Rule2024-07244
Imposition of Import Restrictions on Archaeological and Ethnological Material of Pakistan
Primary source
Metadata and text below are from the Federal Register, a public-domain U.S. government work. Always verify the official published version before relying on it for any legal matter.
Published
April 10, 2024
Effective
April 10, 2024
Issuing agencies
Homeland Security DepartmentU.S. Customs and Border ProtectionTreasury Department
Abstract
This document amends the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) regulations to reflect the imposition of import restrictions on archaeological and ethnological materials from the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Pakistan). These restrictions are imposed pursuant to an agreement between the United States and Pakistan, entered into under the authority of the Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act. This document amends the CBP regulations, adding Pakistan to the list of countries which have bilateral agreements with the United States imposing cultural property import restrictions, and contains the Designated List, which describes the archaeological and ethnological materials to which the restrictions apply.
Full Text
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[Federal Register Volume 89, Number 70 (Wednesday, April 10, 2024)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 25130-25139]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [<a href="http://www.gpo.gov">www.gpo.gov</a>]
[FR Doc No: 2024-07244]
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DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
19 CFR Part 12
[CBP Dec. 24-09]
RIN 1515-AE82
Imposition of Import Restrictions on Archaeological and
Ethnological Material of Pakistan
AGENCY: U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Department of Homeland
Security; Department of the Treasury.
ACTION: Final rule.
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SUMMARY: This document amends the U.S. Customs and Border Protection
(CBP) regulations to reflect the imposition of import restrictions on
archaeological and ethnological materials from the Islamic Republic of
Pakistan (Pakistan). These restrictions are imposed pursuant to an
agreement between the United States and Pakistan, entered into under
the authority of the Convention on Cultural Property Implementation
Act. This document amends the CBP regulations, adding Pakistan to the
list of countries which have bilateral agreements with the United
States imposing cultural property import restrictions, and contains the
Designated List, which describes the archaeological and ethnological
materials to which the restrictions apply.
DATES: Effective on April 10, 2024.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For legal aspects, W. Richmond
Beevers, Chief, Cargo Security, Carriers and Restricted Merchandise
Branch, Regulations and Rulings, Office of Trade, (202) 325-0084, <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#83ecf7aeecf7f1f1e0f6eff7f6f1e2eff3f1ecf3e6f1f7fac3e0e1f3ade7ebf0ade4ecf5"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="f09f84dd9f84828293859c848582919c80829f8095828489b0939280de949883de979f86">[email protected]</span></a>. For operational aspects, Julie L.
Stoeber, Chief, 1USG Branch, Trade Policy and Programs, Office of
Trade, (202) 945-7064, <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#51600402161323303f3239113233217f3539227f363e27"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="a697f3f5e1e4d4c7c8c5cee6c5c4d688c2ced588c1c9d0">[email protected]</span></a>.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
[[Page 25131]]
Background
The Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act (Pub. L. 97-
446, 19 U.S.C. 2601 et seq.) (CPIA), which implements the 1970 United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit
Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (823
U.N.T.S. 231 (1972)) (Convention), allows for the conclusion of an
agreement between the United States and another party to the Convention
to impose import restrictions on certain archaeological and
ethnological material. Pursuant to the CPIA, the United States entered
into a bilateral agreement with the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
(Pakistan) to impose import restrictions on certain archaeological and
ethnological material of Pakistan. This rule announces that the United
States is now imposing import restrictions on certain archaeological
and ethnological material of Pakistan through January 30, 2029. This
period may be extended for additional periods, each extension not to
exceed 5 years, if it is determined that the factors justifying the
initial agreement still pertain and no cause for suspension of the
agreement exists (19 U.S.C. 2602(e); Sec. 12.104g(a) of title 19 of
the Code of Federal Regulations (19 CFR 12.104g(a))).
Determinations
Under 19 U.S.C. 2602(a)(1), the United States must make certain
determinations before entering into an agreement to impose import
restrictions under 19 U.S.C. 2602(a)(2). On August 29, 2022, the
Assistant Secretary for Educational and Cultural Affairs, United States
Department of State, after consultation with and recommendation by the
Cultural Property Advisory Committee, made the determinations required
under the statute with respect to certain archaeological and
ethnological material originating in Pakistan that is described in the
Designated List set forth below in this document.
These determinations include the following: (1) that the cultural
patrimony of Pakistan is in jeopardy from the pillage of archaeological
material representing Pakistan's cultural heritage dating from
approximately 2,000,000 Years Before Present \1\ to A.D. 1750, and
ethnological material representing Pakistan's diverse history, ranging
in date from approximately A.D. 800 to 1849 (19 U.S.C. 2602(a)(1)(A));
(2) that the Pakistani government has taken measures consistent with
the Convention to protect its cultural patrimony (19 U.S.C.
2602(a)(1)(B)); (3) that import restrictions imposed by the United
States would be of substantial benefit in deterring a serious situation
of pillage and remedies less drastic are not available (19 U.S.C.
2602(a)(1)(C)); and (4) that the application of import restrictions as
set forth in this final rule is consistent with the general interests
of the international community in the interchange of cultural property
among nations for scientific, cultural, and educational purposes (19
U.S.C. 2602(a)(1)(D)). The Assistant Secretary also found that the
material described in the determinations meets the statutory definition
of ``archaeological or ethnological material of the State Party'' (19
U.S.C. 2601(2)).
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\1\ ``Years Before Present'' is commonly used instead of
``B.C.'' or ``A.D.'' within archaeology when radiocarbon dating or
other similar dating techniques are utilized.
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The Agreement
On January 30, 2024, the Governments of the United States and
Pakistan signed a bilateral agreement, ``Agreement Between the
Government of the United States of America and the Government of the
Islamic Republic of Pakistan Concerning the Imposition of Import
Restrictions on Categories of Archaeological and Ethnological Materials
of Pakistan'' (``the Agreement''), pursuant to the provisions of 19
U.S.C. 2602(a)(2). The Agreement entered into force on January 30,
2024, following the exchange of diplomatic notes, and enables the
promulgation of import restrictions on certain categories of
archaeological material ranging in date from the Lower Paleolithic
Period (approximately 2,000,000 Years Before Present) through A.D.
1750, as well as certain categories of ethnological material associated
with Pakistan's diverse history from A.D. 800 through 1849. A list of
the categories of archaeological and ethnological material subject to
the import restrictions is set forth later in this document.
Restrictions and Amendment to the Regulations
In accordance with the Agreement, importation of material
designated below is subject to the restrictions of 19 U.S.C. 2606 and
19 CFR 12.104g(a) and will be restricted from entry into the United
States unless the conditions set forth in 19 U.S.C. 2606 and 19 CFR
12.104c are met. CBP is amending 19 CFR 12.104g(a) to indicate that
these import restrictions have been imposed.
Import restrictions listed at 19 CFR 12.104g(a) are effective for
no more than 5 years beginning on the date on which an agreement enters
into force with respect to the United States. This period may be
extended for additional periods of not more than 5 years if it is
determined that the factors which justified the agreement still pertain
and no cause for suspension of the agreement exists. Therefore, the
import restrictions will expire on January 30, 2029, unless extended.
