Rule2022-15398
Extension and Amendment of Import Restrictions on Archaeological and Ethnological Material From Cyprus
Primary source
Metadata and text below are from the Federal Register, a public-domain U.S. government work. Always verify the official published version before relying on it for any legal matter.
Published
July 18, 2022
Effective
July 14, 2022
Issuing agencies
Homeland Security DepartmentU.S. Customs and Border ProtectionTreasury Department
Abstract
This document amends the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) regulations to reflect an extension and amendment of import restrictions on Pre-Classical and Classical archaeological objects, and Byzantine and Post-Byzantine ecclesiastical and ritual ethnological materials of the Republic of Cyprus. To fulfill the terms of the new agreement, titled "Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Cyprus Concerning the Imposition of Import Restrictions on Categories of Archaeological and Ethnological Material of the Republic of Cyprus", the Designated List, which was last described in CBP-Dec. 12-13, is amended in this document to reflect additional categories of archaeological material from an extended date range from the end of the Classical Period to A.D. 1770 and additional categories of ethnological material including architectural material, documents and manuscripts, traditional clothing, and emblems of the state.
Full Text
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[Federal Register Volume 87, Number 136 (Monday, July 18, 2022)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 42636-42642]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [<a href="http://www.gpo.gov">www.gpo.gov</a>]
[FR Doc No: 2022-15398]
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DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
19 CFR Part 12
[CBP Dec. 22-15]
RIN 1515-AE74
Extension and Amendment of Import Restrictions on Archaeological
and Ethnological Material From Cyprus
AGENCY: U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Department of Homeland
Security; Department of the Treasury.
ACTION: Final rule.
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SUMMARY: This document amends the U.S. Customs and Border Protection
(CBP) regulations to reflect an extension and amendment of import
restrictions on Pre-Classical and Classical archaeological objects, and
Byzantine and Post-Byzantine ecclesiastical and ritual ethnological
materials of the Republic of Cyprus. To fulfill the terms of the new
agreement, titled ``Agreement Between the Government of the United
States of America and the Government of the Republic of Cyprus
Concerning the Imposition of Import Restrictions on Categories of
Archaeological and Ethnological Material of the Republic of Cyprus'',
the Designated List, which was last described in CBP-Dec. 12-13, is
amended in this document to reflect additional categories of
archaeological
[[Page 42637]]
material from an extended date range from the end of the Classical
Period to A.D. 1770 and additional categories of ethnological material
including architectural material, documents and manuscripts,
traditional clothing, and emblems of the state.
DATES: Effective July 14, 2022.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For legal aspects, W. Richmond
Beevers, Chief, Cargo Security, Carriers and Restricted Merchandise
Branch, Regulations and Rulings, Office of Trade, (202) 325-0084, <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#b3dcc79edcc7c1c1d0c6dfc7c6c1d2dfc3c1dcc3d6c1c7caf3d0d1c39dd7dbc09dd4dcc5"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="4629326b2932343425332a323334272a363429362334323f0625243668222e3568212930">[email protected]</span></a>. For operational aspects, Julie L.
Stoeber, Chief, 1USG Branch, Trade Policy and Programs, Office of
Trade, (202) 945-7064, <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#53620600141121323d303b133031237d373b207d343c25"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="cbfa9e988c89b9aaa5a8a38ba8a9bbe5afa3b8e5aca4bd">[email protected]</span></a>.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Background
Pursuant to the Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act,
Public Law 97-446, 19 U.S.C. 2601 et seq., which implements the 1970
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO) Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the
Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property
(823 U.N.T.S. 231 (1972)), the United States entered into a bilateral
agreement with the Republic of Cyprus (``Cyprus'') on July 16, 2002,
concerning the imposition of import restrictions on certain
archaeological materials representing the Pre-Classical and Classical
periods of Cyprus, ranging in date from approximately the 8th
Millennium B.C. to approximately A.D. 330 (``the 2002 Agreement'').
On July 19, 2002, the former U.S. Customs Service (U.S. Customs and
Border Protection's predecessor agency) published Treasury Decision
(T.D.) 02-37 in the Federal Register (67 FR 47447), which amended Sec.
12.104g(a) of title 19 of the Code of Federal Regulations (19 CFR
12.104g(a)) to reflect the imposition of these restrictions and
included a list designating the types of archaeological and
ethnological material covered by the restrictions.
Import restrictions listed at 19 CFR 12.104g(a) are effective for
no more than five years beginning on the date on which the agreement
enters into force with respect to the United States. This period may be
extended for additional periods of no more than five years if it is
determined that the factors which justified the agreement still pertain
and no cause for suspension of the agreement exists. See 19 CFR
12.104g(a).
