Rule2021-26348
Extension and Amendment of Import Restrictions on Archaeological Material and Imposition of Import Restrictions on Ethnological Material of Egypt
Primary source
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Published
December 3, 2021
Effective
December 1, 2021
Issuing agencies
Homeland Security DepartmentU.S. Customs and Border ProtectionTreasury Department
Abstract
This final rule amends the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) regulations to reflect an extension and amendment of import restrictions on certain archaeological material and the imposition of import restrictions on ethnological material of the Arab Republic of Egypt (Egypt). The restrictions on archaeological material, which were originally imposed by CBP Dec. 16-23, were extended and amended on November 30, 2021. The Acting Assistant Secretary for Educational and Cultural Affairs, United States Department of State, has made the requisite determinations for extending and updating the import restrictions that previously existed, and the Governments of the United States and Egypt entered into a new agreement to reflect the extension of these import restrictions. Additionally, the Acting Assistant Secretary for Educational and Cultural Affairs, United States Department of State, has made the requisite determinations for adding import restrictions on certain categories of ethnological material. The new agreement, which entered into force on November 30, 2021, supersedes the existing Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) that became effective on November 30, 2016, and enabled the promulgation of the existing import restrictions. Accordingly, the current import restrictions and new import restrictions will be effective until November 30, 2026, and the CBP regulations are being amended to reflect this extension and imposition. To fulfill the terms of the new MOU, the Designated List of cultural property, which was described in CBP Dec. 16-23, is amended in this document to reflect the addition and revision of categories of archaeological material of Egypt ranging in date from approximately 300,000 B.C. to A.D. 1750, and to include certain ethnological material ranging from A.D. 1517 to 1914.
Full Text
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[Federal Register Volume 86, Number 230 (Friday, December 3, 2021)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 68546-68553]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [<a href="http://www.gpo.gov">www.gpo.gov</a>]
[FR Doc No: 2021-26348]
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DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
19 CFR Part 12
[CBP Dec. 21-17]
RIN 1515-AE70
Extension and Amendment of Import Restrictions on Archaeological
Material and Imposition of Import Restrictions on Ethnological Material
of Egypt
AGENCY: U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Department of Homeland
Security; Department of the Treasury.
ACTION: Final rule.
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SUMMARY: This final rule amends the U.S. Customs and Border Protection
(CBP) regulations to reflect an extension and amendment of import
restrictions on certain archaeological material and the imposition of
import restrictions on ethnological material of the Arab Republic of
Egypt (Egypt). The restrictions on archaeological material, which were
originally imposed by CBP Dec. 16-23, were extended and amended on
November 30, 2021. The Acting Assistant Secretary for Educational and
Cultural Affairs, United States Department of State, has made the
requisite determinations for extending and updating the import
restrictions that previously existed, and the Governments of the United
States and Egypt entered into a new agreement to reflect the extension
of these import restrictions. Additionally, the Acting Assistant
Secretary for Educational and Cultural Affairs, United States
Department of State, has made the requisite determinations for adding
import restrictions on certain categories of ethnological material. The
new agreement, which entered into force on November 30, 2021,
supersedes the existing Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) that became
effective on November 30, 2016, and enabled the promulgation of the
existing import restrictions. Accordingly, the current import
restrictions and new import restrictions will be effective until
November 30, 2026, and the CBP regulations are being amended to reflect
this extension and imposition. To fulfill the terms of the new MOU, the
Designated List of cultural property, which was described in CBP Dec.
16-23, is amended in this document to reflect the addition and revision
of categories of archaeological material of Egypt ranging in date from
approximately 300,000 B.C. to A.D. 1750, and to include certain
ethnological material ranging from A.D. 1517 to 1914.