Designated List of Archaeological and Ethnological Material of Pakistan
The Agreement between the United States and Pakistan includes, but
is not limited to, the categories of objects described in the
Designated List set forth below. Importation of material on this list
is restricted unless the material is accompanied by documentation
certifying that the material left Pakistan legally and not in violation
of the export laws of Pakistan.
The Designated List includes archaeological and ethnological
material from Pakistan. The archaeological material in the Designated
List includes, but is not limited to, objects made of stone, ceramic,
faience, clay, metal, plaster, stucco, painting, ivory, bone, glass,
leather, bark, vellum, parchment, paper, textiles, wood, shell, and/or
other organic materials, as well as human remains ranging in date from
the Lower Paleolithic Period through A.D. 1750. The ethnological
material in the Designated List includes, but is not limited to,
architectural materials and manuscripts ranging in date from A.D. 800
through 1849.
Categories of Archaeological and Ethnological Material
(I) Archaeological Material
(A) Stone
(B) Ceramic, Faience, and Fired Clay
(C) Metal
(D) Plaster, Stucco, and Unfired Clay
(E) Paintings
(F) Ivory and Bone
(G) Glass
(H) Leather, Birch Bark, Vellum, Parchment, and Paper
(I) Textiles
(J) Wood, Shell, and other Organic Material
(K) Human Remains
(II) Ethnological Material
(A) Architectural Materials
(B) Manuscripts
Approximate Simplified Chronology of Well-Known Periods:
(a) Paleolithic, Neolithic, and Chalcolithic: c. 2,000,000 Years
Before Present-3500 B.C.
(b) Bronze Age (Pre-Indus, Indus, and Post-Indus Periods): c. 3500-
1500 B.C.
(c) Iron Age: c. 1500-600 B.C.
(d) Early Historic Period (Achaemenid, Macedonian, and
[[Page 25132]]
Mauryan Empires; Greco-Bactrian, Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian, and Indo-
Parthian Kingdoms; Gandharan Culture; Kushan Empire; Kushano-Sasanian
Period; Gupta Empire; and Turk Shahi Dynasty): c. 600 B.C.-A.D. 712.
(e) Middle Historic Period (Umayyad Caliphate, Hindu Shahi,
Habbari, Ghaznavid, and Ghurid Dynasties): c. A.D. 712-1206.
(f) Late Historic Period (Delhi Sultanate; Mughal Empire; Sikh
Empire): c. A.D. 1206-1849
(I) Archaeological Material
(A) Stone
(1) Architectural Elements--Primarily in limestone, marble,
sandstone, and steatite schist, but includes other types of stone.
Category includes, but is not limited to, arches, balustrades, benches,
brackets, bricks and blocks from walls, ceilings, and floors; columns,
including capitals and bases; dentils; domes; door frames; false
gables; friezes; lintels; merlons; mihrabs; minarets; mosaics; niches;
pilasters; pillars, including capitals and bases; plinths; railings;
ring stones; vaults; window screens (jalis). Elements may be plain,
carved in relief, incised, inlaid, or inscribed in various languages
and scripts; may be painted and/or gilded. Architectural elements may
include relief sculptures, mosaics, and inlays that were part of a
building, such as friezes, panels, or figures in the round. Includes
architectural elements of Hellenistic (Greek) influence, such as Ionic
and Corinthian styles, and/or depicting geometric, floral, or vegetal
motifs, or figures and scenes from Hellenistic (Greek), Buddhist,
Hindu, and Jain religious traditions. For example, Early Historic
Period Gandharan architectural reliefs may include images of the
Buddha, Bodhisattvas, human devotees, and scenes from the life of the
Buddha. Approximate Date: 2600 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
(2) Non-Architectural Monuments--Primarily in limestone, marble,
steatite schist, but includes other types of stone. Types include, but
are not limited to: altars; bases; basins; cenotaphs; funerary
headstones and monuments; fountains; libation platforms; linga(m);
monoliths; niches; plaques; portable shrines; roundels; sarcophagi;
slabs; stands; stelae; stelae bases; and yoni. Monuments may be plain,
carved in relief, incised, inlaid, or inscribed in various languages
and scripts; may be painted and/or gilded. Decorative elements may
include geometric, floral, and/or vegetal motifs, as well as animal,
mythological, and/or human figures, such as images from Hellenistic
(Greek), Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain religious traditions. Includes rock
edicts and pillars with incised inscriptions. Approximate Date: 800
B.C.-A.D. 1750.
(3) Large Statuary--Primarily in steatite schist but includes other
types of stone. Statuary includes seated or standing human and divine
figures, such as statues of the Buddha, Bodhisattvas, and devotees, as
well as figures from Hindu religious traditions. Large statuary is
primarily associated with the Early Historic Period Gandharan
tradition. Statues may bear inscriptions in various languages and
scripts. Approximate Date: 800 B.C.-A.D. 1200.
(4) Small Statuary--Primarily in agate, alabaster, chlorite,
garnet, jade, jasper, limestone, marble, sandstone, and steatite
schist, but includes other types of stone. Animal and human forms may
be stylized or naturalistic. Includes game pieces. Small statuary is
found throughout many periods from the Bronze Age onward; well-known
styles date to the Indus and Early to Middle Historic Periods.
Approximate Date: 3500 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
(a) Bronze Age Indus Period statuary is often made in alabaster,
limestone, sandstone, or steatite. It includes human figures, such as
bearded, seated males that may be schematic or more detailed and may
have inlaid eyes, and female dancers, as well as animal figures such as
bulls, rams, or composite mythological creatures that may be either
schematic or naturalistic. Approximate Date: 3500-1800 B.C.
(b) Early Historic through Middle Historic period statuary made in
alabaster, garnet, steatite schist, and other stones. Includes figures
from Hellenistic (Greek), Buddhist, and Hindu religious traditions.
Approximate Date: 800 B.C.-A.D. 1000.
(5) Vessels and Containers--Primarily in alabaster, chlorite, jade,
rock crystal, and steatite, but includes other types of stone. Vessel
types may be conventional shapes such as bowls, boxes, canisters, cups,
cylindrical vessels, goblets, flasks, jars, jugs, lamps, platters,
stands, and trays, and may also include caskets, cosmetic containers or
palettes, inkpots, pen boxes, spittoons, reliquaries (and their
contents), and incense burners. Includes vessel lids. Some reliquaries
may take the shape of a Buddhist stupa. Surfaces may be plain,
polished, and/or incised or carved in relief with geometric, floral, or
vegetal decoration, elaborate figural scenes, and/or inscriptions in
various languages. Vessels may be inlaid with stones or gilded.
Includes round trays or cosmetic palettes carved in relief, often with
Hellenistic (Greek) mythological or banquet scenes. Approximate Date:
6000 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
(6) Tools, Instruments, and Weights--Includes ground stone and
flaked stone tools.
