\49\
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\46\ Id.
\47\ Id.
\48\ Id.
\49\ See Cambodia AD Initiation Checklist.
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Fair Value Comparisons
Based on the data provided by the petitioner, there is reason to
believe that imports of solar cells from Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand,
and Vietnam are being, or are likely to be, sold in the United States
at LTFV. Based on comparisons of EP to NV in accordance with sections
772 and 773 of the Act, the estimated dumping margins for solar cells
for each of the countries covered by this initiation are as follows:
(1) Cambodia -125.37 percent; (2) Malaysia -81.22 percent; (3)
Thailand--70.36 percent; and (4) Vietnam--271.28 percent.\50\
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\50\ See Country-Specific AD Initiation Checklists.
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Initiation of LTFV Investigations
Based upon the examination of the Petitions and supplemental
responses,
[[Page 43813]]
we find that they meet the requirements of section 732 of the Act.
Therefore, we are initiating LTFV investigations to determine whether
imports of solar cells from Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam
are being, or are likely to be, sold in the United States at LTFV. In
accordance with section 733(b)(1)(A) of the Act and 19 CFR
351.205(b)(1), unless postponed, we will make our preliminary
determinations no later than 140 days after the date of these
initiations.
Respondent Selection
Cambodia
In the Petitions, the petitioner identified 14 companies in
Cambodia as producers or exporters of solar cells.\51\ In the event
Commerce determines that the number of companies is large, and it
cannot individually examine each company based upon Commerce's
resources, where appropriate, Commerce intends to select mandatory
respondents based on quantity and value (Q&V) questionnaires issued to
potential respondents. Following standard practice in AD investigations
involving market economy countries, Commerce would normally select
respondents based on U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) entry
data for imports under the appropriate Harmonized Tariff Schedule of
the United States (HTSUS) subheadings listed in the ``Scope of the
Investigations'' in the Appendix. However, for these investigations,
due to Commerce's determination that imports from Cambodia of solar
cells are circumventing the AD order on solar cells from China,\52\ we
cannot rely on CBP data in selecting respondents, and instead, we will
rely on shipment data gathered by issuing Q&V questionnaires.
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\51\ See Petitions at Volume I (page 23 and Exhibit I-23); see
also General Issues Errata at 2 and Exhibit I-23; First General
Issues Supplement at 1 and Exhibit I-Supp-1; and Second General
Issues Supplement at 1 and Exhibit I-Supp2-2.
\52\ See Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Orders on
Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled
into Modules, from the People's Republic of China: Final Scope
Determination and Final Affirmative Determinations of Circumvention
With Respect to Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam, 88 FR
57419 (August 23, 2023) (Final Circumvention Determination).
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Commerce will issue Q&V questionnaires to all Cambodian companies
identified in the Petition with complete address information. Commerce
will also post the Q&V questionnaires along with filing instructions on
Commerce's website at <a href="https://www.trade.gov/ec-adcvd-case-announcements">https://www.trade.gov/ec-adcvd-case-announcements</a>. Exporters/producers of solar cells from Cambodia that do
not receive Q&V questionnaires may still submit a response to the Q&V
questionnaire and can obtain a copy of the Q&V questionnaire from
Commerce's website. Responses to the Q&V questionnaire must be
submitted by the relevant Cambodian producers/exporters no later than
5:00 p.m. on May 28, 2024, which is two weeks from the signature date
of this notice. An electronically filed document must be received
successfully, in its entirety, by ACCESS no later than 5:00 p.m. ET on
the deadline noted above. Commerce intends to finalize its decision
regarding respondent selection within 20 days of publication of this
notice.
Malaysia and Thailand
In the Petitions, the petitioner identified 27 companies in
Malaysia and 23 companies in Thailand as producers or exporters of
solar cells.\53\ In the event Commerce determines that the number of
companies is large, and it cannot individually examine each company
based upon Commerce's resources, where appropriate, Commerce intends to
select mandatory respondents based on Q&V questionnaires issued to
potential respondents. Following standard practice in AD investigations
involving market economy countries, Commerce would normally select
respondents based on CBP entry data for imports under the appropriate
HTSUS subheadings listed in the ``Scope of the Investigations'' in the
Appendix. However, for these investigations, due to Commerce's
determination that imports from Malaysia and Thailand of solar cells
are circumventing the AD order on solar cells from China,\54\ we cannot
rely on CBP data in selecting respondents, and instead, we will rely on
shipment data gathered by issuing Q&V questionnaires.
