Notice2022-16715
Circular Welded Carbon Quality Steel Pipe From the People's Republic of China; Certain Circular Welded Non-Alloy Steel Pipe From the Republic of Korea; Certain Welded Carbon Steel Standard Pipes and Tubes From India; Certain Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes From Taiwan; Certain Circular Welded Non-Alloy Steel Pipe From Taiwan; Light-Walled Rectangular Pipe and Tube From the People's Republic of China; Light-Walled Rectangular Pipe and Tube From the Republic of Korea; Light-Walled Welded Rectangular Carbon Steel Tubing From Taiwan: Initiation of Circumvention Inquiries on the Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Orders
Primary source
Metadata and text below are from the Federal Register, a public-domain U.S. government work. Always verify the official published version before relying on it for any legal matter.
Published
August 4, 2022
Issuing agencies
Commerce DepartmentInternational Trade Administration
Abstract
In response to requests from Atlas Tube Inc., Bull Moose Tube Company, Maruichi American Corporation, Nucor Tubular Products Inc., Searing Industries, Vest Inc., Wheatland Tube Company, and the United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union, AFL-CIO, CLC (collectively, the domestic interested parties), the U.S. Department of Commerce (Commerce) is initiating country-wide circumvention inquiries to determine whether imports of circular welded carbon quality steel pipe from the People's Republic of China (China) (CWP China), certain circular welded non-alloy steel pipe from the Republic of Korea (Korea) (CWP Korea), certain welded carbon steel standard pipes and tubes from India (pipe and tube India), certain circular welded carbon steel pipes and tubes from Taiwan (pipe and tube Taiwan), certain circular welded non-alloy steel pipe from Taiwan (CWP Taiwan), light-walled rectangular pipe and tube from China (LWRPT China), light-walled rectangular pipe and tube from Korea (LWRPT Korea), and light-walled welded rectangular carbon steel tubing (LWR tubing Taiwan), which are completed in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Vietnam) from hot-rolled steel (HRS) produced in China, Korea, India, or Taiwan are circumventing the respective antidumping duty (AD) and countervailing duty (CVD) orders on CWP China, CWP Korea, pipe and tube India, pipe and tube Taiwan, CWP Taiwan, LWRPT China, LWRPT Korea, and LWR tubing Taiwan.
Full Text
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<title>Federal Register, Volume 87 Issue 149 (Thursday, August 4, 2022)</title>
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[Federal Register Volume 87, Number 149 (Thursday, August 4, 2022)]
[Notices]
[Pages 47711-47714]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [<a href="http://www.gpo.gov">www.gpo.gov</a>]
[FR Doc No: 2022-16715]
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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
International Trade Administration
[A-570-910, C-570-911, A-580-809, A-583-008, A-583-814, A-533-502, A-
570-914, C-570-915, A-580-859, A-583-803]
Circular Welded Carbon Quality Steel Pipe From the People's
Republic of China; Certain Circular Welded Non-Alloy Steel Pipe From
the Republic of Korea; Certain Welded Carbon Steel Standard Pipes and
Tubes From India; Certain Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes
From Taiwan; Certain Circular Welded Non-Alloy Steel Pipe From Taiwan;
Light-Walled Rectangular Pipe and Tube From the People's Republic of
China; Light-Walled Rectangular Pipe and Tube From the Republic of
Korea; Light-Walled Welded Rectangular Carbon Steel Tubing From Taiwan:
Initiation of Circumvention Inquiries on the Antidumping and
Countervailing Duty Orders
AGENCY: Enforcement and Compliance, International Trade Administration,
Department of Commerce.