(a) Ground stone tools, instruments, and weights are mainly made
from chert, diorite, gneiss, granite, jade, marble, limestone, quartz,
sandstone, or steatite, but other types of stone are included. Types
include adzes, anvils, axes, balls, celts, grinding stones,
hammerstones, maces, mills, molds, mortars, palettes, pestles, querns,
rods, rubbers, scepters, whetstones, and others. Also included are
counters, dice, finials, fly whisk handles, game pieces, hilts, mirror
frames and handles, spindle whorls, trays, and weights. Stone weights
are found in various shapes, such as cubes, rectangular prisms, rings,
spheres, and truncated spheres, and may be decorated with incisions or
relief carving and/or inscribed in various languages and scripts.
Mirror handles of the Early Historic Period may be carved in human and
animal forms, and dagger and sword hilts of the Mughal period may be
carved in zoomorphic shapes and inlaid with precious or semi-precious
stones, glass and/or precious metals. Approximate Date: 8000 B.C.-A.D.
1750.
(b) Flaked stone tools are primarily made of chalcedony, chert or
other cryptocrystalline silicates, flint, jasper, obsidian, or
quartzite, but other types of stone are included. Types include axes,
bifaces, blades, burins, borers, choppers, cleavers, cores, hammers,
microliths, points, projectiles, scrapers, sickles, unifaces, and
others. Approximate Date: 2,000,000 Years Before Present--600 B.C.
(7) Beads and Jewelry--Primarily in alabaster, agate, amethyst,
carnelian, chalcedony, coral, cryptocrystalline silicates, emerald,
garnet, jade, jasper, lapis lazuli, onyx, quartz, rock crystal, ruby,
steatite, and turquoise, but also includes other types of stone.
Steatite beads may be fired and glazed. Carnelian beads bleached
(etched) in white with geometric designs are particularly
representative of the Bronze Age Indus period. Beads were made in
animal, biconical, conical, cylindrical, disc, dumbbell, eye, faceted,
scaraboid, spherical, teardrop, and other shapes. May bear geometric
designs, images, and/or inscriptions in various languages and scripts.
Jewelry includes amulets, bracelets, pendants, rings, and other types.
Approximate Date: 7000 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
(8) Stamps, Seals, and Gems--Primarily in agate, amethyst,
carnelian, chalcedony, hematite, jasper, rock
[[Page 25133]]
crystal, steatite, but also includes other types of stone. Stamps,
seals, and gems may have engravings that include animals, human
figures, geometric, floral, or vegetal designs, and/or inscriptions in
various languages and scripts. Includes cameos and intaglios. Well-
known styles are from the Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age, Iron
Age, Early Historic Period, and Middle to Late Historic Periods.
Approximate Date: 7000 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
(a) Chalcolithic and Bronze Age seals are usually square or
rectangular stamp seals, but may also be circular, cylindrical, oval,
or triangular, and may have a pierced knob handle. They may be made of
steatite (usually fired and glazed) or other stones. Incised designs
often feature inscriptions in the Indus script, either alone or
together with animals such as bulls, elephants, and unicorns, as well
as human, divine, and mythological figures, plants, and symbols.
Designs may also be geometric. Approximate Date: 2800-1800 B.C.
(b) Stamps and intaglio seals of the Iron Age and Early Historic
Period are usually made of stones such as agate, carnelian, chalcedony,
garnet, hematite, jasper, lapis lazuli, onyx, quartz, and steatite.
They are usually oval, rectangular, button-shaped or hemispherical.
Stamps and seals may be incised, drilled, cut, or relief-carved with
animals, human, divine, and/or mythological figures, and/or symbols of
Hellenistic (Greek), Achaemenid/Persian, Buddhist, Zoroastrian, or
Hindu traditions; may be carved with a portrait bust; may be perforated
for suspension or set into a ring; may be inscribed in various
languages and scripts. Approximate Date: 1500 B.C.-A.D. 712.
(c) Stamps and seals of the Middle and Late Historic Periods are
usually made in carnelian, chalcedony, hematite, or other stones and
are circular, oval, octagonal, teardrop-shaped, rectangular, or square.
They are usually carved with inscriptions in Arabic or Persian script,
sometimes with floral embellishments. Approximate Date: A.D. 712-1750.
(B) Ceramic, Faience, and Fired Clay
(1) Statuary--Includes small and large-scale statuary in ceramic,
faience, and terracotta. May take the form of an animal, deity, human,
hybrid animal/human or other mythological creature, cart frame or
wheel, model mask, model boat, model house, or model stupa. May be
associated with religious activity, games, or toys. May be painted or
have traces of paint or pigment. Forms may be stylized or naturalized.
Well-known styles date to the Chalcolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Early
Historic, and Middle Historic Periods. Approximate Date: 5500 B.C.-A.D.
1750.
(a) Chalcolithic and Bronze Age (Pre-Indus and Indus Period) male
and female terracotta figurines are stylized with applied or incised
eyes, hair, headdresses, or necklaces and tapered legs. Animal
figurines in terracotta and faience may be stylized, with applied and
incised details, or naturalistic and sometimes partly formed in a mold.
Approximate Date: 5500-1800 B.C.
(b) Late Bronze Age (Post-Indus) and Iron Age terracotta human
figurines may have pinched faces, incised details, and/or flat bases.
Approximate Date: 1800-600 B.C.
(c) Early Historic Period terracotta figurines may be mold-made in
Indo-Greek or local style or handmade with incised and applied details.
They include female figurines (in the round and as plaques), horse-and-
rider figurines, and animals. Approximate Date: 600 B.C.-A.D. 500.
(d) Early Historic Period large-scale terracotta statuary in the
Gandharan tradition can be hand-formed or mold-made in the image of
animals, humans, and mythological figures. May be painted, plastered,
and/or inlaid with stones. Includes statues of the Buddha,
Bodhisattvas, and devotees. Approximate Date: 1st-9th Centuries A.D.
(e) Middle Historic, Hindu Shahi Period terracotta figurines of
male and female human figures and animals are handmade and schematic
with pinched faces and applied and incised details. They can be slipped
and painted. Approximate Date: 9th-10th Centuries A.D.
(2) Architectural Elements--Includes terracotta bricks, niches,
panels, pipes, tiles, window screens (jalis), and other elements used
as functional or decorative elements in buildings and mosaics. Bricks
may be cut or molded to form decorative patterns on building exteriors.
Mosaic designs include animals, humans, and geometric, floral, and/or
vegetal motifs. Panels and tiles may be painted, plastered, or have
traces of paint or plaster. Tiles may bear carved, incised, or
impressed or molded decoration in the form of animals, humans,
geometric, floral, and/or vegetal motifs. Glazed tiles and bricks are
well-known from the Middle and Late Historic Periods, used to decorate
civic and religious architecture. Tiles may be square or polygonal.
They may have been molded, incised, and/or painted with animal,
geometric, floral, and/or vegetal motifs, arabesque (intertwining)
motifs, and or calligraphic writing in various scripts and languages
before glazing. Glaze may be clear, monochrome, or polychrome.
Polychrome glaze may be applied in the cuerda seca technique.
Approximate Date: 3500 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
(3) Vessels--Includes utilitarian vessels, fine tableware, lamps,
special-purpose vessels, and other ceramic objects of everyday use
produced in many periods of Pakistan's history. Approximate Date: 6000
B.C.-A.D. 1750.