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\53\ See Petitions at Volume I (page 23 and Exhibit I-23); see
also Errata to General Issues Supplement at 2 and Exhibit I-23;
First General Issues Supplement at 1 and Exhibit I-Supp-1; and
Second General Issues Supplement at 1 and Exhibit I-Supp2-2.
\54\ See Final Circumvention Determination.
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Notwithstanding the decision to rely on Q&V questionnaires for
respondent selection for Malaysia and Thailand, due to the large number
of producers and/or exporters identified in the Petitions, Commerce has
determined to limit the number of Q&V questionnaires that it will issue
to producers and/or exporters based on CBP data for entries of solar
cells under the appropriate HTSUS subheadings listed in the ``Scope of
the Investigations,'' in the appendix. Accordingly, for Malaysia and
Thailand, Commerce will send Q&V questionnaires to the largest
producers and/or exporters that are identified in the CBP entry data
for which there is complete address information on the record.
Commerce will also post the Q&V questionnaires along with filing
instructions on Commerce's website at <a href="https://www.trade.gov/ec-adcvd-case-announcements">https://www.trade.gov/ec-adcvd-case-announcements</a>. Exporters/producers of solar cells from Malaysia
and Thailand that do not receive Q&V questionnaires may still submit a
response to the Q&V questionnaire and can obtain a copy of the Q&V
questionnaire from Commerce's website. Responses to the Q&V
questionnaire must be submitted by the relevant Malaysian or Thai
producers/exporters no later than 5:00 p.m. on May 28, 2024, which is
two weeks from the signature date of this notice. An electronically
filed document must be received successfully, in its entirety, by
ACCESS no later than 5:00 p.m. ET on the deadline noted above. Commerce
intends to finalize its decision regarding respondent selection within
20 days of publication of this notice.
Vietnam
In the Petitions, the petitioner named 50 companies in Vietnam as
producers and/or exporters of solar cells.\55\ Our standard practice
for respondent selection in AD investigations involving NME countries
is to select respondents based on Q&V questionnaires in cases where we
have determined that the number of companies is large and it cannot
individually examine each company based upon its resources. Therefore,
considering the number of producers and/or exporters identified in the
Petitions, Commerce will solicit Q&V information that can serve as a
basis for selecting exporters for individual examination in the event
that Commerce determines that the number is large and decides to limit
the number of respondents individually examined pursuant to section
777A(c)(2) of the Act. Because there are 50 Vietnamese producers and/or
exporters identified in the Petitions, Commerce has determined that it
will issue Q&V questionnaires to the largest producers and/or exporters
that are identified in the CBP data for which there is complete address
information on the record.
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\55\ See Petitions at Volume I (page 23 and Exhibit I-23); see
also Errata to General Issues Supplement at 2 and Exhibit I-23;
First General Issues Supplement at 1 and Exhibit I-Supp-1; and
Second General Issues Supplement at 1 and Exhibit I-Supp2-2.
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Commerce will also post the Q&V questionnaires along with filing
instructions on Commerce's website at
[[Page 43814]]
<a href="https://www.trade.gov/ec-adcvd-case-announcements">https://www.trade.gov/ec-adcvd-case-announcements</a>. Exporters/producers
of solar cells from Vietnam that do not receive Q&V questionnaires may
still submit a response to the Q&V questionnaire and can obtain a copy
of the Q&V questionnaire from Commerce's website. Responses to the Q&V
questionnaire must be submitted by the relevant Vietnamese producers/
exporters no later than 5:00 p.m. on May 28, 2024, which is two weeks
from the signature date of this notice. An electronically filed
document must be received successfully, in its entirety, by ACCESS no
later than 5:00 p.m. ET on the deadline noted above. Commerce intends
to finalize its decision regarding respondent selection within 20 days
of publication of this notice.