Since the initial final rule was published on July 19, 2002, the
import restrictions were subsequently extended and/or amended five (5)
times. First, on August 17, 2006, the Republic of Cyprus and the United
States amended the 2002 Agreement (covering Pre-Classical and Classical
archeological materials) to include Byzantine ecclesiastical and ritual
ethnological materials dating from approximately the 4th century A.D.
through approximately the 15th century A.D. that had been (and, at that
time, were still) protected pursuant to an emergency action which was
published in the Federal Register (64 FR 17529) on April 12, 1999. The
amendment of the 2002 Agreement to cover both the archaeological
materials and the ethnological materials was reflected in CBP Dec. 06-
22, which was published in the Federal Register (71 FR 51724) on August
31, 2006. CBP Dec. 06-22 contained the list of Byzantine ecclesiastical
and ritual ethnological materials from Cyprus previously protected
pursuant to the emergency action and announced that import
restrictions, as of August 31, 2006, were imposed on this cultural
property pursuant to the amended Agreement (19 U.S.C. 2603(c)(4)).
Thus, as of that date, the import restrictions covering materials
described in CBP Dec. 06-22 were set to be effective through July 15,
2007.
Second, on July 13, 2007, following the exchange of diplomatic
notes, CBP published a final rule (CBP Dec. 07-52) in the Federal
Register (72 FR 38470) to extend the import restrictions for an
additional five-year period.
Third, on July 13, 2012, following the exchange of diplomatic
notes, CBP published a final rule (CBP Dec. 12-13) in the Federal
Register (77 FR 41266) amending CBP regulations to reflect the
extension of import restrictions for an additional five-year period and
also to cover Post-Byzantine ecclesiastical and ritual ethnological
materials of Cyprus ranging from approximately A.D. 1500 to
approximately A.D. 1850.
Fourth, on August 1, 2012, CBP published a correcting amendment to
CBP Dec. 12-13 in the Federal Register (77 FR 45479), because the
amended Designated List and the regulatory text in the July 13, 2012
document contained language which was inadvertently inconsistent with
the remainder of the document as to the historical period that the
import restrictions cover for ecclesiastical and ritual ethnological
materials from Cyprus.
Fifth and lastly, on July 14, 2017, following the exchange of
diplomatic notes, CBP published a final rule (CBP Dec. 17-07) in the
Federal Register (82 FR 32452) to extend the import restrictions for an
additional five-year period through July 15, 2022.
On September 13, 2021, the United States Department of State
proposed in the Federal Register (86 FR 50931) to extend and amend the
agreement between the United States and Cyprus concerning the import
restrictions on certain categories of archaeological and ethnological
material from Cyprus. On April, 1, 2022, after consultation with and
recommendations by the Cultural Property Advisory Committee, the
Assistant Secretary for Educational and Cultural Affairs, United States
Department of State, determined that: (1) the cultural heritage of
Cyprus continues to be in jeopardy from pillage of certain
archeological and ethnological material currently covered and that the
import restrictions should be extended for an additional five years;
and (2) the cultural heritage of Cyprus is in jeopardy from pillage of
additional categories of archaeological material dating from the end of
the Classical Period to A.D. 1770 and additional categories of
ethnological material including architectural material, documents and
manuscripts, traditional clothing, and emblems of the state, and that
import restrictions on such types of archaeological and ethnological
material should be imposed. Pursuant to the new agreement, the existing
import restrictions will remain in effect for an additional five years
through July 13, 2027, along with the imposition of additional import
restrictions on new categories of archaeological and ethnological
material, which will also be effective for a five-year period through
July 13, 2027.
Accordingly, CBP is amending 19 CFR 12.104g(a) to reflect the
extension of the import restrictions and amending the Designated List
of cultural property described in CBP Dec. 12-13 with the addition of
new categories of archaeological and ethnological material. The
restrictions on the importation of archaeological material and
ethnological material continue to be in effect through July 13, 2027.
Importation of such material from Cyprus continues to be restricted
through that date unless the conditions set forth in 19 U.S.C. 2606 and
19 CFR 12.104c are met.
The Designated List and additional information may also be found at
the following website address: <a href="https://eca.state.gov/cultural-heritage-center/cultural-property-advisory-committee/current-import-restrictions">https://eca.state.gov/cultural-heritage-center/cultural-property-advisory-committee/current-import-restrictions</a>
by selecting the material for ``Cyprus.''
[[Page 42638]]
Designated List of Archaeological and Ethnological Material of Cyrus
The Designated List contained in CBP Dec. 12-13, which describes
the types of articles to which the import restrictions apply, is
amended to reflect the inclusion of additional categories of
archaeological and ethnological material in the Designated List. In
order to clarify certain provisions of the Designated List contained in
CBP Dec. 12-13, the amendment also includes minor revisions to the
language and numbering of the Designated List. For the reader's
convenience, CBP is reproducing the Designated List contained in CBP
Dec. 12-13 in its entirety, with the changes, below.
The Designated List includes archaeological material from Cyprus
ranging in date from approximately the 11th millennium B.C. to A.D.
1770, and ethnological material from Cyprus ranging in date from
approximately the 4th century A.D. to A.D. 1878.