(a) Neolithic--Includes handmade earthenware vessels. Vessel types
include bowls, jars, pots, and other forms. They may be made of coarse
chaff- or sand-tempered clay, sometimes with red-slipped surface, often
with basket or mat impressions. Approximate Date: 6000-5500 B.C.
(b) Chalcolithic--Includes handmade and wheel-made earthenware
vessels. Vessel types include bowls, jars, flat dishes, pots, and other
forms. Surface can be reddish-yellow, yellowish, buff, gray, brown, or
red-brown, and burnished or red-slipped. Sometimes painted in black,
brown, and/or red with simple geometric and animal motifs. Approximate
Date: 5500-3500 B.C.
(c) Bronze Age (Pre-Indus, Indus, and Post-Indus Periods)--Includes
handmade and wheel-made earthenware vessels. Vessel types include
bowls, canisters, cooking pots, goblets, jars, lids, plates,
pedestalled stands, perforated strainers, and other forms. Can also
take the form of birdcages, feeder bottles, and mousetraps. Surface can
be buff, greenish-gray, gray, red, red-buff, or white, sometimes with
basket impressions or applied snake motifs. Sometimes slipped in black,
gray, or red clay, occasionally combed to reveal the clay color
beneath. Sometimes painted (monochrome, bichrome, or polychrome) in
black, blue, brown, green, red, white, and yellow with simple or
complex geometric motifs, animals such as birds, cattle, deer, dogs,
gazelle, fish, and others, and/or vegetal motifs such as pipal leaves.
Can be incised with characters in the Indus script. Approximate Date:
3500-1500 B.C.
(d) Iron Age--Includes handmade and wheel-made earthenware vessels.
Vessel types include bottles, bowls, cooking pots, goblets, lids, jars,
jugs, juglets, lids, plates, saucers, tubs, urns, and other forms.
Vessel forms may have a pedestalled foot or stand, handles, and/or
spouts. Surfaces can be red, gray, gray-black, brown, or brown-gray and
may be slipped, grooved, and/or burnished. Painted decoration in
monochrome or bichrome colors includes animal, human, plant, and/or
[[Page 25134]]
geometric motifs. ``Visage'' jars or urns characteristic of this period
depict a human face through modeling and incision or perforation.
Approximate Date: 1500-600 B.C.
(e) Early Historic Period--Includes handmade, mold-made, or wheel-
made earthenware vessels. Vessel types include conventional shapes such
as basins, beakers, bottles, bowls, cooking pots, cups, dishes
(thalis), jars, pitchers, plates, storage vessels, trays, and vases
(kraters), as well as other forms such as incense burners, lamps, rhyta
(drinking horns), and stands. Vessel forms may have pedestal bases,
handles, and/or spouts. Some vessels may have been formed into
elaborate shapes using molds. ``Tulip bowls'' with a rounded base,
flaring rim, and carinated or kinked body are typical of the early part
of this period. Includes round trays or cosmetic palettes decorated in
relief with Hellenistic (Greek) mythological scenes or banquet scenes.
Vessels may have a brown, buff, gray, red, dark purplish-red, yellow,
or black surface. Surface treatments may include slip, burnishing,
polishing, incising, impressing (including grooving, rouletting, and
stamping), appliqu[eacute], painting, and/or glazing. Stamp impressions
include simple geometric motifs; leaves, lotuses, and rosettes; and
elaborate scenes combining animal, human, geometric, floral, and/or
vegetal motifs. Molded animal heads, human figures, or rosettes in clay
may be applied to the exterior surface of a vessel or attached as a
handle. Painted designs include geometric, floral, and vegetal motifs,
as well as friezes of humans, animals, and plants. Some vessels may be
covered with green, blue-green, brown, or yellow glaze. Vessels may be
incised or painted with inscriptions in various languages and scripts.
Approximate Date: 6th Century B.C.-9th Century A.D.
(f) Middle and Late Historic Periods--Includes handmade, molded,
and wheel-made earthenware vessels, as well as porcelain. Vessel types
include conventional shapes such as bowls, cooking pots, cups, ewers,
flasks, jars, jugs, lamps, lids, pans, platters, trays, water vessels
(lota), and other types such as hookah pots, incense burners, vessels
with a pedestalled foot, kneading troughs, model stupas, pipes, and
vessels in the shape of animals. Clay is often red or buff. Surface
treatments may include slip, polishing, burnishing, incising,
impressing, appliqu[eacute], painting, and/or glazing. Stamps and
impressions include motifs such as circles, bars and dots, rosettes,
eyes, and human faces. Molded designs can include inscriptions and/or
geometric, floral, and/or vegetal motifs on unglazed or glazed vessels.
Spouts and handles may be formed in the shape of animals. Painted
decoration includes animal, geometric, floral, and vegetal motifs, as
well as inscriptions in various languages and scripts, variously
applied on a slipped surface, under a colorless glaze, or over a
colored glaze. Designs may be scratched (sgraffiato) through the slip
to reveal the clay color beneath before glazing. Glazes may be
colorless, monochrome, or polychrome. Common colors include green,
yellow, blue, black, brown, turquoise, and white. Imported types
include celadon (green ware) and blue-and-white porcelain from China.
Approximate Date: 9th Century A.D.-A.D. 1750.
(4) Beads, Jewelry, and Ornaments--Includes bangles, beads,
bracelets, buttons, ear spools, inlays, and rings made of faience and
terracotta. Beads include barrel, biconical, cylindrical, segmented,
and other shapes. Faience may be colored with blue, blue-green, red,
and white glaze. Approximate Date: 5500 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
(5) Tools and Instruments--Includes terracotta balls, buttons,
``cakes,'' coin molds, statuary molds, vessel molds, cones, cubes,
dabbers, dice, discs, flutes, loom weights, net-sinkers, stamps,
rattles, rubbers, spindle whorls, scoops, spoons, stoppers, tri-armed
kiln setters, whistles, and other objects. Bronze Age ``cakes'' may be
circular, square, or triangular, and whistles may take the shape of
animals such as birds. May be incised or stamped with characters in
various scripts. Approximate Date: 6000 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
(6) Stamps and Seals--Terracotta faience stamp seals were produced
in the Bronze Age, Early Historic Period, and Middle Historic Hindu
Shahi Period. Bronze Age Indus Period stamp seals can be square or
circular in shape and compartmented with geometric and animal motifs
and/or inscribed with Indus script. Approximate Date: 3500 B.C.-A.D.
1000.
(7) Tablets and Sealings--Terracotta and faience tablets and
sealings of the Bronze Age Indus period may be cylindrical,
rectangular, or prismatic and molded in relief with images of animals,
humans, and other motifs, and/or inscriptions in Indus script.
Approximate Date: 2600-1800 B.C.