Interested parties must submit applications for disclosure under
APO in accordance with 19 CFR 351.305(b). As stated above, instructions
for filing such applications may be found on Commerce's website at
<a href="https://www.trade.gov/administrative-protective-orders">https://www.trade.gov/administrative-protective-orders</a>.
Separate Rates
In order to obtain separate rate status in an NME investigation,
exporters and producers must submit a separate rate application. The
specific requirements for submitting a separate rate application in an
NME investigation are outlined in detail in the application itself,
which is available on Commerce's website at <a href="https://access.trade.gov/Resources/nme/nme-sep-rate.html">https://access.trade.gov/Resources/nme/nme-sep-rate.html</a>. The separate rate application will be
due 30 days after publication of this initiation notice. Exporters and
producers must file a timely separate rate application if they want to
be considered for individual examination. Exporters and producers who
submit a separate rate application and have been selected as mandatory
respondents will be eligible for consideration for separate rate status
only if they respond to all parts of Commerce's AD questionnaire as
mandatory respondents. Commerce requires that companies from Vietnam
submit a response both to the Q&V questionnaire and to the separate
rate application by the respective deadlines to receive consideration
for separate rate status. Companies not filing a timely Q&V
questionnaire response will not receive separate rate consideration.
Use of Combination Rates
Commerce will calculate combination rates for certain respondents
that are eligible for a separate rate in an NME investigation. The
Separate Rates and Combination Rates Bulletin states:
{w{time} hile continuing the practice of assigning separate rates
only to exporters, all separate rates that {Commerce{time} will now
assign in its NME investigation will be specific to those producers
that supplied the exporter during the period of investigation. Note,
however, that one rate is calculated for the exporter and all of the
producers which supplied subject merchandise to it during the period
of investigation. This practice applies both to mandatory
respondents receiving an individually calculated separate rate as
well as the pool of non-investigated firms receiving the {weighted
average{time} of the individually calculated rates. This practice
is referred to as the application of ``combination rates'' because
such rates apply to specific combinations of exporters and one or
more producers. The cash-deposit rate assigned to an exporter will
apply only to merchandise both exported by the firm in question and
produced by a firm that supplied the exporter during the period of
investigation.\56\
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\56\ See Enforcement and Compliance's Policy Bulletin No. 05.1,
regarding, ``Separate-Rates Practice and Application of Combination
Rates in Antidumping Investigation involving NME Countries,'' (April
5, 2005) at 6 (emphasis added), available on Commerce's website at
<a href="https://access.trade.gov/Resources/policy/bull05-1.pdf">https://access.trade.gov/Resources/policy/bull05-1.pdf</a>.
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Distribution of Copies of the Petitions
In accordance with section 732(b)(3)(A) of the Act and 19 CFR
351.202(f), copies of the public version of the Petitions have been
provided to the governments of Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and
Vietnam via ACCESS. To the extent practicable, we will attempt to
provide a copy of the public version of the Petitions to each exporter
named in the Petitions, as provided under 19 CFR 351.203(c)(2).
ITC Notification
Commerce will notify the ITC of our initiation, as required by
section 732(d) of the Act.
Preliminary Determinations by the ITC
The ITC will preliminarily determine, within 45 days after the date
on which the Petitions were filed, whether there is a reasonable
indication that imports of solar cells from Cambodia, Malaysia, and
Thailand, and/or Vietnam are materially injuring, or threatening
material injury to, a U.S. industry.\57\ A negative ITC determination
for any country will result in the investigation being terminated with
respect to that country.\58\ Otherwise, these LTFV investigations will
proceed according to statutory and regulatory time limits.
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\57\ See section 733(a) of the Act.
\58\ Id.