SUMMARY: In response to requests from Atlas Tube Inc., Bull Moose Tube
Company, Maruichi American Corporation, Nucor Tubular Products Inc.,
Searing Industries, Vest Inc., Wheatland Tube Company, and the United
Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied
Industrial and Service Workers International Union, AFL-CIO, CLC
(collectively, the domestic interested parties), the U.S. Department of
Commerce (Commerce) is initiating country-wide circumvention inquiries
to determine whether imports of circular welded carbon quality steel
pipe from the People's Republic of China (China) (CWP China), certain
circular welded non-alloy steel pipe from the Republic of Korea (Korea)
(CWP Korea), certain welded carbon steel standard pipes and tubes from
India (pipe and tube India), certain circular welded carbon steel pipes
and tubes from Taiwan (pipe and tube Taiwan), certain circular welded
non-alloy steel pipe from Taiwan (CWP Taiwan), light-walled rectangular
pipe and tube from China (LWRPT China), light-walled rectangular pipe
and tube from Korea (LWRPT Korea), and light-walled welded rectangular
carbon steel tubing (LWR tubing Taiwan), which are completed in the
Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Vietnam) from hot-rolled steel (HRS)
produced in China, Korea, India, or Taiwan are circumventing the
respective antidumping duty (AD) and countervailing duty (CVD) orders
on
[[Page 47712]]
CWP China, CWP Korea, pipe and tube India, pipe and tube Taiwan, CWP
Taiwan, LWRPT China, LWRPT Korea, and LWR tubing Taiwan.
DATES: Applicable August 4, 2022.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Krisha Hill at (202) 482-4037 (CWP
China, AD/CVD Operations, Office IV); Andre Gziryan at (202) 482-2201
(CWP Korea, AD/CVD Operations, Office I); Dmitry Vladimirov at (202)
482-0665 (Pipe and Tube India, AD/CVD Operations, Office I); Nicolas
Mayora at (202) 482-3053 (Pipe and Tube Taiwan, AD/CVD Operations,
Office V); Preston Cox and Scarlet Jaldin at (202) 482-5041 and (202)
482-4275, respectively (CWP Taiwan, AD/CVD Operations, Office VI);
Reginald Anadio at (202) 482-3166, (LWRPT China, AD/CVD Operations,
Office IV); Carolyn Adie at (202) 482-6250 (LWRPT Korea, AD/CVD
Operations, Office VI); and Bryan Hansen at (202) 482-3683 (LWR tubing
Taiwan, AD/CVD Operations, Office I); Enforcement and Compliance,
International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1401
Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20230.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Background
On May 17, 2022, pursuant to section 781(b) of the Tariff Act of
1930, as amended (the Act) and 19 CFR 351.226(i), domestic interested
parties filed circumvention inquiry requests alleging that CWP, pipe
and tube, LWRPT, and LWR tubing completed in Vietnam using HRS
manufactured in China, India, Korea, or Taiwan are circumventing the
Orders \1\ on pipe products from those countries and, accordingly,
should be included within the scope of the Orders.\2\ On June 2, 2022,
SeAH Steel VINA Corporation (SeAH VINA) filed opposition comments in
response to the domestic interested parties' request regarding the CWP
and pipe and tube allegations; the comments did not address the LWRPT
and LWR tubing allegations.\3\ On June 13, 2022, we extended the
deadline to initiate these circumvention inquiries by 15 days, in
accordance with 19 CFR 351.226(d)(1).\4\ On June 21, 2022, we issued
supplemental questionnaires to the domestic interested parties.\5\ On
June 28, 2022, the domestic interested parties filed their responses to
our supplemental questionnaires.\6\ On July 1, 2022, Commerce clarified
that we issued the supplemental questionnaires because we had found
that the requests to conduct circumvention inquiries were insufficient
for purposes of initiation, in accordance with 19 CFR 351.226(d)(1)(i).