(C) Metal--Includes copper, gold, silver, iron, lead, tin,
electrum, and alloys such as bronze, brass, pewter, and steel. Metal
objects were produced in many periods of Pakistan's history, beginning
in the Chalcolithic Period. Approximate Date: 5500 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
(1) Containers and Vessels--Vessel types include conventional
shapes such as basins, bottles, bowls, boxes, canisters, cauldrons,
chalices, cups, dishes, ewers, flasks, jars, jugs, lamps, pans, plates,
platters, pots, stands, utensils, and vases, but also include forms
such as caskets, hookah pots, incense burners, reliquaries (and their
contents), and spittoons. Some reliquaries may take the form of a
Buddhist stupa. One end of some drinking vessels (rhyta) may take the
form of an animal or mythical creature. They may include lids, spouts,
and handles of vessels. Metal containers may have been decorated by
chasing (embossing), engraving, gilding, inlaying, punching, and/or
repouss[eacute] (relief hammering). Designs include, but are not
limited to, inscriptions in various languages and scripts, arabesque
(intertwining) motifs, geometric, floral, and vegetal motifs, animal
motifs, and portrait busts or scenes of human figures, such as
ceremonial, banquet, or hunting scenes. Some containers and vessels,
such as reliquaries, may be inlaid with precious or semi-precious
stones, as well as precious metals such as gold and silver. Approximate
Date: 5500 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
(2) Jewelry and Personal Adornments--Types include, but are not
limited to, amulets, amulet holders, bangles, beads, bracelets, belts,
bracteates, brooches, buckles, buttons, charms, clasps, crowns,
earrings, ear spools, hair ornaments, hairpins, headdress or hat
ornaments, lockets, necklaces, pectoral ornaments, pendants, pins,
rings, rosettes, and staffs. Includes metal ornaments,
appliqu[eacute]s, and clasps once attached to textiles or leather
objects. Includes also metal scrolls inscribed in various languages and
scripts. May have been decorated by chasing (embossing),
cloisonn[eacute], enameling, engraving, filigree, gilding, granulation,
inlaying, and/or repouss[eacute] (relief hammering). Decoration may
include animal, human, geometric, floral, or vegetal motifs. May
include inlays of ivory, bone, animal teeth, enamel, other metals,
precious stones, and/or semi-precious stones. Approximate Date: 5500
B.C.-A.D. 1750.
(3) Tools and Instruments--Types include, but are not limited to,
axes, backscratchers, bells, blades, chisels, drills, goads, hinges,
hooks, keys, knives, measuring rods, mirrors, mirror handles, nails,
pickaxes, pins, rakes, rods, saws, scale weights, shears, sickles,
spades, spoons, staffs, trowels, weights, and tools of craftspeople
such as carpenters, masons, and metalsmiths.
[[Page 25135]]
Approximate Date: 5500 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
(4) Weapons and Armor--Includes body armor, such as chain mail,
helmets, plate armor, scale armor, shin guards, shields, shield bosses,
horse armor, and horse bits and bridle elements. Also includes
launching weapons (arrowheads, spearheads, and javelin heads); hand-to-
hand combat weapons (axes, swords, including sabers and scimitars,
daggers, including khajars and katars, and maces); and sheaths. Some
weapons may be highly decorative and incorporate inlays of other types
of metal, precious stones, or semi-precious stones in the sheaths and
hilts. Some weapons, hilts, and sheaths may be engraved or chased
(embossed) with inscriptions in various languages and scripts,
arabesque (intertwining), geometric, floral, and/or vegetal motifs,
and/or human or animal scenes, such as hunting scenes. Approximate
Date: 3500 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
(5) Coins--Ancient coins include gold, silver, copper, and copper
alloy coins in a variety of denominations. Includes gold and silver
ingots, which may be plain and/or inscribed. Some of the most well-
known types are described below:
(a) Early coins in Pakistan include silver sigloi of the Achaemenid
Empire. Gold staters and silver tetradrachms and drachms of Alexander
the Great and Philip III Arrhidaeus are also found. Regionally minted
Achaemenid-period coins include silver bent bars (shatamana) with
punched symbols such as wheels or suns. Local Hellenistic (Greek)-
period and Mauryan imperial punch-marked silver coins (karshapana) are
covered with various symbols such as suns, crescents, six-arm designs,
hills, peacocks, and others. Circular or square, die-struck cast copper
alloy coins with relief symbols and/or animals on one or both sides
also date to this period. Approximate Date: 6th-2nd Centuries B.C.
(b) Greco-Bactrian, Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian, and Indo-Parthian
coins include gold staters, silver tetradrachms, drachms, and obols,
and copper alloy denominations. Copper alloy coins are often square.
The bust of the king, the king on horseback, Greek and Hindu deities,
the Buddha, elephants, bulls, and other animals are common designs. The
name of the king is often written in Greek, Kharosthi or Brahmi script.
Approximate Date: 2nd Century B.C.-1st Century A.D.
(c) Roman Imperial coins struck in silver and bronze are sometimes
found in archaeological contexts in Pakistan. Approximate Date: 1st
Century B.C.-4th Century A.D.
(d) Kushan coins include gold dinars, silver tetradrachms, and
copper alloy denominations. Imagery includes the king as a portrait
bust (``Augustus type''), standing figure with a fire altar, or
equestrian figure; emblems (tamgha); and figures from Greek,
Zoroastrian, Buddhist, and Hindu religious traditions. Inscriptions are
written in Greek, Bactrian, and/or Brahmi scripts. Approximate Date:
A.D. 30-350.
(e) Sasanian coins include gold dinars, silver drachms, obols
(dang), and copper alloy denominations. Imagery includes the bust of
the king wearing a large crown and Zoroastrian fire altars and deities.
Inscriptions are usually written in Pahlavi, but gold dinars minted in
Sindh with Brahmi inscriptions are included. Approximate Date: A.D.
240-651.
(f) Kushano-Sasanian or Kushanshah coins include gold dinars,
silver tetradrachms, and copper alloy denominations. Some Kushano-
Sasanian coins followed the Kushan style of imagery, while others
resemble Sasanian coins. Inscriptions are written in Greek, Bactrian,
Brahmi, or Pahlavi scripts. Approximate Date: A.D. 225-365.
(g) Gupta coins include gold dinars and silver and copper alloy
denominations. Imagery includes the king in various postures and
activities, the queen, Hindu deities, altars, and animals. Inscriptions
are usually written in pseudo-Greek or Brahmi script. Approximate Date:
A.D. 345-455.
(h) Coins of the Hephthalite, Kidarite, Alchon and Nezak Hun, Rai,
Brahmin Chacha, and Turk Shahi Dynasties include silver and copper
alloy denominations. Designs resemble Sasanian coins with a portrait
bust of the ruler wearing a distinctive crown on the obverse and a fire
altar or other Zoroastrian imagery on the reverse. Coins sometimes bear
emblems (tamghas) and/or inscriptions in Bactrian, Pahlavi, Brahmi, or
Nagari script. Designs are sometimes highly schematized. Approximate
Date: 5th-9th Centuries A.D.
(i) Hindu Shahi silver coins often bear inscriptions in Nagari or
Sharada script and depict a horseman and a bull, or an elephant and a
lion. Approximate Date: A.D. 822-1026.