DATES: Effective on December 1, 2021.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For legal aspects, W. Richmond
Beevers, Chief, Cargo Security, Carriers and Restricted Merchandise
Branch, Regulations and Rulings, Office of Trade, (202) 325-0084, <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#49263d64263d3b3b2a3c253d3c3b2825393b26392c3b3d30092a2b39672d213a672e263f"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="056a71286a717777667069717077646975776a756077717c456667752b616d762b626a73">[email protected]</span></a>. For operational aspects, Julie L.
Stoeber, Chief, 1USG Branch, Trade Policy and Programs, Office of
Trade, (202) 945-7064, <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#d7e682849095a5b6b9b4bf97b4b5a7f9b3bfa4f9b0b8a1"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="774622243035051619141f3714150759131f0459101801">[email protected]</span></a>.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Background
Pursuant to the Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act,
Public Law 97-446, 19 U.S.C. 2601 et seq. (hereinafter, ``the Cultural
Property Implementation Act''), which implements the 1970 United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit
Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property
(hereinafter, ``the Convention'' (823 U.N.T.S. 231 (1972)), the United
States entered into a bilateral agreement with the Arab Republic of
Egypt (Egypt) on November 30, 2016. The Memorandum of Understanding
(MOU) enabled the promulgation of import restrictions on certain
archaeological material representing Egypt's cultural heritage ranging
from approximately 300,000 B.C. to A.D. 1750.
On December 6, 2016, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
published CBP Dec. 16-23 in the Federal Register (81 FR 87805), which
amended Sec. 12.104g(a) of title 19 of the Code of Federal Regulations
(19 CFR 12.104g(a)) to reflect the imposition of import restrictions
and included a list designating the types of archaeological material
covered by the restrictions.
Import restrictions listed at 19 CFR 12.104g(a) are effective for
no more than five years beginning on the date on which the agreement
enters into force with respect to the United States. This period may be
extended for additional periods of not more than five years if it is
determined that the factors which justified the initial agreement still
pertain and no cause for suspension of the agreement exists. See 19 CFR
12.104g(a).
On February 5, 2021, the United States Department of State proposed
in the Federal Register (86 FR 8476), to extend and amend the MOU
between the United States and Egypt concerning the import restrictions
on certain categories of archeological material of Egypt. On August 15,
2021, after consultation with and recommendations by the Cultural
Property Advisory Committee, the Acting Assistant Secretary for
Educational and Cultural Affairs, United States Department of State,
determined that: (1) Egypt's cultural heritage continues to be in
jeopardy from pillage of archeological resources and that the import
restrictions should be updated and extended for an additional five
years; and (2) Egypt's cultural heritage is in jeopardy from pillage of
certain types of ethnological material, from Egypt, ranging in date
from A.D. 1517 to A.D. 1914, and import restrictions on such types of
ethnological material should be imposed.
Subsequently, on November 30, 2021, the Governments of the United
States and Egypt entered into a new agreement, titled ``Memorandum of
Understanding Between the Government of the United States of America
and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt Concerning the
Imposition of Import Restrictions on Categories of Cultural Property of
Egypt.'' The new MOU supersedes the existing agreement that first
entered into force on November 30, 2016. Pursuant to the new MOU, the
import restrictions for archaeological material are updated and will be
effective until November 30, 2026, along with the imposition of
additional import restrictions on certain categories of ethnological
material, which will also be effective until November 30, 2026.
Accordingly, CBP is amending 19 CFR 12.104g(a) to reflect the
extension of the import restrictions and amending the Designated List
of cultural property described in CBP Dec. 16-23 with the addition and
revision of categories of archaeological material of Egypt ranging in
date from approximately 300,000 B.C. to A.D. 1750, as set forth below.
The Designated List of cultural property described in CBP Dec. 16-23 is
also amended by adding certain categories of ethnological material of
Egypt ranging
[[Page 68547]]
in date from A.D. 1517 to 1914, as set forth below. The restrictions on
the importation of archaeological and ethnological material will be in
effect through November 30, 2026. Importation of such material of
Egypt, as described in the Designated List below, will be restricted
through that date unless the conditions set forth in 19 U.S.C. 2606 and
19 CFR 12.104c are met.
The Designated List and additional information may also be found at
the following website address: <a href="https://eca.state.gov/cultural-heritage-center/cultural-property-advisory-committee/current-import-restrictions">https://eca.state.gov/cultural-heritage-center/cultural-property-advisory-committee/current-import-restrictions</a>
by selecting the material for ``Egypt.''