Additionally, we clarified that we consider the initial requests and
supplementary information together to constitute the applications for
circumvention inquires, and that based on the date that the domestic
parties filed the supplemental information, we consider the inquiry
requests to have been filed on June 28, 2022.\7\ On July 20, 2022,
Vietnam Haiphong Hongyuan Machinery Manufactory Co., Ltd. (Vietnam
Haiphong) filed opposition comments in response to the domestic
interested parties' request regarding CWP from China.\8\
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\1\ See Notice of Antidumping Duty Order: Circular Welded Carbon
Quality Steel Pipe from the People's Republic of China, 73 FR 42547
(July 22, 2008); see also Circular Welded Carbon Quality Steel Pipe
from the People's Republic of China: Notice of Amended Final
Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Notice of
Countervailing Duty Order, 73 FR 42545 (July 22, 2008); Final
Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value: Certain Welded Non-
Alloy Steel Pipe and Tube from the Republic of Korea, 57 FR 42942
(September 17, 1992), as amended by Notice of Antidumping Orders:
Certain Circular Welded Non-Alloy Steel Pipe from Brazil, the
Republic of Korea (Korea), Mexico, and Venezuela, and Amendment to
Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value: Certain
Circular Welded Non-Alloy Steel Pipe from Korea, 57 FR 49453
(November 2, 1992); Certain Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and
Tubes from Taiwan: Antidumping Duty Order, 49 FR 19369 (May 7,
1984); Notice of Antidumping Duty Order: Circular Welded Non-Alloy
Steel Pipe from Taiwan, 57 FR 49454 (November 2, 1992); Certain
Welded Carbon Steel Standard Pipes and Tubes from India, 51 FR 17384
(May 12, 1986); Antidumping Duty Order; Light-Walled Welded
Rectangular Carbon Steel Tubing from Taiwan, 54 FR 12467 (March 27,
1989); Light-Walled Rectangular Pipe and Tube from Mexico, the
People's Republic of China, and the Republic of Korea: Antidumping
Duty Orders; Light-Walled Rectangular Pipe and Tube from the
Republic of Korea: Notice of Amended Final Determination of Sales at
Less than Fair Value, 73 FR 45403 (August 5, 2008); and Light-Walled
Rectangular Pipe and Tube from the People's Republic of China:
Notice of Countervailing Duty Order, 73 FR 45405 (August 5, 2008)
(collectively, Orders).
\2\ See Domestic Interested Parties' Letters, ``Circular Welded
Carbon Quality Steel Pipe from the People's Republic of China--
Request for Circumvention Inquiry''; ``Certain Circular Welded Non-
Alloy Steel Pipe from the Republic of Korea--Request for
Circumvention Inquiry''; ``Certain Circular Welded Carbon Steel
Pipes and Tubes from Taiwan (A-583-008) and Circular Welded Non-
Alloy Steel Pipe from Taiwan (A-583-814)--Request for Circumvention
Inquiries''; ``Certain Welded Carbon Steel Standard Pipes and Tubes
from India--Request for Circumvention Inquiry''; ``Light-Walled
Rectangular Pipe and Tube from the People's Republic of China--
Request for Circumvention Inquiry''; ``Light-Walled Rectangular Pipe
and Tube from the Republic of Korea: Request For Circumvention
Inquiry''; and ``Light-Walled Welded Rectangular Carbon Steel Tubing
from Taiwan: Request for a Circumvention Inquiry,'' all dated May
17, 2022.
\3\ See SeAH VINA's Letter, ``Certain Circular Welded Carbon
Quality Steel Pipe and Certain Circular Welded Non Alloy Steel Pipe
from China, Korea, Taiwan, and India--Comments in Opposition to
Initiation of Anticircumvention Inquiries,'' dated June 2, 2022
(SeAH VINA's Comments).
\4\ See Memorandum, ``Circular Welded Carbon Quality Steel Pipe
from the People's Republic of China (A-570-910 and C-570-911):
Extension of Time to Determine Whether to Initiate Circumvention
Inquiry,'' dated June 13, 2022.
\5\ See Commerce's Letters, ``Circumvention Inquiry of Circular
Welded Carbon Quality Steel Pipe from the People's Republic of China
(A-570-910, C-570-911): Supplemental Questionnaire'';
``Circumvention Inquiry of Certain Circular Welded Non-Alloy Steel
Pipe from the Republic of Korea (A-580-809): Supplemental
Questionnaire''; ``Circumvention Inquiry of Certain Circular Welded
Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes from Taiwan (A-583-008) and Circular
Welded Non-Alloy Steel Pipe from Taiwan (A-583-814): Supplemental
Questionnaire''; ``Circumvention Inquiry of Certain Welded Carbon
Steel Standard Pipes and Tubes from India (A-533-502): Supplemental
Questionnaire''; ``Circumvention Inquiry of Light-Walled Rectangular
Pipe and Tube from the People's Republic of China (A-570-914, C-570-
915): Supplemental Questionnaire,'' (LWRPT China Supplemental);
``Circumvention Inquiry of Light-Walled Rectangular Pipe and Tube
from Korea (A-580-859): Supplemental Questionnaire''; and
``Circumvention Inquiry of Light-Walled Welded Rectangular Carbon
Steel Tubing from Taiwan (A-583-803): Supplemental Questionnaire,''
all dated June 21, 2022. Please note, LWRPT China Supplemental was
uploaded on June 22, 2022.