Categories of Archaeological and Ethnological Material
I. Archaeological Material
A. Ceramic
B. Stone
C. Metal
D. Glass, Faience, and Enamel
E. Ivory, Bone, Shell, Wood, and Other Organics
II. Ethnological Material
A. Ecclesiastical Ritual and Ceremonial Objects
B. Emblems of the State
C. Structural and Decorative Architectural Material
D. Documents and Manuscripts
E. Traditional Clothing and Textiles
I. Archaeological Material
Archaeological material includes categories of objects ranging in
date from approximately the 11th millennium B.C. to A.D. 1770.
A. Ceramic
1. Vessels.
a. Neolithic and Chalcolithic (c. 8800-2300 B.C.)--Bowls and jars,
including spouted vessels. Varieties include Combed ware, Black
Lustrous ware, Red Lustrous ware, and Red-on-White painted ware.
Approximately 10-24 cm in height.
b. Early Bronze Age (c. 2300-1850 B.C.)--Forms are hand-made and
include bowls, jugs, juglets, jars, and specialized forms, such as
askoi, pyxides, gourd-shape, multiple-body vessels, and vessels with
figurines attached. Cut-away spouts, multiple spouts, basket handles,
and round bases commonly occur. Incised, punctured, molded, and applied
ornament, as well as polishing and slip, are included in the range of
decorative techniques. Approximately 13-60 cm in height.
c. Middle Bronze Age (c. 1850-1550 B.C.)--Forms are hand-made and
include bowls, jugs, juglets, jars, zoomorphic askoi, bottles,
amphorae, and amphoriskoi. Some have multiple spouts and basket or
ribbon handles. Decorative techniques include red and brown paint,
incised or applied decoration, and polishing. Varieties include Red
Polished ware, White Painted ware, Black Slip ware, Red Slip ware, and
Red-on-Black ware. Approximately 4-25 cm in height.
d. Late Bronze Age (c. 1550-1050 B.C.)--Forms include bowls, jars,
lamps, jugs and juglets, tankards, rhyta, bottles, kraters, alabastra,
stemmed cups, cups, stirrup jars, amphorae, and amphoriskoi. A wide
variety of spouts, handles, and bases are common. Zoomorphic vessels
also occur. Decorative techniques include painted design in red or
brown, polishing, and punctured or incised decoration. Varieties
include White Slip, Base Ring ware, White Shaved ware, Red Lustrous
ware, Bichrome Wheel-made ware, and Proto-White Painted ware. Some
examples of local or imported Mycenaean Late Helladic III have also
been found. Approximately 5-50 cm in height.
e. Cypro-Geometric I-III (c. 1050-750 B.C.)--Forms include bowls,
lamps, jugs, juglets, jars, cups, skyphoi, amphorae, amphoriskos, and
tripods. A variety of spouts, handles and base forms are used.
Decorative techniques include paint in dark brown and red, ribbing,
polish, and applied projections. Varieties include White Painted I-III
wares, Black Slip I-III wares, Bichrome II-III wares, and Black-on-Red
ware. Approximately 7-30 cm in height.
f. Cypro-Archaic I-II (c. 750-475 B.C.)--Forms include bowls,
lamps, plates, jugs and juglets, cups, kraters, amphoriskoi, oinochoai,
and amphorae. Many of the forms are painted with bands, lines,
concentric circles, and other geometric and floral patterns. Animal
designs occur in the Free Field style. Molded decoration in the form of
female figurines may also be applied. Red and dark brown paint is used
on Bichrome ware. Black paint on a red polished surface is common on
Black-on-Red ware. Other varieties include Bichrome Red, Polychrome
Red, and Plain White. Approximately 12-45 cm in height.
g. Cypro-Classical I-II (c. 475-325 B.C.)--Forms include bowls,
shallow dishes, lamps, jugs and juglets, oinochoai, and amphorae. The
use of painted decoration in red and brown, as well as blue/green and
black continues. Some vessels have molded female figurines applied.
Decorative designs include floral and geometric patterns. Burnishing
also occurs. Varieties include Polychrome Red, Black-on-Red, Polychrome
Red, Stroke Burnished, and White Painted wares. Approximately 6-40 cm
in height.
h. Hellenistic (c. 325 B.C.-50 B.C.)--Forms include bowls, dishes,
cups, unguentaria, lamps, jugs and juglets, pyxides, amphorae, pithoi,
and cooking pots. Most of the ceramic vessels of the period are
undecorated. Those that are decorated use red, brown, or white paint in
simple geometric patterns. Ribbing is also a common decorative
technique. Some floral patterns are also used. Varieties include Glazed
Painted ware and Glazed ware. Imports include Eastern Sigillata and
``Megarian'' mould-made relief bowls. Approximately 5-25 cm in height.
i. Roman (c. 50 B.C.-A.D. 330)--Forms include bowls, dishes, cups,
lamps, jugs and juglets, unguentaria, amphorae, and cooking pots.