Designated List of Archaeological and Ethnological Material of Egypt
The Designated List contained in CBP Dec. 16-23, which describes
the types of articles to which the import restrictions apply, is
amended to reflect the inclusion of additional archaeological material
and certain ethnological material in the Designated List. In order to
clarify certain provisions of the Designated List contained in CBP Dec.
16-23, the amendment also includes minor revisions to the language and
numbering of the Designated List. For the reader's convenience, CBP is
reproducing the Designated List contained in CBP Dec. 16-23 in its
entirety, with the changes, below.
The Designated List includes archaeological material from Egypt
ranging in date from approximately 300,000 B.C. to A.D. 1750, and
certain ethnological material from Egypt ranging in date from A.D. 1517
to 1914.
Categories of Archaeological and Ethnological Material
I. Archaeological
A. Stone
B. Metal
C. Ceramic and Clay
D. Wood
E. Faience and Glass
F. Ivory, Bone, and Shell
G. Plaster and Cartonnage
H. Textile, Basketry, and Rope
I. Leather and Parchment
J. Papyrus
K. Painting and Drawing
L. Mosaics
M. Writing
N. Human and Animal Remains
II. Ethnological
A. Stone
B. Metal
C. Ceramic and Clay
D. Wood
E. Bone, Ivory, and Shell
F. Glass and Semi-Precious Stone
G. Leather, Parchment, and Paper
H. Textiles
Approximate chronology of well-known periods and sites:
(a) Paleolithic period (c. 300,000-8800 B.C.): Bir Sahara East, Bir
Tarfawi, el-Kab (Nekheb), Jebel Sahaba, Taramsa-1, Wadi Tushka
(b) Neolithic period (c. 8800-4000 B.C.): Armant, Bir Kiseiba, Deir
Tasa, el-Badari, el-Omari, el Tarif, Hammamiya, Hierakonpolis (Nekhen),
Merimde Beni-salame, Nabta Playa
(c) Predynastic period (c. 4000-3200 B.C.): Abydos, Ada[iuml]ma, Deir
el Ballas, el-Amra, el-Badari, el-Mahasna, Gerza, Hierakonpolis
(Nekhen), Ma'adi, Minshat Abu Omar, Mostagedda, Naga ed-Deir, Naqada,
Tell el-Fara'in (Buto), Tell el-Farkha, Tjenu (Thinis), Wadi Digla
(d) Early Dynastic period (c. 3200-2686 B.C.): Abusir, Abydos, Coptos/
Koptos, Giza, Elephantine, Memphis, Minshat Abu Omar, Helwan,
Hierakonpolis (Nekhen), Saqqara, Tarkhan, Tell el-Fara'in (Buto), Tell
el-Farkha
(e) Old Kingdom period (c. 2686-2125 B.C.): Ayn Sokhna, Abu Ghurob,
Abusir, Abydos, Aswan, Bet Khallaf, Dashur, Dendera, Elephantine, Giza,
Heliopolis, Hierakonpolis (Nekhen), Kom el-Hisn, Maidum/Meidum,
Memphis, Naga el-Deir, Naqada, Sais, Saqqara, Tell Edfu, Wadi Maghara,
Zawiyet el-Aryan
(f) First Intermediate period (c. 2125-2055 B.C.): Asyut, Hierakonpolis
(Nekhen), Ihnasya el-Medina (Herakleopolis), Kom Dara, Memphis, Naga
el-Dier, Saqqara, Tell Edfu
(g) Middle Kingdom period (c. 2055-1650 B.C.): Asyut, Abydos, Beni
Hasan, Dashur, Deir el-Bahri, Crocodopolis (Fayum) Deir el Ballas,
Hawara, Elephantine, Heliopolis, Herakleopolis, Hierakonpolis (Nekhen),
Kahun, Karnak/Thebes, Lisht, Memphis, Qau el-Kebir, Tell el-Dab'a
(Avaris), Tell Edfu, Wadi Hammamat, Wadi el-Hudi