\6\ See Domestic Interested Parties' Letters, ``Certain Circular
Welded Non-Alloy Steel Pipe from the Republic of Korea--Response to
Supplemental Questionnaire''; ``Certain Circular Welded Carbon Steel
Pipes and Tubes from Taiwan (A-583-008) and Circular Welded Non-
Alloy Steel Pipe from Taiwan (A-583-814)--Response to Supplemental
Questionnaire''; ``Certain Welded Carbon Steel Standard Pipes and
Tubes from India--Response to Supplemental Questionnaire''; ``Light-
Walled Rectangular Pipe and Tube from the People's Republic of
China--Circumvention Inquiry Supplemental Questionnaire Response'';
``Light-Walled Rectangular Pipe and Tube from the Republic of
Korea--Response to Supplemental Questionnaire''; and ``Light-Walled
Welded Rectangular Carbon Steel Tubing from Taiwan--Response to
Supplemental Questionnaire,'' all dated June 28, 2022 (Supplemental
Responses).
\7\ See Commerce's Letter, ``Circumvention Inquiries on Circular
and Rectangular Pipe and Tube Products from China, India, Korea, and
Taiwan,'' dated July 1, 2022.
\8\ See Vietnam Haiphong's Letter, ``Circular Welded Carbon
Quality Steel Pipe from People Republic of China: Vietnam Haiphong
Hongyuan Machinery Manufactory Co., Ltd.'s Comments on the Request
for Circumvention Inquiry,'' dated July 20, 2022.
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Scope of the Orders
Please see each respective Circumvention Initiation Memorandum for
a complete description of the scope of Orders.\9\
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\9\ For a complete description of the scope of the Orders, see
Memoranda, ``Circular Welded Carbon Quality Steel Pipe from the
People's Republic of China: Initiation of Circumvention Inquiry on
the Antidumping Duty and Countervailing Duty Orders''; see also
``Certain Circular Welded Non-Alloy Steel Pipe from the Republic of
Korea: Initiation of Circumvention Inquiry on the Antidumping Duty
Order''; ``Certain Welded Carbon Steel Standard Pipes and Tubes from
India: Initiation of Circumvention Inquiry on the Antidumping Duty
Order''; ``Certain Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes from
Taiwan: Initiation of Circumvention Inquiry on the Antidumping Duty
Order''; ``Circular Welded Non-Alloy Steel Pipe from Taiwan:
Initiation of Circumvention Inquiry on the Antidumping Duty Order'';
``Light-Walled Rectangular Pipe and Tube from the People's Republic
of China: Initiation of Circumvention Inquiry on the Antidumping
Duty and Countervailing Duty Orders''; ``Light-Walled Rectangular
Pipe and Tube from Korea: Initiation of Circumvention Inquiry on the
Antidumping Duty Order''; and ``Light-Walled Welded Rectangular
Carbon Steel Tubing from Taiwan: Initiation of Circumvention Inquiry
on the Antidumping Duty Order,'' (collectively, Circumvention
Initiation Memoranda).
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[[Page 47713]]
Merchandise Subject to the Circumvention Inquiries
These circumvention inquiries cover CWP China, CWP Korea, pipe and
tube India, pipe and tube Taiwan, CWP Taiwan, LWRPT China, LWRPT Korea,
and LWR tubing Taiwan, completed in Vietnam using Chinese, Indian,
Korean, or Taiwan-produced HRS and subsequently exported from Vietnam
to the United States.
