Notice2023-14166
Alternative Methods for Calculating Off-Cycle Credits Under the Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Program: Applications From Ford Motor Company
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Published
July 5, 2023
Issuing agencies
Environmental Protection Agency
Abstract
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is requesting comment on applications from Ford Motor Company ("Ford") for off- cycle carbon dioxide (CO<INF>2</INF>) credits under EPA's light-duty vehicle greenhouse gas emissions standards. "Off-cycle" emission reductions can be achieved by employing technologies that result in real-world benefits, but where that benefit is not adequately captured on the test procedures used by manufacturers to demonstrate compliance with emission standards. EPA's light-duty vehicle greenhouse gas program acknowledges these benefits by giving automobile manufacturers several options for generating "off-cycle" CO<INF>2</INF> credits. Under the regulations, a manufacturer may apply for CO<INF>2</INF> credits for off-cycle technologies that result in off-cycle benefits. In these cases, a manufacturer must provide EPA with a proposed methodology for determining the real-world off-cycle benefit. Ford has submitted applications that describe methodologies for determining off- cycle credits from technologies described in their applications. Pursuant to applicable regulations, EPA is making these off-cycle credit calculation methodologies available for public comment.
Full Text
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<title>Federal Register, Volume 88 Issue 127 (Wednesday, July 5, 2023)</title>
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[Federal Register Volume 88, Number 127 (Wednesday, July 5, 2023)]
[Notices]
[Pages 42933-42935]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [<a href="http://www.gpo.gov">www.gpo.gov</a>]
[FR Doc No: 2023-14166]
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
[EPA-HQ-OAR-2023-0303; FR-11052-01-OAR]
Alternative Methods for Calculating Off-Cycle Credits Under the
Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Program: Applications From
Ford Motor Company
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Notice.
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SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is requesting
comment on applications from Ford Motor Company (``Ford'') for off-
cycle carbon dioxide (CO<INF>2</INF>) credits under EPA's light-duty
vehicle greenhouse gas emissions standards. ``Off-cycle'' emission
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reductions can be achieved by employing technologies that result in
real-world benefits, but where that benefit is not adequately captured
on the test procedures used by manufacturers to demonstrate compliance
with emission standards. EPA's light-duty vehicle greenhouse gas
program acknowledges these benefits by giving automobile manufacturers
several options for generating ``off-cycle'' CO<INF>2</INF> credits.
Under the regulations, a manufacturer may apply for CO<INF>2</INF>
credits for off-cycle technologies that result in off-cycle benefits.
In these cases, a manufacturer must provide EPA with a proposed
methodology for determining the real-world off-cycle benefit. Ford has
submitted applications that describe methodologies for determining off-
cycle credits from technologies described in their applications.
Pursuant to applicable regulations, EPA is making these off-cycle
credit calculation methodologies available for public comment.
DATES: Comments must be received on or before September 5, 2023.
ADDRESSES: Submit your comments referencing Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-
2023-0303 online using <a href="http://www.regulations.gov">www.regulations.gov</a> (our preferred method), by
email to <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#9effb3fff0fab3ecb3daf1fdf5fbeadefbeeffb0f9f1e8"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="8aeba7ebe4eea7f8a7cee5e9e1effecaeffaeba4ede5fc">[email protected]</span></a> or by mail to: EPA Docket Center,
Environmental Protection Agency, Mailcode 28221T, 1200 Pennsylvania
Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20460.
EPA's policy is that all comments received will be included in the
public docket without change including any personal information
provided, unless the comment includes profanity, threats, information
claimed to be Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other
information whose disclosure is restricted by statute.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Linc Wehrly, Director, Light Duty
Vehicle Center, Compliance Division, Office of Transportation and Air
Quality, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000 Traverwood Drive,
Ann Arbor, MI 48105. Telephone: (734) 214-4286. Fax: (734) 214-4053.