(j) The Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates and the Ghaznavid and Ghurid
Empires issued gold dinars, silver dirhams, and copper alloy fulus
(singular fals) bearing Arabic inscriptions on both faces. Inscriptions
are often enclosed in circles, squares, rings of dots, or an
inscription band. Silver and copper alloy denominations of local
governors, the Habbari Dynasty of Sindh, and the Emirate of Multan are
similar, but some coins of Multan carry inscriptions in Nagari or
Sharada. Some Ghaznavid coins carry bilingual inscriptions in Arabic
and Sharada scripts, and some bear images of a bull and horseman. Some
Ghurid coins bear inscriptions in Devanagari and/or stylized images of
a flower, bull, horseman, and/or goddess. Approximate Date: A.D. 712-
1206.
(k) The Delhi Sultanate issued gold tankas, silver tankas and
jitals, and copper alloy denominations bearing Arabic inscriptions,
either enclosed in a circle, scalloped circle, octofoil, flower,
square, or inscription band, or covering the full face of the coins.
Some bear inscriptions in Devanagari and/or stylized images of a bull,
horseman, lion, or goddess. Some coins are square. Approximate Date:
A.D. 1206-1526.
(l) The Mughal Empire issued coins such as gold mohurs; silver
shahrukhis, rupees, and tankas; copper and copper alloy dams, and other
denominations. Coins bear Arabic inscriptions enclosed in a circle,
ring of dots, square, or inscription band, or covering the entire face.
Some coins are square. Some coins bear an image of the seated emperor,
a portrait bust of the emperor, a sun, and/or Zodiac symbols.
Approximate Date: A.D. 1526-1749.
(6) Statuary, Ornaments, and other Decorated Objects--Primarily in
copper, gold, silver, or alloys such as bronze and brass. Includes
free-standing and supported statuary; relief or incised plaques or
roundels; finials; votive ornaments; stands; and other ornaments.
Statuary may be fashioned as humans, animals, deities, or mythological
figures; miniature chariots; wheeled carts; or other objects. Statuary
may take naturalized or stylized forms. Decorative techniques for
statuary, ornaments, and other decorated objects include chasing
(embossing), gilding, engraving, repouss[eacute] (relief hammering),
and/or inlaying with other materials. Decorative elements may include
humans, deities, animals, mythological figures, scenes of activity,
floral, geometric, and/or vegetal motifs, and/or inscriptions in
various languages and scripts. Imagery representative of the Early
Historic and Middle Historic Periods includes figures from Hellenistic
(Greek), Buddhist, and Hindu religious traditions. Approximate Date:
3500 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
(7) Stamps, Seals, and Tablets--Primarily cast in copper and alloys
such as bronze and brass; also includes stamps and seals in gold or
silver. Types include amulets, flat tablets, rings, small devices with
engraving on one side, and others. Stamps and seals may have
[[Page 25136]]
engravings that include animals, humans, deities, mythological figures,
geometric, floral, and vegetal motifs, symbols, and/or inscriptions in
various languages and scripts. May be inlaid with other types of
material. Approximate Date: 3500 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
(D) Plaster, Stucco, and Unfired Clay--Includes ceiling decoration
or tracery, columns, corbels, cornices, large- and small-scale figures
of animals, humans, and deities, friezes, medallions, mihrabs,
ornaments, niches, panels, plaques, reliefs, roundels, stupas, vaults,
window screens, and other architectural and non-architectural
decoration or sculpture. May be painted or bear traces of paint;
gilded; inlaid with stones or other materials; and/or inscribed in
various languages and scripts. Stucco panels may depict elaborate
scenes of animals and human activity (such as hunting or elite
activity) and/or arabesque (intertwining), geometric, floral, and/or
vegetal patterns. Stucco panels may have been made with molds. Stucco
sculpture and decorated objects of the Early Historic Period may
resemble Hellenistic (Greek) styles and figures; they may depict
individuals such as the Buddha, Bodhisattvas, or devotees. Unfired clay
bullae and roundels with stamped or rolled impressions used as sealing
material are included. Approximate Date: 5500 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
(E) Paintings--Includes paintings, frescoes, and fragments on
natural stones and cave walls, building walls and ceilings, and
portable media. Rock paintings of the Paleolithic through Bronze Age
are usually executed in red or black pigments and depict stylized
animals and humans or symbols. Patterns in red, black, and white
pigments are typical for wall paintings of the Neolithic period. Rock
and wall frescoes of the Early Historic Period depict humans, animals,
and geometric symbols, sometimes with imagery from Buddhist and Hindu
religious traditions, in various colors and styles. Wall and ceiling
frescoes with polychrome arabesque, floral, vegetal, and geometric
patterns and inscriptions are typical of the Mughal Period. Mughal
Period paintings also include miniature portraits set in rings or
pendants and larger paintings on cotton. Approximate Date: 30,000 B.C.-
A.D. 1750.
(F) Ivory and Bone
(1) Non-Architectural Relief Panels and Plaques--Decorated and
engraved panels and plaques featuring low-and high-relief carvings. May
include imagery of humans, deities, animals, mythological creatures,
and human activity, as well as floral, geometric, and/or vegetal
motifs. May be gilded and/or painted or bear traces of paint or
pigment. Approximate Date: 1st Century A.D.-A.D. 1750.
(2) Statuary--Includes carved animal, human, and deity figures.
Geometric, floral, and/or vegetal decorative elements may be part of
the carved design. Approximate Date: 1st Century A.D.-A.D. 1750.
(3) Containers, Tools, Handles, and other Instruments--Includes
awls, boxes, buckles, buttons, caskets, combs, flasks, game dice, game
pieces, dagger or sword handles or hilts, mirrors and mirror handles,
points, polishers, reliquaries, rods, rulers, spatulas, spindles,
stoppers, and other personal objects made of ivory and bone. May be
incised and/or painted with decorative motifs, inlaid with other
materials, carved in relief, carved in zoomorphic shapes, and/or
inscribed in various languages and scripts. Approximate Date: 45,000
B.C.-A.D. 1750.
(4) Furniture and Furniture Elements--Includes bone or ivory
brackets, handles, finials, and elements of chairs, couches, beds,
footstools, chests, trunks and other types of furniture such as arms,
legs, feet, inlays, and panels. Approximate Date: 1st Century A.D.-A.D.
1750.
(5) Jewelry and Ornaments--Types include, but are not limited to,
beads, pendants, hairpins, pins, and rings. Approximate Date: 5500
B.C.-A.D. 1750.
(6) Stamps and Seals--Bone and ivory seals include button-shaped
and square stamps, among other shapes. May be engraved with animals,
humans, deities, geometric, floral, and/or vegetal designs, symbols,
and/or inscriptions in various languages and scripts, including the
Indus script. Approximate Date: 4000 B.C.-A.D. 712.
(G) Glass
(1) Architectural Elements--Includes glass pieces or tiles arranged
in mosaic fashion to create geometric, floral, and/or vegetal designs
on architectural surfaces or in windows. Glass may be mirrored or
stained. Approximate Date: 1st Century A.D.-A.D. 1750.
(2) Beads and Jewelry--Includes beads in the form of animals,
cylinders, cones, discs, spheres, or other shapes, as well as bangles.
Decoration may include bevels, incisions, and/or raised decoration.