Initiation of Circumvention Inquiries
Section 351.226(d) of Commerce's regulations states that if
Commerce determines that a request for a circumvention inquiry
satisfies the requirements of 19 CFR 351.226(c), then Commerce ``will
accept the request and initiate a circumvention inquiry.'' Section
351.226(c)(1) of Commerce's regulations, in turn, requires that each
circumvention inquiry request alleges ``that the elements necessary for
a circumvention determination under section 781 of the Act exist'' and
be ``accompanied by information reasonably available to the interested
party supporting these allegations.'' The domestic interested parties
alleged circumvention pursuant to section 781(b) of the Act, which
pertains to merchandise completed or assembled in other foreign
countries.
Section 781(b)(1) of the Act provides that Commerce may find
circumvention of an AD order when merchandise of the same class or kind
subject to the order is completed or assembled in a foreign country
other than the country to which the order applies. In conducting a
circumvention inquiry, under section 781(b)(1) of the Act, Commerce
relies on the following criteria: (A) merchandise imported into the
United States is of the same class or kind as any merchandise produced
in a foreign country that is the subject of an AD or CVD order or
finding; (B) before importation into the United States, such imported
merchandise is completed or assembled in another foreign country from
merchandise which is subject to the order or merchandise which is
produced in the foreign country that is subject to the order; (C) the
process of assembly or completion in the foreign country referred to in
section (B) is minor or insignificant; (D) the value of the merchandise
produced in the foreign country to which the AD or CVD order applies is
a significant portion of the total value of the merchandise exported to
the United States; and (E) the administering authority determines that
action is appropriate to prevent evasion of such order or finding.
In determining whether the process of assembly or completion in a
third country is minor or insignificant under section 781(b)(1)(C) of
the Act, section 781(b)(2) of the Act directs Commerce to consider: (A)
the level of investment in the foreign country; (B) the level of
research and development in the foreign country; (C) the nature of the
production process in the foreign country; (D) the extent of production
facilities in the foreign country; and (E) whether or not the value of
processing performed in the foreign country represents a small
proportion of the value of the merchandise imported into the United
States. However, no single factor, by itself, controls Commerce's
determination of whether the process of assembly or completion in a
third country is minor or insignificant.\10\ Accordingly, it is
Commerce's practice to evaluate each of these five factors, depending
on the totality of the circumstances of the particular circumvention
inquiry.\11\
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\10\ See Statement of Administrative Action Accompanying the
Uruguay Round Agreements Act, H.R. Doc. No. 103-316, Vol. 1 (1994)
(SAA), at 893.
\11\ See Uncovered Innerspring Units from the People's Republic
of China: Final Affirmative Determination of Circumvention of the
Antidumping Duty Order, 83 FR 65626 (December 21, 2018), and
accompanying Issues and Decision Memorandum, at 4.
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In addition, section 781(b)(3) of the Act sets forth additional
factors to consider in determining whether to include merchandise
assembled or completed in a third country within the scope of an AD or
CVD order. Specifically, Commerce shall take into account such factors
as: (A) the pattern of trade, including sourcing patterns; (B) whether
the manufacturer or exporter of the merchandise is affiliated with the
person who, in the third country, uses the merchandise to complete or
assemble the merchandise which is subsequently imported into the United
States; and (C) whether imports of the merchandise into the third
country have increased after the initiation of the investigation that
resulted in the issuance of such order or finding.
Based on our analysis of the domestic interested parties'
circumvention requests, Commerce determines that the domestic
interested parties have satisfied the criteria under 19 CFR 351.226(c)
to warrant the initiations of circumvention inquiries of these Orders.
Therefore, pursuant to 19 CFR 351.226(d)(1)(ii), we are initiating the
requested circumvention inquiries. For a full discussion of the basis
for our decisions to initiate these circumvention inquiries, see each
respective Circumvention Initiation Memorandum.\12\ As explained in the
Circumvention Initiation Memoranda, the information provided by
domestic interested parties in this instance warrants initiating these
circumvention inquiries on a country-wide basis. Commerce has taken
this approach in prior circumvention inquiries, where the facts
warranted initiation on a country-wide basis.\13\
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\12\ See Circumvention Initiation Memoranda. These memoranda are
public documents and available electronically online via Enforcement
and Compliance's Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Centralized
Electronic Service System (ACCESS).