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Submission of Factual Information
Factual information is defined in 19 CFR 351.102(b)(21) as: (i)
evidence submitted in response to questionnaires; (ii) evidence
submitted in support of allegations; (iii) publicly available
information to value factors under 19 CFR 351.408(c) or to measure the
adequacy of remuneration under 19 CFR 351.511(a)(2); (iv) evidence
placed on the record by Commerce; and (v) evidence other than factual
information described in (i)-(iv). Section 351.301(b) of Commerce's
regulations requires any party, when submitting factual information, to
specify under which subsection of 19 CFR 351.102(b)(21) the information
is being submitted \59\ and, if the information is submitted to rebut,
clarify, or correct factual information already on the record, to
provide an explanation identifying the information already on the
record that the factual information seeks to rebut, clarify, or
correct.\60\ Time limits for the submission of factual information are
addressed in 19 CFR 351.301, which provides specific time limits based
on the type of factual information being submitted. Interested parties
should review the regulations prior to submitting factual information
in these investigations.
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\59\ See 19 CFR 351.301(b).
\60\ See 19 CFR 351.301(b)(2).
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Particular Market Situation Allegation
Section 773(e) of the Act addresses the concept of particular
market situation (PMS) for purposes of CV, stating that ``if a
particular market situation exists such that the cost of materials and
fabrication or other processing of any kind does not accurately reflect
the cost of production in the ordinary course of trade, the
administering authority may use another calculation methodology under
this subtitle or any other calculation methodology.'' When an
interested party submits a PMS allegation pursuant to section 773(e) of
the Act (i.e., a cost-based PMS allegation), Commerce will respond to
such a submission consistent with 19 CFR 351.301(c)(2)(v). If Commerce
finds that a cost-based PMS exists under section 773(e) of the Act,
then it will modify its dumping calculations appropriately.
Neither section 773(e) of the Act, nor 19 CFR 351.301(c)(2)(v),
sets a deadline for the submission of cost-based PMS allegations and
supporting factual information. However, in order to administer section
773(e) of the Act, Commerce must receive PMS allegations and supporting
factual information with enough time to consider the submission. Thus,
should an interested party wish to submit a cost-based PMS allegation
and supporting new factual information pursuant to section 773(e) of
the Act, it must do so no later than 20 days after
[[Page 43815]]
submission of a respondent's initial section D questionnaire response.
We note that a PMS allegation filed pursuant to sections
773(a)(1)(B)(ii)(III) or 773(a)(1)(C)(iii) of the Act (i.e., a sales-
based PMS allegation) must be filed within 10 days of submission of a
respondent's initial section B questionnaire response, in accordance
with 19 CFR 351.301(c)(2)(i) and 19 CFR 351.404(c)(2).
Extensions of Time Limits
Parties may request an extension of time limits before the
expiration of a time limit established under 19 CFR 351.301, or as
otherwise specified by Commerce. In general, an extension request will
be considered untimely if it is filed after the expiration of the time
limit established under 19 CFR 351.301, or as otherwise specified by
Commerce.\61\ For submissions that are due from multiple parties
simultaneously, an extension request will be considered untimely if it
is filed after 10:00 a.m. ET on the due date. Under certain
circumstances, Commerce may elect to specify a different time limit by
which extension requests will be considered untimely for submissions
which are due from multiple parties simultaneously. In such a case, we
will inform parties in a letter or memorandum of the deadline
(including a specified time) by which extension requests must be filed
to be considered timely. An extension request must be made in a
separate, standalone submission; under limited circumstances we will
grant untimely filed requests for the extension of time limits, where
we determine, based on 19 CFR 351.302, that extraordinary circumstances
exist. Parties should review Commerce's regulations concerning the
extension of time limits and the Time Limits Final Rule prior to
submitting factual information in these investigations.\62\
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\61\ See 19 CFR 351.301; see also Extension of Time Limits;
Final Rule, 78 FR 57790 (September 20, 2013) (Time Limits Final
Rule), available at <a href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-09-20/html/2013-22853.htm">https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-09-20/html/2013-22853.htm</a>.
\62\ See 19 CFR 351.302; see also, e.g., Time Limits Final Rule.
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Certification Requirements
Any party submitting factual information in an AD or CVD proceeding
must certify to the accuracy and completeness of that information.\63\
Parties must use the certification formats provided in 19 CFR
351.303(g).\64\ Commerce intends to reject factual submissions if the
submitting party does not comply with the applicable certification
requirements.