Email address: <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#6a1d0f0218061344060304092a0f1a0b440d051c"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="b8cfddd0cad4c196d4d1d6dbf8ddc8d996dfd7ce">[email protected]</span></a>.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. Background
EPA's light-duty vehicle greenhouse gas (GHG) program provides
three pathways by which a manufacturer may accrue off-cycle carbon
dioxide (CO<INF>2</INF>) credits for those technologies that achieve
CO<INF>2</INF> reductions in the real world but where those reductions
are not adequately captured on the test used to determine compliance
with the CO<INF>2</INF> standards, and which are not otherwise
reflected in the standards' stringency. The first pathway is a
predetermined list of credit values for specific off-cycle technologies
that may be used beginning in model year 2014.\1\ This pathway allows
manufacturers to use conservative credit values established by EPA for
a wide range of technologies, with minimal data submittal or testing
requirements, if the technologies meet EPA regulatory definitions. In
cases where the off-cycle technology is not on the menu but additional
laboratory testing can demonstrate emission benefits, a second pathway
allows manufacturers to use a broader array of emission tests (known as
``5-cycle'' testing because the methodology uses five different testing
procedures) to demonstrate and justify off-cycle CO<INF>2</INF>
credits.\2\ The additional emission tests allow emission benefits to be
demonstrated over some elements of real-world driving not adequately
captured by the GHG compliance tests, including high speeds, hard
accelerations, and cold temperatures. These first two methodologies
were completely defined through notice and comment rulemaking and
therefore no additional process is necessary for manufacturers to use
these methods. The third and last pathway allows manufacturers to seek
EPA approval to use an alternative methodology for determining the off-
cycle CO<INF>2</INF> credits.\3\ This option is only available if the
benefit of the technology cannot be adequately demonstrated using the
5-cycle methodology. Manufacturers may also use this option to
demonstrate reductions that exceed those available via use of the
predetermined list.
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\1\ See 40 CFR 86.1869-12(b).
\2\ See 40 CFR 86.1869-12(c).
\3\ See 40 CFR 86.1869-12(d).
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Under the regulations, a manufacturer seeking to demonstrate off-
cycle credits with an alternative methodology (i.e., under the third
pathway described above) must describe a methodology that meets the
following criteria:
<bullet> Use modeling, on-road testing, on-road data collection, or
other approved analytical or engineering methods;
<bullet> Be robust, verifiable, and capable of demonstrating the
real-world emissions benefit with strong statistical significance;
<bullet> Result in a demonstration of baseline and controlled
emissions over a wide range of driving conditions and number of
vehicles such that issues of data uncertainty are minimized;
<bullet> Result in data on a model type basis unless the
manufacturer demonstrates that another basis is appropriate and
adequate.
Further, the regulations specify the following requirements
regarding an application for off-cycle CO<INF>2</INF> credits:
<bullet> A manufacturer requesting off-cycle credits must develop a
methodology for demonstrating and determining the benefit of the off-
cycle technology and carry out any necessary testing and analysis
required to support that methodology.
<bullet> A manufacturer requesting off-cycle credits must conduct
testing and/or prepare engineering analyses that demonstrate the in-use
durability of the technology for the full useful life of the vehicle.
<bullet> The application must contain a detailed description of the
off-cycle technology and how it functions to reduce CO<INF>2</INF>
emissions under conditions not represented on the compliance tests.
<bullet> The application must contain a list of the vehicle
model(s) which will be equipped with the technology.
<bullet> The application must contain a detailed description of the
test vehicles selected and an engineering analysis that supports the
selection of those vehicles for testing.
<bullet> The application must contain all testing and/or simulation
data required under the regulations, plus any other data the
manufacturer has considered in the analysis.
Finally, the alternative methodology must be approved by EPA prior
to the manufacturer using it to generate credits. As part of the review
process defined by regulation, the alternative methodology submitted to
EPA for consideration must be made available for public comment.\4\ EPA
will consider public comments as part of its final decision to approve
or deny the request for off-cycle credits.