\13\ See, e.g., Certain Corrosion-Resistant Steel Products from
the Republic of Korea and Taiwan: Initiation of Anti-Circumvention
Inquiries on the Antidumping Duty and Countervailing Duty Orders, 83
FR 37785 (August 2, 2018); Carbon Steel Butt-Weld Pipe Fittings from
the People's Republic of China: Initiation of Anti-Circumvention
Inquiry on the Antidumping Duty Order, 82 FR 40556, 40560 (August
25, 2017) (stating at initiation that Commerce would evaluate the
extent to which a country-wide finding applicable to all exports
might be warranted); and Certain Corrosion-Resistant Steel Products
from the People's Republic of China: Initiation of Anti-
Circumvention Inquiries on the Antidumping Duty and Countervailing
Duty Orders, 81 FR 79454, 79458 (November 14, 2016) (stating at
initiation that Commerce would evaluate the extent to which a
country-wide finding applicable to all exports might be warranted).
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Consistent with the approach in the prior circumvention inquiries
that were initiated on a country-wide basis, Commerce intends to issue
questionnaires to solicit information from producers and exporters in
Vietnam concerning their shipments of CWP China, CWP Korea, pipe and
tube India, pipe and tube Taiwan, CWP Taiwan, LWRPT China, LWRPT Korea,
and LWR tubing Taiwan, made respectively from Chinese, Indian, Korean,
or Taiwan-origin HRS to the United States. A company's failure to
respond completely to Commerce's requests for information may result in
the application of partial or total facts available, pursuant to
section 776(a) of the Act, which may include adverse inferences,
pursuant to section 776(b) of the Act.
Suspension of Liquidation
Pursuant to 19 CFR 351.226(l)(1), Commerce will notify U.S. Customs
and Border Protection (CBP) of the initiation
[[Page 47714]]
and direct CBP to continue the suspension of liquidation of entries of
products subject to the circumvention inquiries that were already
subject to the suspension of liquidation under the Orders. Should
Commerce issue preliminary or final circumvention determinations,
Commerce will follow the suspension of liquidation rules under 19 CFR
351.226(l)(2)-(4).
Notification to Interested Parties
In accordance with 19 CFR 351.226(d) and section 781(b) of the Act,
Commerce determines that the domestic interested parties' requests for
these circumvention inquiries satisfy the requirements of 19 CFR
351.226(c). Accordingly, Commerce is notifying all interested parties
of the initiation of these circumvention inquiries to determine whether
certain imports of CWP China, CWP Korea, pipe and tube India, pipe and
tube Taiwan, CWP Taiwan, LWRPT China, LWRPT Korea, and LWR tubing
Taiwan, completed in and exported from Vietnam using HRS inputs
manufactured respectively in China, Korea, India, or Taiwan, are
circumventing the Orders. In addition, we have included a description
of the products that are the subject of these inquiries, and an
explanation of the reasons for Commerce's decision to initiate these
inquiries as provided above and in the accompanying Circumvention
Initiation Memoranda.\14\ In accordance with 19 CFR 351.226(e)(2),
Commerce intends to issue its final circumvention determination within
300 days from the date of publication of the notice of initiation of a
circumvention inquiry in the Federal Register.
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\14\ See Circumvention Initiation Memoranda.
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This notice is published in accordance with section 781(b) of the
Act and 19 CFR 351.226(d)(1)(ii).
Dated: July 28, 2022.
Lisa W. Wang,
Assistant Secretary for Enforcement and Compliance.
Appendix--List of Topics Discussed in the Circumvention Initiation
Memoranda
I. Summary
II. Background
III. Scope of the Order
IV. Merchandise Subject to the Circumvention Inquiry
V. Statutory and Regulatory Framework for Circumvention Inquiry
VI. Statutory Analysis for the Circumvention Inquiry
VII. Comments Opposing the Initiation of Circumvention Inquiry \15\
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\15\ As Commerce did not receive comments with regard to the
LWRPT allegations, this section is not present in those initiation
memoranda.
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VIII. Country-Wide Circumvention Inquiry
IX. Recommendation
[FR Doc. 2022-16715 Filed 8-3-22; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 3510-DS-P
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This is legal information, not legal advice. Laws vary by jurisdiction and change frequently. Always verify current law with official sources and consult a licensed attorney in your jurisdiction for advice on your specific situation.