(h) Second Intermediate period (c. 1650-1550 B.C.): Abydos, Bubastis,
Tell el-Daba, Karnak/Thebes, Deir el Ballas, el-Kab, Memphis, Tell el-
Yahudiyeh, Tura
(i) New Kingdom period (c. 1550-1069 B.C.): Abydos, Abu Simbel, Akhmim,
Armant, Asyut, Aswan, Bubastis, Coptos/Koptos, Dakhla Oasis, Deir el-
Medina, Dendera, Elephantine, Heliopolis, Hermopolis, el-Kab, Karnak/
Thebes, Kharga Oasis, Luxor, Medamud, Memphis, Qantir, Saqqara, Serabit
el-Khadim, Tell el-Amarna, Tell el-Daba, Tod, Wadi Hammamat, Wadi
Natron
(j) Third Intermediate period (c. 1069-664 B.C.): Abusir, Armant,
Bubastis, Elephantine, el-Kab, el-Asasif, el-Hiba, Herakleopolis,
Hermopolis, Karnak/Thebes, Kharga Oasis, Leontopolis, Memphis, Tell el-
Fara'in (Buto), Tanis, Tell Defanna, Tell el Herr, Tell el-Maskhuta,
Tanis, Wadi Tumilat
(k) Late period (c. 664-332 B.C.): Bubastis, Busiris, Dendera,
Heliopolis, Herakleopolis, Hermopolis, el-Hiba, Karnak/Luxor, Kom Ombo,
Kharga Oasis, Memphis, Mendes, Philae, Sais, Saqqara, Sebennytos, Siwa
Oasis, Tell Edfu
(l) Greco-Roman/Ptolemaic period (332 B.C.-A.D. 395): Abu Sha'ar, Ain
el-Tabinieh, Alexandria, Amheida (Trimithis), Antino[ouml]polis,
Antinoe, Aswan (Syene), Bahariya Oasis, Berenike, Busiris, Canopus,
Coptos/Koptos, Dakhla Oasis, Damietta, Dendera, Farafra Oasis, el-Haiz,
Karanis, Kellis, Kharga Oasis, Kom Ombo, Hawara, Marina al-Alamein,
Medinet Madi, Memphis, Naukratis, Oxyrhynchus, Philae, Ptolemais,
Quseir el-Qadim (Myos Hormos), Soknopaiou Nesos, Tebtynis (Tebtunis),
Tell Edfu
(m) Byzantine period (c. A.D. 395-640): Abu Fano, Alexandria, el-Kab,
Abu Mina, Arsinoe, Aswan, Athribis (both Delta Athribis and Sohag
Athribis), Bawit, Coptos/Koptos, Dakhla Oasis, Dayr el-Muharraq,
Dendur, Douch, Tell Edfu, Fayoum monasteries (Dayr al-Malek Gabriel),
Herakleopolis Magna, Hermopolis Magna (city and necropolis Tuna el-
Gebel), Jeme (Medinet Habu), Karanis, Kellia, Kharga Oasis, Kom el-
Dikka, Medinet Madi, Menouthis, Mons Claudianus, Mons Porpyrites, Mount
Sinai, Nag Hammadi, Old Cairo, Oxyrhynchos, Panopolis (Akhmim) and area
monasteries, Pelusion, Philae, Raithou, Red Sea Monasteries (SS. Antony
and Paul), Saqqara, Sinai, Sohag, Tall al-Farama, Tell el-Amarna,
Thebes, Wadi Natrun, Wadi Pharan (Sinai, Monastery)
(n) Islamic/Medieval period (A.D. 640-1517): Alexandria, al-Ashmunayn,
Aswan, Athribis (Sohag), Aydhab, al-Bahnasa, al-Fustat, al-Rashid
(Rosetta), Antinoopolis, Aswan, Cairo, Damietta, Tell Edfu, Giza,
Hamouli, Jeme, Luxor, Madinat al-Fayyum, Minya, Q[umacr]s, Qusayr, Red
[[Page 68548]]
Sea Monasteries (SS. Antony and Paul), Rosetta, Sohag, Thebes, Wadi
Natrun
(o) Ottoman and early Muhammad `Ali periods (A.D. 1517-1914):
Alexandria, al-Rashid (Rosetta), Aswan, Asyut, Cairo, Damietta, Ibrim,
Red Sea Monasteries (SS. Antony and Paul), Tanta, Qusayr, Salihiyya,
Suez, Thebes
I. Archaeological Material
Archaeological material includes categories of objects from the
Paleolithic to the middle of the Ottoman period in Egypt, ranging in