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\4\ See 40 CFR 86.1869-12(d)(2).
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II. Off-Cycle Credit Applications
A. Enhanced Window Anti-Fogging Strategy
Ford is applying for off-cycle GHG credits for the use of an
Enhanced Window Anti-Fogging Strategy (EWAFS). The EWAFS system uses an
on-glass humidity sensor to calculate the fogging probability in mild
ambient conditions. This technology improves the efficiency by allowing
more accurate fogging prediction and less widespread A/C usage. The
requested credit amount was confirmed by Ford through a series of AC17
tests with ambient temperatures from 5 to 25 degrees Celsius. Testing
was done with and without the EWAFS system and an
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average difference in CO<INF>2</INF> was calculated. Ford also
collected real-world customer usage data for 2020 MY vehicles equipped
with EWAFS and 2019 MY vehicles without EWAFS to determine the
percentage of time that the A/C compressor operated at each
temperature. Ford is applying for a credit of 1.2 grams/mile for 2020
and later model years for light duty vehicles sold in the U.S. and
equipped with the EWAFS system. EPA considers this anti-fogging
technology to be a technology that, if approved, will be subject to the
maximum limits for an A/C system of 5.0 g/mi for passenger automobiles
and 7.2 g/mi for light trucks specified in the regulations.\5\ Details
of the testing and analysis can be found in the manufacturer's
application.
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\5\ See 40 CFR 86.1868-12(b)(2).
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B. Brushless Engine Cooling Fan Technology
Ford is applying for off-cycle GHG credits for the use of a
Brushless Engine Cooling Fan Technology (BMECF). The brushless motor's
increased efficiency reduces electrical load. Brushless motors improve
efficiency by removing a source of friction at the brushes. While
brushed motor cooling fans are typically 1 or 2 speed, brushless motors
are inherently variable speed. This allows for a more efficient fan
speed for a given set of vehicle conditions. Ford evaluated on-road fan
usage collected through on-vehicle data loggers. Electrical power
consumption was measured for 2-speed brushed, pulse-width modulated
brushed, and brushless cooling fan types. Data was collected using
several 2019 and 2020 vehicles and across various ambient temperatures.
The electrical load reduction was converted to a CO<INF>2</INF> value
using a load factor of 3.2 g/mi per 100 W. Ford is applying for a GHG
credit of 0.5 g/mi for cars, and 1.3 g/mi for light duty trucks
equipped with the brushless engine cooling fan technology. Details of
the testing and analysis can be found in the manufacturer's
application.
III. EPA Decision Process
EPA has reviewed the applications for completeness and is now
making the applications available for public review and comment as
required by the regulations. The off-cycle credit applications
submitted by the manufacturers (with confidential business information
redacted) have been placed in the public docket (see ADDRESSES section
above) and on EPA's website at <a href="https://www.epa.gov/ve-certification/compliance-information-light-duty-greenhouse-gas-ghg-standards">https://www.epa.gov/ve-certification/compliance-information-light-duty-greenhouse-gas-ghg-standards</a>.
EPA is providing a 30-day comment period on the applications for
off-cycle credits described in this document, as specified by the
regulations. The manufacturers may submit a written rebuttal of
comments for EPA's consideration, or may revise an application in
response to comments. After reviewing any public comments and any
rebuttal of comments submitted by manufacturers, EPA will make a final
decision regarding the credit requests. EPA will make its decision
available to the public by placing a decision document (or multiple
decision documents) in the docket and on EPA's website at the same
manufacturer-specific pages shown above. While the broad methodologies
used by these manufacturers could potentially be used for other
vehicles and by other manufacturers, the vehicle specific data needed
to demonstrate the off-cycle emissions reductions would likely be
different. In such cases, a new application would be required,
including an opportunity for public comment.
Byron Bunker,
Director, Compliance Division, Office of Transportation and Air
Quality.
[FR Doc. 2023-14166 Filed 7-3-23; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P
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