Decorative techniques include incision, embossing, molded decoration,
grooved decoration, and paint. Varieties include Terra Sigillata and
Glazed and Green Glazed wares. Approximately 5-55 cm in height.
j. Byzantine and Medieval Frankish, Lusignan, and Venetian (c. A.D.
330-1570)--Forms include undecorated plain wares, utilitarian,
tableware, serving and storage jars, lamps, special shapes such as
pilgrim flasks, and can be matte painted or glazed, including incised
``sgraffitto'' and stamped with elaborate polychrome decorations using
floral, geometric, human, and animal motifs.
k. Ottoman (c. A.D. 1570-1770)--Early examples include green and
turquoise vessels that may be in the vessel shapes mentioned above. In
addition, this type includes inkstands, chalices, lamps, rose water
flasks, censers, incense cases, kitchenware, and tableware. Sizes and
shapes are varied; colors include blue-white, red, blue, yellow,
purple, and green and may include floral or other painted or inscribed
decorations.
2. Sculpture.
a. Terracotta Figurines (Small Statuettes).
i. Neolithic to Late Bronze Age (c. 8800-1050 B.C.)--Figurines are
small, hand-made, and schematic in form. Most represent female figures,
often standing and sometimes seated and giving birth or cradling an
infant. Features and attributes are marked with incisions or paint.
Figurines occur in Red-on-White ware, Red Polished ware,
[[Page 42639]]
Red-Drab Polished ware, and Base Ring ware. Approximately 10-25 cm in
height.
ii. Cypro-Geometric to Cypro-Archaic (c. 1050-475 B.C.)--Figurines
show a greater diversity of form than earlier figurines. Female
figurines are still common, but forms also include male horse-and-rider
figurines; warrior figures; animals such as birds, bulls and pigs;
tubular figurines; boat models; and human masks. In the Cypro-Archaic
period, terra cotta models illustrate a variety of daily activities,
including the process of making pottery and grinding grain. Other
examples include musicians and men in chariots. Approximately 7-19 cm
in height.
iii. Cypro-Classical to Roman (c. 475 B.C.-A.D. 330)--Figurines
mirror the classical tradition of Greece and Roman. Types include
draped women, nude youths, and winged figures. Approximately 9-20 cm in
height.
b. Large Scale Terracotta Figurines--Dating to the Cypro-Archaic
period (c. 750-475 B.C.), full figures about half life-size, are
commonly found in sanctuaries. Illustrated examples include the head of
a woman decorated with rosettes and a bearded male with spiral-
decorated helmet. Approximately 50-150 cm in height.
c. Funerary Statuettes--Dating to the Cypro-Classical period (c.
475-325 B.C.), these illustrate both male and female figures draped,
often seated, as expressions of mourning. Approximately 25-50 cm in
height.
d. Architectural Elements--Baked clay (terracotta) elements used to
decorate buildings, these elements include tiles, acroteria, antefixes,
painted and relief plaques, metopes, cornices, roof tiles, pipes, and
revetments, as well as wall and floor decorations in plaster. This
category also includes wall brackets and wall-mounted lamps.
3. Inscriptions--Writing on clay either fired or unfired from the
Late Bronze Age to the Ottoman period. These include inscribed tablets,
weights, clay balls, inscribed handles, sling bullets, or parts of
ceramic vessels.
4. Seals--Dating from the Neolithic (7500 B.C.) through the Ottoman
period, conical seals, scarabs, cylinder seals, and bread stamps are
incised with geometric decoration, pictorial scenes, and inscriptions.
Approximately 2-12 cm in height.
5. Loom Weights and Spindle Whorls--From the early Bronze Age
through the Ottoman period, shapes include conical, pyramidal, disc or
rings. These can be stamped, incised, or glazed.
6. Sarcophagi--From the Archaic to the Medieval period. Some have
figural scenes painted on them, others have figural scenes carved in
relief, and some just have decorative moldings. Approximate date: c.
700 B.C. to A.D. 1500.
7. Pipes--Clay smoking pipes from the Medieval and Ottoman periods,
including partial pipes such as stems and bowls.
B. Stone
1. Vessels--Ground stone vessels occur from the Epipaleolithic to
the Ottoman period (c. 11,000 B.C.-A.D. 1770). Early vessels are from
various stones including diabase, basalt, limestone, alabaster, marble,
or other stone. Most are bowl-shaped; some are trough-shaped with
spouts and handles. Neolithic vessels often have incised or perforated
decoration. Late Bronze Age vessels include amphoriskoi and kraters
with handles. Sometimes these have incised decoration. Alabaster was
also used for stone vessels in the Late Bronze Age and Hellenistic
period. In the latter period, stone vessels are produced in the same
shapes as ceramic vessels: amphorae, unguentaria, etc. Approximately
10-30 cm in height.