date from approximately 300,000 B.C. to A.D. 1750.
A. Stone
1. Sculpture
i. Architectural Elements--This category includes architectural
elements from temples, tombs, palaces, mosques, churches, monasteries,
commemorative monuments, and domestic architecture, including doors,
door frames, window fittings, columns, capitals, bases, lintels, jambs,
roofs, pediment, archways, friezes, pilasters, engaged columns, prayer
niches (mihrabs), fountains, inlays, and blocks from walls, floors, and
ceilings. Examples are often decorated in relief with ornamental
Pharaonic, Greco-Roman, Coptic, and Islamic motifs and inscriptions.
Limestone, sandstone, and granite are most commonly used. Stone is
often reused.
ii. Statues--Types include large- and small-scale representations
of humans, animals, and hybrid figures with a human body and animal
head. Human figures may be standing, usually with the left foot
forward, seated on a block or on the ground, kneeling, or prone.
Figures in stone may be supported by a slab of stone at the back.
Greco-Roman examples use traditional Egyptian poses with Hellenistic
modeling. Limestone, granite, basalt, sandstone (including greywacke),
and diorite are most commonly used. Reuse of statues is common with re-
inscription of cartouche and other visible re-carving.
iii. Relief Sculpture--Types include large- and small-scale
sculpture, including Neolithic and Predynastic greywacke votive and
cosmetic palettes, limestone wall reliefs depicting scenes of daily
life and rituals, and steles/stelae and plaques in a variety of stones
for funerary and commemorative purposes.
iv. Tombstones--This category includes tombstones and grave markers
made of marble, limestone, or other kinds of stone. They may be carved
in relief and/or have decorative moldings.
2. Vessels and Containers--This category includes conventional
shapes such as bowls, cups, jars, and lamps. This category also
includes vessels having the form of human, animal, hybrid, plant,
hieroglyphic signs, and combinations or parts thereof.
3. Funerary Objects and Equipment
i. Sarcophagi and Coffins--This category includes sarcophagi and
coffins with separate lids, either in the form of a large rectangular
box, or human-shaped (anthropoid) and carved with modeled human
features. Both types are often decorated outside, and sometimes inside,
with incised or painted images and text inscriptions.
ii. Canopic Shrines--This category includes shrines in the form of
a box with space inside for four canopic jars.
iii. Canopic Jars--This category includes jars with plain lids or
lids in the form of human or animal heads and used to hold the internal
organs of the deceased. A full set includes four jars. Sometimes these
jars are dummies, carved from a single piece of stone with no interior
space.
4. Objects of Daily Use--This category includes chests and boxes,
furniture, headrests, writing and painting equipment, games, and game
pieces.