Includes glass inlay used in other types of jewelry and decorated
items. Includes stamp seals or gems incised with decorative and figural
designs. Approximate Date: 1100 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
(3) Vessels--Vessel types include conventional shapes such as
beakers, bottles, bowls, cups, dishes, flasks, goblets, jars, mugs,
plates, and vases, and other forms such as cosmetic containers, lamps,
medicine droppers, and animal-shaped vessels. Some vessels may have
been formed in molds or using mosaic techniques. May be monochrome or
polychrome. Some polychrome glass vessels may have been painted with
arabesque (intertwining), floral and/or vegetal designs or bear traces
of paint. Approximate Date: 1st Century A.D.-A.D. 1750.
(4) Ornaments--Includes glass medallions. May have molded
decorations including, but not limited to, animals, humans, geometric,
floral, and vegetal motifs. Typically associated with the Ghaznavid and
Ghurid periods. Approximate Date: A.D. 1000-1200.
(H) Leather, Birch Bark, Vellum, Parchment, and Paper
(1) Books and Manuscripts--Includes scrolls, sheets, and bound
volumes. Texts may be written in ink on birch bark, vellum, parchment,
or paper, and may be gathered into leather or wooden bindings, albums,
or folios. Includes secular and religious texts. Texts of the Early
Historic Period written on birchbark, vellum, and parchment include
sacred texts of Buddhism and other religions of ancient Pakistan, as
well as texts on secular topics such as mathematics, and are written in
various languages and scripts, such as Brahmi, Gandhari, Kharosthi, and
Sharada. Books and manuscripts of the Middle and Late Historic Periods
were written primarily on paper in various languages in scripts such as
Arabic, Persian, Devanagari, and Sharada. Topics of this period
include, but are not limited to, religion, religious epics, science,
mathematics, medicine, literature, poetry, history, and biography.
Books and manuscripts of this period may be embellished or decorated
with monochrome or polychrome paintings or illuminations of arabesque
(intertwining), geometric, floral, or vegetal motifs; images of
animals, plants, and humans, including individual portraits;
landscapes; and/or scenes of human activities, such as courtly
gatherings and ceremonies, hunting, falconry, battles, and historical,
mythological, or legendary events. May be in miniature form with
decorated borders. Paper may be marbleized and/or embellished with
gold. Approximate Date: 1st Century A.D.-A.D. 1750.
(2) Items of Personal Adornment--Primarily in leather, including
bracelets and other types of jewelry, belts, necklaces, sandals, and
shoes. May be embroidered or embellished with other
[[Page 25137]]
materials. Leather goods may have also been used in conjunction with
textiles. Approximate Date: 7000 B.C.-1750 A.D.
(I) Textiles--Includes silk, linen, cotton, hemp, wool, and other
woven materials used in basketry and other household goods. Includes
clothing, shoes, jewelry, and items of personal adornment; sheaths;
burial shrouds; tent coverings, tent hangings, and other domestic
textiles; carpets; baskets; and others. Textiles may be plain, or
patterns may have been woven into the body of the textile. Other
decorative techniques include embroidery, application of gold leaf, or
painting with various motifs, such as animals, geometric, floral, and
vegetal motifs, and other designs. Gold or silver threads may be woven
into the textile. Approximate Date: 7000 B.C.-A.D. 1750.
(J) Wood, Shell, and other Organic Material--Wooden objects include
architectural elements, such as arches, balconies, bases, benches,
capitals, columns, doors, door frames, friezes, lintels, mihrabs,
minbars, jambs, panels, posts, screens, shutters, window frames and
fittings, and window screens, or pieces of any of these objects; boxes;
coffins; finials; furniture; jewelry and other items of personal
adornment; musical instruments; statuary and figurines; stamps and
seals with engraved designs and/or inscriptions in various languages
and scripts; vessels and containers; weapons such as bows; and other
objects. Jewelry and ornaments made of shell, mother-of-pearl, and
pearl include bangles, beads, bracelets, cones, inlays, necklaces,
pendants, rings, studs, and other types. Vessels made of shell or set
with mother-of-pearl panels include ewers, ladles, libation vessels,
plates, and spoons. Wooden, shell, mother-of-pearl, and pearl objects
may be carved, incised, inlaid with other materials, lacquered, and/or
painted. Approximate Date: 7000 B.C.-1750 A.D.
(K) Human Remains--Human remains and fragments of human remains,
including skeletal remains, soft tissue, and ash from the human body
that may be preserved in burials, reliquaries, and other contexts.
(II) Ethnological Material
Ethnological material in the Designated List includes manuscripts
and architectural materials from civic and religious buildings
associated with Pakistan's diverse history from A.D. 800 through 1849.
(A) Architectural Materials--Architectural materials include non-
industrial and/or handmade elements used to decorate civic and
religious architecture. They may be made of stone, ceramic or
terracotta, plaster and stucco, glass, and/or wood, and painted media.
(1) Stone--Primarily in limestone, marble, sandstone, and steatite
schist. Includes arches; balustrades; benches; brackets; bricks and
blocks from walls, ceilings, and floors; columns, including capitals
and bases; corbels; cornices; dentils; domes; door frames; false
gables; friezes; lintels; merlons; mihrabs; minarets; mosaics; niches;
panels; pilasters; pillars, including capitals and bases; plinths;
railings; ringstones; vaults; window screens (jalis); and others. May
be plain, carved in relief, incised, inlaid, or inscribed in various
languages and scripts. May be painted and/or gilded. May include relief
sculptures, mosaics, and inlays that were part of a civic or religious
building, such as friezes, panels, or figures in the round. Imagery may
be civic or religious. Mosaic designs include animals, humans, and
geometric, floral, and/or vegetal motifs. Approximate Date: A.D. 800-
1849.
(2) Ceramic and Fired Clay--Includes terracotta (fired clay)
bricks, mosaics, niches, panels, pipes, tiles, window screens (jalis),
and other elements used as decorative elements in civic and religious
buildings. Bricks may be cut or molded to form decorative patterns on
building exteriors. Mosaic designs include animals, humans, and
geometric, floral, and/or vegetal motifs. Panels and tiles may be
painted, plastered, or have traces of paint or plaster. Tiles may be
square or polygonal and may be carved, incised, impressed, or molded
with decorations in the form of animals, humans, geometric, arabesque
(intertwining), floral, and/or vegetal motifs, and/or calligraphic
writing in various scripts and languages, and/or then glazed. Glaze may
be clear, monochrome, and/or polychrome. Polychrome glaze may be
applied in the cuerda seca technique. Approximate Date: A.D. 800-1849.
(3) Plaster and Stucco--Includes ceiling decoration or tracery,
columns, corbels, cornices, friezes, medallions, mihrabs, niches,
panels, plaques, reliefs, roundels, vaults, window screens, and other
types. May be painted or bear traces of paint; gilded; inlaid with
stones or other materials; and/or inscribed in various languages and
scripts. Designs may include arabesque (intertwining), geometric,
floral, and/or vegetal patterns. May have been made using molds.
Approximate Date: A.D. 800-1849.
(4) Paintings and Frescos--Includes paintings and frescoes on civic
and religious building walls and ceilings, and fragments thereof.