2. Sculpture.
a. Neolithic to Late Bronze Age (c. 8800-1250 B.C.)--Forms include
small scale human heads, fiddle-shaped human figures, steatopygous
female figures, anthropomorphic cruciform figurines with incised
decoration, and animal figures. Diabase, limestone, and picrolite are
commonly used in these periods. Approximately 5-30 cm in height.
b. Cypro-Geometric to Cypro-Classical (c. 1050-325 B.C.)--Small
scale to life-size human figures, whole and fragments, in limestone and
marble, are similar to the Classical tradition in local styles.
Examples include the limestone head of a youth in Neo-Cypriote style,
votive female figures in Proto-Cypriot style, a kouros in Archaic Greek
style, statues and statuettes representing Classical gods such as Zeus
and Aphrodite, as well as portrait heads of the Greek and Roman
periods. Approximately 10-200 cm in height.
c. Later Period Statuary (c. 325 B.C.-A.D. 1770)--Both large and
small, in marble, limestone, sandstone, and other stone. Subject matter
includes human, animal, and mythological figures and groups of figures
in the round, in relief, or as inlay, as well as floral, vegetal and
abstract elements, including fragments of statues.
3. Architectural Elements--Sculpted stone building elements occur
from the 12th century B.C. through the Ottoman period. These include
columns and column capitals, relief decoration, chancel panels, window
frames, revetments, offering tables, coats of arms, and gargoyles.
These include parts from funerary, religious, domestic, or
administrative buildings or structures in different kinds of stone
(e.g., limestone and marble).
4. Seals--Dating from the Neolithic (7500 B.C.) through the Ottoman
period, conical seals, scarabs, cylinder seals, and bread stamps are
incised with geometric decoration, pictorial scenes, and inscriptions.
Approximately 2-12 cm in height.
5. Amulets, Pendants, and Beads--Dating from the Epipaleolithic up
to A.D. 1770 and made from different types of stone (e.g., picrolite).
Approximately 4-5 cm in length.
6. Inscriptions--Inscribed stone materials date from the 6th
century B.C. through A.D. 1770. Funerary and votive plaques and stelae,
mosaic floors, and building plaques were inscribed. This category also
includes inscribed tombstones or other funerary or religious monuments,
milestones, etc.
7. Funerary Stelae (Uninscribed) and Sarcophagi--From the Archaic
to the Ottoman period, marble, limestone, and other stone sculptural
monuments have relief decoration of animals or human figures seated or
standing. Stone coffins also have relief decoration. Approximately 50-
155 cm in height.
8. Floor Mosaics--Floor mosaics date as early as the 4th century
B.C. in domestic and public contexts and continue to be produced
through the 3rd century A.D. Examples include the mosaics at Nea
Paphos, Kourion, and Kouklia.
9. Tools and Weapons--Starting in the Epipaleolithic, this category
includes flint, obsidian, and other hard stones. Chipped stone types
include blades, small blades, borers, scrapers, sickles, cores, arrow
heads, and spindle whorls. Ground stone types include grinders (e.g.,
mortars, pestles, millstones, whetstones), choppers, axes, hammers, and
mace heads. This category also includes tools such as loom weights and
spindle whorls.
C. Metal
1. Copper/Bronze.
a. Vessels and Utensils--Dating from the Bronze Age (c. 2300 B.C.)
through A.D. 1770, bronze vessel forms include bowls, cups, amphorae,
jugs, juglets, pyxides, dippers, lamp stands, dishes, and plates.
Approximately 4-30 cm in height.
b. Bronze Stands--Dating from the Late Bronze Age (c. 1550 B.C.)
through the end of the Classical period (c. 325
[[Page 42640]]
B.C.), are bronze stands with animal and other decoration.
c. Sculpture--Dating from the Late Bronze Age (c. 1550) to the end
of the Hellenistic period (c. 50 B.C.), small figural sculpture
includes human forms with attached attributes such as spears or
goblets, animal figures, animal- and vessel-shaped weights, and
Classical representations of gods and mythological figures. This
category also includes statuettes and statues of votive or religious
nature. Approximately 5-25 cm in height.
d. Jewelry and Personal Objects--Dating from the Early Bronze Age
(c. 2300 B.C.) to the end of the Roman period (A.D. 330), forms include
toggle pins, straight pins, fibulae, and mirrors.
2. Silver.
a. Vessels--Dating from the Bronze Age (c. 2300 B.C.) through the
end of the Roman period (A.D. 330), forms include bowls, dishes, coffee
services, and ceremonial objects such as incense burners. These are
often decorated with molded or incised geometric motifs or figural
scenes.
b. Jewelry and Personal Objects--Starting from the Late Bronze Age
(c. 2300 B.C.), forms include fibulae, rings, bracelets, and spoons.
3. Gold Jewelry and Personal Objects--Gold jewelry has been found
on Cyprus starting in the Early Bronze Age (c. 2300 B.C.). Items
include hair ornaments, bands, wreaths, frontlets, pectorals, earrings,
necklaces, rings, pendants, plaques, beads, and bracelets.