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\63\ See section 782(b) of the Act.
\64\ See Certification of Factual Information to Import
Administration During Antidumping and Countervailing Duty
Proceedings, 78 FR 42678 (July 17, 2013) (Final Rule). Additional
information regarding the Final Rule is available at <a href="https://access.trade.gov/Resources/filing/index.html">https://access.trade.gov/Resources/filing/index.html</a>.
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Notification to Interested Parties
Interested parties must submit applications for disclosure under
APO in accordance with 19 CFR 351.305. Parties wishing to participate
in these investigations should ensure that they meet the requirements
of 19 CFR 351.103(d) (e.g., by filing the required letter of
appearance). Note that Commerce has amended certain of its requirements
pertaining to the service of documents in 19 CFR 351.303(f).\65\
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\65\ See Administrative Protective Order, Service, and Other
Procedures in Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Proceedings, 88 FR
67069 (September 29, 2023).
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This notice is issued and published pursuant to sections 732(c)(2)
and 777(i) of the Act, and 19 CFR 351.203(c).
Dated: May 14, 2024.
Ryan Majerus,
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Policy and Negotiations, performing the
non-exclusive functions and duties of the Assistant Secretary for
Enforcement and Compliance.
Appendix
Scope of the Investigations
The merchandise covered by these investigations is crystalline
silicon photovoltaic cells, and modules, laminates, and panels,
consisting of crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, whether or not
partially or fully assembled into other products, including, but not
limited to, modules, laminates, panels and building integrated
materials.
These investigations cover crystalline silicon photovoltaic
cells of thickness equal to or greater than 20 micrometers, having a
p/n junction formed by any means, whether or not the cell has
undergone other processing, including, but not limited to, cleaning,
etching, coating, and/or addition of materials (including, but not
limited to, metallization and conductor patterns) to collect and
forward the electricity that is generated by the cell.
Merchandise under consideration may be described at the time of
importation as parts for final finished products that are assembled
after importation, including, but not limited to, modules,
laminates, panels, building-integrated modules, building-integrated
panels, or other finished goods kits. Such parts that otherwise meet
the definition of merchandise under consideration are included in
the scope of the investigations.
Excluded from the scope of the investigations are thin film
photovoltaic products produced from amorphous silicon (a-Si),
cadmium telluride (CdTe), or copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS).
Also excluded from the scope of the investigations are
crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, not exceeding 10,000 mm2 in
surface area, that are permanently integrated into a consumer good
whose function is other than power generation and that consumes the
electricity generated by the integrated crystalline silicon
photovoltaic cell. Where more than one cell is permanently
integrated into a consumer good, the surface area for purposes of
this exclusion shall be the total combined surface area of all cells
that are integrated into the consumer good.
Additionally, excluded from the scope of the investigations are
panels with surface area from 3,450 mm2 to 33,782 mm2 with one black
wire and one red wire (each of type 22 AWG or 24 AWG not more than
206 mm in length when measured from panel extrusion), and not
exceeding 2.9 volts, 1.1 amps, and 3.19 watts. For the purposes of
this exclusion, no panel shall contain an internal battery or
external computer peripheral ports.
Also excluded from the scope of the investigations are:
(1) Off grid CSPV panels in rigid form with a glass cover, with
the following characteristics: (A) a total power output of 100 watts
or less per panel; (B) a maximum surface area of 8,000 cm2 per
panel; (C) do not include a built-in inverter; (D) must include a
permanently connected wire that terminates in either an 8 mm male
barrel connector, or a two-port rectangular connector with two pins
in square housings of different colors; (E) must include visible
parallel grid collector metallic wire lines every 1-4 millimeters
across each solar cell; and (F) must be in individual retail
packaging (for purposes of this provision, retail packaging
typically includes graphics, the product name, its description and/
or features, and foam for transport); and
(2) Off grid CSPV panels without a glass cover, with the
following characteristics: (A) a total power output of 100 watts or
less per panel; (B) a maximum surface area of 8,000 cm2 per panel;
(C) do not include a built-in inverter; (D) must include visible
parallel grid collector metallic wire lines every 1-4 millimeters
across each solar cell; and (E) each panel is (1) permanently
integrated into a consumer good; (2) encased in a laminated material
without stitching, or (3) has all of the following characteristics:
(i) the panel is encased in sewn fabric with visible stitching, (ii)
includes a mesh zippered storage pocket, and (iii) includes a
permanently attached wire that terminates in a female USB-A
connector.