Frescoes with polychrome arabesque (intertwining), floral, vegetal,
and/or geometric patterns and inscriptions are typical of the Mughal
Period. Jain and Hindu temples and Sikh gurdwaras are sometimes adorned
with frescoes depicting human and animal figures and scenes, as well as
floral, vegetal, and geometric motifs. Approximate Date: A.D. 800-1849.
(5) Glass--Includes glass pieces or tiles arranged in mosaic
fashion to create geometric, floral, and/or vegetal designs on
architectural surfaces or in windows. Glass may be mirrored or stained.
Often found in mosques and Sikh gurdwaras. Approximate Date: A.D. 1000-
1849.
(6) Wood--Includes hand-carved arches, balconies, bases, benches,
capitals, columns, doors, door frames, friezes, lintels, mihrabs,
minbars, jambs, panels, posts, screens, shutters, window frames and
fittings, and window screens, or parts thereof, used as structural
elements in and/or to decorate civic or religious architecture. These
architectural elements may have been reused for new purposes, such as a
wood panel used as a table, or a door jamb used as a bench. May be
carved, incised, inlaid with other materials, and/or painted.
Approximate Date: A.D. 800-1849.
(B) Manuscripts--Manuscripts, portions of manuscripts, and works on
paper include non-industrial, handmade, handwritten, hand-illustrated
and/or illuminated scrolls, sheets, and bound volumes. They may be made
of various media, from writing, illustrations, and/or illuminations on
parchment, vellum, birchbark, cotton, or paper to binding in leather or
wood. Texts may be written in various languages and scripts, such as
Arabic, Balochi, Brahmi, Gandhari, Kharoshti, Nagari, Pashto, Persian,
Sharada, Sindhi, and/or Urdu. They may include sacred texts of Buddhism
and/or other religious traditions. Other topics include, but are not
limited to, astronomy, botany, history, literature, mathematics,
medicine, poetry, religion, and/or sciences. May be embellished or
decorated with monochrome, bichrome, or polychrome handmade
illustrations and/or illuminations. These may include arabesque
(intertwining), geometric, floral, or vegetal motifs; images of
animals, plants, and humans, including portraiture; landscapes; and/or
scenes of human activities, such as courtly gatherings and ceremonies,
hunting, falconry, battles, and historical, mythological, or legendary
events. May be in miniature form with decorated borders. Approximate
Date: A.D. 800-1849.
[[Page 25138]]
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End of the Fifteenth Century. Part Two: The Achievements. Paris:
UNESCO Publishing.
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Coningham, R., and R. Young. 2015. The Archaeology of South Asia:
From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE-200 CE. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
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700 B.C. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
Harmatta, J., B.N. Puri, and G.F. Etemadi, eds. 1994. History of
Civilizations in Central Asia. Volume II. The Development of
Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. Paris:
UNESCO Publishing.
Jongeward, D. 2019. Buddhist Art of Gandhara: In the Ashmolean
Museum. Oxford: Ashmolean Museum.
Kenoyer, J.M. 1998. Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley. Karachi:
Oxford University Press.
Lahore Museum. n.d. Lahore Museum: A Gallery of Our Culture. A
Guide. Lahore: Lahore Museum Publications.
Litvinsky, B.A., Z. Guang-da, and R.S. Samghabadi, eds. 1996.
History of Civilizations in Central Asia. Volume III. The Crossroads
of Civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
Long, R.D., ed. 2015. A History of Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford
University Press.
Mairs, R., ed. 2021. The Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek World.
Abingdon: Routledge.
Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1987. The Islamic World. New York:
Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Met
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Mills, M.A., Claus, P.J., and Diamond, S. 2003. South Asian
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Inapplicability of Notice and Delayed Effective Date
This amendment involves a foreign affairs function of the United
States and is, therefore, being made without notice or public procedure
(5 U.S.C. 553(a)(1)). For the same reason, a delayed effective date is
not required under 5 U.S.C. 553(d)(3).
Executive Orders 12866 and 13563
Executive Orders 12866 (as amended by Executive Order 14094) and
13563 direct agencies to assess the costs and benefits of available
regulatory alternatives and, if regulation is necessary, to select
regulatory approaches that maximize net benefits (including potential
economic, environmental, public health and safety effects, distributive
impacts, and equity). Executive Order 13563 emphasizes the importance
of quantifying both costs and benefits, of reducing costs, of
harmonizing rules, and of promoting flexibility. CBP has determined
that this document is not a regulation or rule subject to the
provisions of Executive Orders 12866 and 13563 because it pertains to a
foreign affairs function of the United States, as described above, and
therefore is specifically exempted by section 3(d)(2) of Executive
Order 12866 and, by extension, Executive Order 13563.
Regulatory Flexibility Act
The Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.), as amended
by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996,
requires an agency to prepare and make available to the public a
regulatory flexibility analysis that describes the effect of a proposed
rule on small entities (i.e., small businesses, small organizations,
and small governmental jurisdictions) when the agency is required to
publish a general notice of proposed rulemaking for a rule. Since a
general notice of proposed rulemaking is not necessary for this rule,
CBP is not required to prepare a regulatory flexibility analysis for
this rule.
Signing Authority
This regulation is being issued in accordance with 19 CFR 0.1(a)(1)
pertaining to the Secretary of the Treasury's authority (or that of the
Secretary's delegate) to approve regulations related to customs revenue
functions.
Troy A. Miller, the Senior Official Performing the Duties of the
Commissioner, having reviewed and approved this document, has delegated
the authority to electronically sign this document to the Director (or
Acting Director, if applicable) of the Regulations and Disclosure Law
Division for CBP, for purposes of publication in the Federal Register.
List of Subjects in 19 CFR Part 12
Cultural property, Customs duties and inspection, Imports,
Prohibited merchandise, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.
Amendment to CBP Regulations
For the reasons set forth above, part 12 of title 19 of the Code of
Federal Regulations (19 CFR part 12), is amended as set forth below:
PART 12--SPECIAL CLASSES OF MERCHANDISE
0
1. The general authority citation for part 12 and the specific
authority citation for Sec. 12.104g continue to read as follows:
Authority: 5 U.S.C. 301; 19 U.S.C. 66, 1202 (General Note 3(i),
Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS)), 1624.
* * * * *
Sections 12.104 through 12.104i also issued under 19 U.S.C.
2612;
* * * * *
0
2. In Sec. 12.104g, the table in paragraph (a) is amended by adding
Pakistan to the list in alphabetical order to read as follows:
Sec. 12.104g Specific items or categories designated by agreements or
emergency actions.
(a) * * *
[[Page 25139]]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
State party Cultural property Decision No.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
Pakistan........................ Archaeological material of Pakistan ranging CBP Dec. 24-09.
from the Lower Paleolithic Period
(approximately 2,000,000 Years Before Present)
through A.D. 1750, and ethnological material
of Pakistan ranging in date from approximately
A.D. 800 through 1849.
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * *
Emily K. Rick,
Acting Director, Regulations & Disclosure Law Division, Regulations &
Rulings, Office of Trade, U.S. Customs and Border Protection.
Aviva R. Aron-Dine,
Acting Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Tax Policy.
[FR Doc. 2024-07244 Filed 4-9-24; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 9111-14-P
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</html>Indexed from Federal Register on April 10, 2024.
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