4. Coins of Cypriot Types.
Coins of Cypriot types made of gold, silver, and bronze including
but not limited to:
a. Issues of the ancient kingdoms of Amathus, Kition, Kourion,
Idalion, Lapethos, Marion, Paphos, Soli, and Salamis dating from the
end of the 6th century B.C. to 332 B.C.
b. Issues of the Hellenistic period, such as those of Paphos,
Salamis, and Kition from 332 B.C. to c. 30 B.C.
c. Provincial and local issues of the Roman period from c. 30 B.C.
to A.D. 235. Often these have a bust or head on one side and the image
of a temple (the Temple of Aphrodite at Palaipaphos) or statue (statue
of Zeus Salaminios) on the other.
d. Byzantine, Medieval Frankish, Lusignan, Venetian, and Ottoman
types that circulated primarily in Cyprus, ranging in date from A.D.
235 to 1770. Coins were made in copper, bronze, silver, and gold.
Examples are generally round, have writing, and show imagery of
animals, buildings, symbols, or royal or imperial figures.
5. Tools--In copper, bronze, iron, silver, gold, and lead. Types
include hooks, weights, ingots, axes, scrapers (strigils), trowels,
keys; the tools of craftspersons such as carpenters, masons and metal
smiths; and medical tools such as needles, spoons, lancets, and
forceps.
6. Seals and Tokens--In lead, tin, copper, bronze, silver, and
gold. Types include rings, amulets, and seals with shank.
7. Weapons and Armor--In copper, bronze, iron, and lead. Types
include both launching weapons (spears and javelins) and weapons for
hand-to-hand combat (swords, daggers, etc.). Armor includes body armor,
such as helmets, cuirasses, shin guards, and shields, and horse armor
often decorated with elaborate engraved, embossed, or perforated
designs.
8. Vessels--In bronze, gold, and silver. These may belong to
conventional shapes such as bowls, cups, jars, jugs, strainers,
cauldrons, and lamps, or may occur in the shape of an animal or part of
an animal.
D. Glass, Faience, and Enamel
1. Vessels--Shapes include small jars, lamps, bowls, animal shaped,
goblet, spherical, candle holders, and perfume jars (unguentaria).
2. Beads, Seals, and Spindle Whorls--Globular and relief beads,
other jewelry, seals, and spindle whorls.
3. Small Statuary--Includes human and animal figures in the round,
scarabs, and other imitations of eastern themes. These range from
approximately 3 to 20 cm in height.
E. Ivory, Bone, Shell, Wood, and Other Organics
1. Small Statuary and Figurines--Usually in ivory or wood. Subject
matter includes human and animal figures and groups of figures in the
round or as part of composite objects. These range from approximately
10 cm to 1 m in height.
2. Personal Ornaments--In bone, ivory, and shell. Types include
amulets, combs, pins, spoons, small containers, necklaces, bracelets,
buckles, and beads.
3. Seals and Stamps--Small devices usually in ivory with at least
one side engraved with a design for stamping or sealing; they can be
discoid, cuboid, conoid, or in the shape of animals or fantastic
creatures (e.g., a scarab).
4. Tools--Including needles, handles, spatulae, and spindle whorls.
5. Vessels--Often decorated with an incised scene (e.g., geometric,
animal, human, etc.), and including boxes and lids.
6. Furniture--Bone and ivory furniture inlays and veneers.
7. Ships and Vehicles--This includes whole ships and vehicles or
pieces used in composing a ship, chariot, or other vehicle; typically
in wood.
II. Ethnological Material
Ethnological material covered by the agreement includes
ecclesiastical ritual and ceremonial objects, emblems of the state,
structural and decorative architectural material, documents and
manuscripts, and traditional clothing that contribute to the knowledge
of the origins, development, and history of the Cypriot people. This
includes objects from the 4th century A.D. starting in the Byzantine
Period and ending in A.D. 1878 with the British Protectorate.
A. Ecclesiastical Ritual and Ceremonial Objects
1. Metal.
a. Bronze--Ceremonial objects include icons, small figural
sculpture, crosses, censers (incense burners), rings, and buckles for
ecclesiastical garments. The objects may be decorated with engraved or
modeled designs or Greek inscriptions. Crosses, rings and buckles are
often set with semi-precious stones.
b. Lead--Lead objects include ampulla (small bottle-shaped forms)
used in religious observance.
c. Silver and Gold--Ceremonial vessels and objects used in ritual
and as components of church treasure. Ceremonial objects include icons,
censers (incense burners), book covers, liturgical crosses,
archbishop's crowns, buckles, and chests including reliquaries. These
are often decorated with molded or incised geometric motifs or scenes
from the Bible, and encrusted with semi-precious or precious stones.