In addition, the following CSPV panels are excluded from the
scope of the investigations: off-grid CSPV panels in rigid form with
a glass cover, with each of the following physical characteristics,
whether or not assembled into a fully completed off-grid hydropanel
whose function is conversion of water vapor into liquid water: (A) a
total power output of no more than 80 watts per panel; (B) a surface
area of less than 5,000 square centimeters (cm2) per panel; (C) do
not include a built-in inverter; (D) do not have a frame around the
edges of the panel; (E) include a clear glass back panel; and (F)
[[Page 43816]]
must include a permanently connected wire that terminates in a
twoport rectangular connector.
Additionally excluded from the scope of these investigations are
off-grid small portable crystalline silicon photovoltaic panels,
with or without a glass cover, with the following characteristics:
(1) a total power output of 200 watts or less per panel; (2) a
maximum surface area of 16,000 cm2 per panel; (3) no built-in
inverter; (4) an integrated handle or a handle attached to the
package for ease of carry; (5) one or more integrated kickstands for
easy installation or angle adjustment; and (6) a wire of not less
than 3 meters either permanently connected or attached to the
package that terminates in an 8 mm diameter male barrel connector.
Also excluded from the scope of these investigations are off-
grid crystalline silicon photovoltaic panels in rigid form with a
glass cover, with each of the following physical characteristics,
whether or not assembled into a fully completed off-grid hydropanel
whose function is conversion of water vapor into liquid water: (A) a
total power output of no more than 180 watts per panel at 155
degrees Celsius; (B) a surface area of less than 16,000 square
centimeters (cm2) per panel; (C) include a keep-out area of
approximately 1,200 cm2 around the edges of the panel that does not
contain solar cells; (D) do not include a built-in inverter; (E) do
not have a frame around the edges of the panel; (F) include a clear
glass back panel; (G) must include a permanently connected wire that
terminates in a two-port rounded rectangular, sealed connector; (H)
include a thermistor installed into the permanently connected wire
before the twoport connector; and (I) include exposed positive and
negative terminals at opposite ends of the panel, not enclosed in a
junction box.
Modules, laminates, and panels produced in a third-country from
cells produced in a subject country are covered by the
investigations; however, modules, laminates, and panels produced in
a subject country from cells produced in a third-country are not
covered by the investigations.
Also excluded from the scope of these investigations are all
products covered by the scope of the antidumping and countervailing
duty orders on Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or
Not Assembled into Modules, from the People's Republic of China:
Amended Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, and
Antidumping Duty Order, 77 FR 73018 (December 7, 2012); and
Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled
into Modules, from the People's Republic of China: Countervailing
Duty Order, 77 FR 73017 (December 7, 2012).
Merchandise covered by the investigations is currently
classified in the Harmonized Tariff System of the United States
(HTSUS) under subheadings 8541.42.0010 and 8541.43.0010. Imports of
the subject merchandise may enter under HTSUS subheadings
8501.71.0000, 8501.72.1000, 8501.72.2000, 8501.72.3000,
8501.72.9000, 8501.80.1000, 8501.80.2000, 8501.80.3000,
8501.80.9000, 8507.20.8010, 8507.20.8031, 8507.20.8041,
8507.20.8061, and 8507.20.8091. These HTSUS subheadings are provided
for convenience and customs purposes; the written description of the
scope of the investigations is dispositive.
[FR Doc. 2024-11031 Filed 5-17-24; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 3510-DS-P
</pre></body>
</html>Indexed from Federal Register on May 20, 2024.
This is legal information, not legal advice. Laws vary by jurisdiction and change frequently. Always verify current law with official sources and consult a licensed attorney in your jurisdiction for advice on your specific situation.