The gems themselves may be engraved with religious figures or
inscriptions. Church treasure may include all of the above, as well as
rings, earrings, and necklaces (some decorated with ecclesiastical
themes) and other implements (e.g., spoons).
2. Wood--Artifacts made of wood are primarily those intended for
ritual or ecclesiastical use. These include painted icons, painted wood
screens (iconostases), carved doors, crosses, painted wooden beams from
churches or monasteries, thrones, chests including reliquaries, and
musical instruments. Religious figures (Christ, the Apostles, the
Virgin, and others) predominate in the painted and carved figural
decoration. Ecclesiastical furniture and architectural elements may
also be decorated with geometric or floral designs.
3. Ivory and Bone--Ecclesiastical and ritual objects of ivory and
bone boxes, plaques, pendants, candelabra, stamp rings, crosses, and
relics. Carved and engraved decoration includes religious
[[Page 42641]]
figures, scenes from the Bible, and floral and geometric designs.
4. Glass--Ecclesiastical objects such as lamps and ritual vessels.
5. Textiles and Ritual Garments--Ecclesiastical garments and other
ritual textiles. Robes, vestments and altar clothes are often of a fine
fabric and richly embroidered in silver and gold. Embroidered designs
include religious motifs and floral and geometric designs.
6. Stone.
a. Wall Mosaics--Wall mosaics are found in ecclesiastical
buildings. These generally portray images of Christ, Archangels, the
Apostles, and Saints in scenes of Biblical events. Surrounding panels
may contain animal, floral, or geometric designs.
b. Floor Mosaics--Floor mosaics from ecclesiastical contexts.
Examples include the mosaics at Nea Paphos, Kourion, Kouklia,
Chrysopolitissa Basilica and Campanopetra Basilica. Floor mosaics may
have animal, floral, geometric designs, or inscriptions.
7. Funerary Objects--This category includes objects related to
funerary rites and burials in all materials. Examples of funerary
objects include, but are not limited to, the following objects:
a. Sepulchers--Sepulchers are repositories for remains of the dead,
primarily in stone (usually limestone or marble), but also in metal and
wood. Types of burial containers include sarcophagi, caskets, coffins,
and urns. These may also have associated sculpture in relief or in the
round. May be plain or have figural, geometric, or floral motifs either
painted or carved in relief. May also contain human or animal remains.
b. Inscriptions, Memorial Stones, Epitaphs, and Tombstones--This
category includes inscribed funerary objects, primarily slabs in
limestone, marble, and ceramic; engraved in a variety of languages and
scripts. These may also have associated sculpture in relief or in the
round.
8. Frescoes/Wall Paintings--Wall paintings from religious
structures (churches, monasteries, chapels, etc.). Like the mosaics,
wall paintings generally portray images of Christ, Archangels, the
Apostles, and Saints in scenes of Biblical events. Surrounding
paintings may contain animal, floral, or geometric designs.
B. Emblems of the State
This category includes items that provide information on periods of
social and political history of the people of Cyprus from the Byzantine
Period through the end of the Ottoman Period that may be absent from
written records.
1. Clothing--Ceremonial garments, clothing emblematic of imperial,
court, or government position, and other accessories thereof such as
shoes, headdresses and hats, belts, and jewelry.
2. Weapons and Armor.
a. Weapons--These are often in iron, steel, or other metal. This
category includes arrows, daggers, swords, saifs, scimitars, other
blades with or without sheaths, spears, and pre-industrial firearms and
cannon; may be for use in combat or ceremonial. May be inlaid with
gemstones, embellished with silver or gold, or engraved with floral or
geometric motifs. Grips or hilts may be made of metal, wood, or semi-
precious stones such as agate, or bound with leather.
b. Armor--Armor may consist of small metal scales, originally sewn
to a backing of textile or leather. This type also includes helmets,
body armor, shields, and horse armor. Other objects may be made of
leather, including archer's bags, shields, and masks.
c. Auxiliary Objects and Vehicles--Powder horns and belts; military
standards; and boats, chariots, or other means of official or military
transportation, and parts thereof.
3. Ceremonial Objects and Containers--Objects of imperial, court,
or government office such as scepters, staffs, insignia, relics, and
monumental boxes, trays, and containers.
4. Stamps, Seals, and Writing Instruments--Stamps, seals including
seal rings, and writing implements for official use by the state.
5. Wall Hangings and Flags--Often in silk or linen, tapestries,
wall hangings, and other representations and emblems of the imperial
court; flags, banners, flagstaffs, and finials.
6. Musical Instruments--This category includes instruments
important for state ceremonies, such as drums of various sizes in
leather, metal instruments, such as cymbals and trumpets, and wooden
instruments.
C. Structural and Decorative Architectural Material
This category includes architectural elements and decoration from
religious and public buildings. These buildings are comparatively rare
due to the combination of historical influences on the island of
Cyprus, including successive cycles of Arab and Byzantine conquest,
occupation during the Medieval Crusades, and a period of Ottoman
influence.
1. Structural Material--Usually in stone, plaster, metal, or wood,
including blocks; columns, capitals, bases, lintels, jambs, friezes,
and pilasters; panels, doors, door frames, and window fittings; altars,
prayer niches (mihrab), screens, iconostasis, fountains, ceilings, tent
poles, and carved and molded brick.
2. Relief and Inlay Sculpture--Usually in stone or plaster,
includes relief and inlay sculpture such as appliques and plaques that
may have been part of a building. May be plain, molded, carved, or
inscribed. Decorative motifs may be incised or in high relief.
3. Other Decorative Material--In stone, metal, wood, glass, and
plaster. Metal elements are primarily in copper, brass, lead, and
alloys, and may include doors, door fixtures, lathes, finials,
chandeliers, screens, and sheets to protect domes. Glass elements
include windows and mosaic tesserae in floors, walls, and ceilings.
D. Documents and Manuscripts
This category includes written records of religious, political, or
scientific importance, including, but not limited to, the following:
1. Works on Papyrus, Parchment, Paper, or Leather--Papyrus
documents are often rolled and/or fragmentary. Parchment and paper
documents may be single leaves or bound as scrolls or books. Works on
paper and parchment may have illustrations or illuminated paintings
with gold or other colors. There are also examples of religious and/or
rare books written on leather pages.
2. Containers and Covers--Boxes for books or scrolls made of wood
or other organic materials, and book or manuscript covers made of
leather, textile, or metal.
E. Traditional Clothing and Textiles
Traditional Cypriot clothing and textiles were signifiers of
identity, social status, and culture, providing information about the
multiple religious and ethnic populations in Cyprus from the Byzantine
through Ottoman periods which may be absent from written records as
historical documents rarely address ceremonies or social customs of
non-elite groups. This category includes, but is not limited to,
headdresses, headbands, hats, and pins (fez, kasketo); pants, dresses,
and other body covers (karpastiki, pafitki, sayia/saya, sarka,
doupletti, foustani, routzieti, vraka, gileko, zimbouni); aprons, belts
and girdles (zonari), and socks (klatses) and shoes (frangopodines,
scarpes).
Inapplicability of Notice and Delayed Effective Date
This amendment involves a foreign affairs function of the United
States and is, therefore, being made without notice or public procedure
under 5 U.S.C.
[[Page 42642]]
553(a)(1). For the same reason, a delayed effective date is not
required under 5 U.S.C. 553(d)(3).
Regulatory Flexibility Act
Because no notice of proposed rulemaking is required, the
provisions of the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) do
not apply.
Executive Order 12866
CBP has determined that this document is not a regulation or rule
subject to the provisions of Executive Order 12866 because it pertains
to a foreign affairs function of the United States, as described above,
and therefore is specifically exempted by section 3(d)(2) of Executive
Order 12866.
Signing Authority
This regulation is being issued in accordance with 19 CFR
0.1(a)(1), pertaining to the Secretary of the Treasury's authority (or
that of his/her delegate) to approve regulations related to customs
revenue functions.
Chris Magnus, the Commissioner of CBP, having reviewed and approved
this document, has delegated the authority to electronically sign this
document to Robert F. Altneu, who is the Director of the Regulations
and Disclosure Law Division for CBP, for purposes of publication in the
Federal Register.
List of Subjects in 19 CFR Part 12
Cultural property, Customs duties and inspection, Imports,
Prohibited merchandise, and Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.
Amendment to the CBP Regulations
For the reasons set forth above, part 12 of title 19 of the Code of
Federal Regulations (19 CFR part 12) is amended as set forth below:
PART 12--SPECIAL CLASSES OF MERCHANDISE
0
1. The general authority citation for part 12 and the specific
authority citation for Sec. 12.104g continue to read as follows:
Authority: 5 U.S.C. 301; 19 U.S.C. 66, 1202 (General Note 3(i),
Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS)), 1624.
* * * * *
Sections 12.104 through 12.104i also issued under 19 U.S.C.
2612;
* * * * *
0
2. In Sec. 12.104g, amend the table in paragraph (a) by revising the
entry for Cyprus to read as follows:
Sec. 12.104g Specific items or categories designated by agreements
or emergency actions.
(a) * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
State party Cultural property Decision No.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
Cyprus.................... Archaeological material CBP Dec. 22-15.
ranging approximately
from the 11th millennium
B.C. to A.D. 1770 and
ethnological material
ranging from
approximately the 4th
century A.D. to A.D.
1878.
* * * * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * *
Robert F. Altneu,
Director, Regulations & Disclosure Law Division, Regulations & Rulings,
Office of Trade, U.S. Customs and Border Protection.
Approved:
Thomas C. West, Jr.,
Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Tax Policy.
[FR Doc. 2022-15398 Filed 7-14-22; 4:15 pm]
BILLING CODE 9111-14-P
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</html>Indexed from Federal Register on July 18, 2022.
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