5. Tools and Weapons--Chipped stone types include large and small
blades, borers, scrapers, sickles, burins, notches, retouched flakes,
cleavers, knives, chisels, awls, harpoons, cores, loom weights, and
arrowheads. Ground stone types include grinders (e.g., mortars,
pestles, millstones, whetstones, querns), choppers, axes, hammers,
molds, weights, and mace heads.
6. Jewelry, Amulets, and Seals
i. Jewelry--This category includes jewelry of colored and semi-
precious stones for personal adornment, including necklaces, chokers,
pectorals, pendants, crowns, earrings, bracelets, anklets, belts,
girdles, aprons, and finger rings.
ii. Amulets--This category includes amulets of colored and semi-
precious stones in the form of humans, animals, hybrids, plants,
hieroglyphic signs, and combinations or parts thereof.
iii. Stamp and Cylinder Seals--These are small devices with at
least one side engraved (in intaglio and relief) with a design for
stamping or sealing. The most common type is the scarab, in the form of
a beetle with an inscription on the flat base.
7. Ostraca--Chips of stone used as surfaces for writing or drawing.
B. Metal
1. Sculpture
i. Statues--Types include large- and small-scale, including human,
animal, and hybrid figures similar to those in stone. Metal statues
usually lack the support at the back. The most common materials are
bronze and copper alloys, but gold and silver are used as well.
ii. Relief sculpture--Types include plaques, appliques, and mummy
masks. Reliefs may include inscriptions in various languages.
2. Vessels and Containers--This category includes conventional
shapes such as bowls, cups, jars, plates, cauldrons, lamps, lampstands,
scroll and manuscript containers, reliquaries, incense burners, and
vessels in the form of humans, animals, hybrids, plants, hieroglyphic
signs, and combinations or parts thereof.
3. Objects of Daily Use--This category includes musical
instruments, including trumpets, clappers, and sistra.
4. Tools--Types include axes, adzes, saws, scrapers, trowels,
locks, keys, nails, hinges, mirrors, ingots, thimbles, fibulae (for
pinning clothing), drills, chisels, knives, hooks, needles, tongs,
tweezers, and weights in copper alloy, bronze, and iron.
5. Weapons and Armor
i. Weapons--Types include mace heads, knives, daggers, swords,
curved swords, axes, arrows, javelins, arrowheads, and spears in copper
alloy, bronze, and iron.
ii. Armor--Early armor consisted of small metal scales, originally
sewn to a backing of cloth or leather, later augmented by helmets, body
armor (cuirasses, bracers, shin guards), shields, and horse armor.
6. Jewelry, Amulets, and Seals
i. Jewelry--This category includes jewelry made of gold, silver,
copper, and iron for personal adornment, including necklaces, chokers,
pectorals, finger rings, beads, pendants, bells, belts, buckles,
earrings, diadems, straight pins and fibulae, bracelets, anklets,
girdles, wreaths and crowns, cosmetic accessories and tools, metal
strigils (scrapers), crosses, and lamp holders.
ii. Amulets--Types include amulets in the form of humans, human
organs and parts, animals, hybrids, plants, hieroglyphic signs,
deities, religious symbols, and combinations or parts thereof.
7. Late Antique Christian, Greek Orthodox, and Coptic Liturgical
Objects--Types include censers, crosses, Bible caskets, lamps, patens,
Eucharistic goblets, icons, and iconostases.
8. Coins--Types appear in copper or bronze, silver, and gold.
i. Dynasty 30--Coins of this type have the hieroglyphs nwb nfr on
one side and a horse on the other.
ii. Dynasty 31--Coins of this type are Egyptian imitations of
silver Athenian coins that depict the helmeted head of
[[Page 68549]]
Athena on the obverse and owl on the reverse with an inscription in
Demotic (looks cursive) to the right of the owl. There are similar
coins in silver but with an inscription in Aramaic (look angular) to
the right of the owl. The former were struck under the authority of the
Persian Great King Artaxerxes III when he recaptured Egypt in the mid-
4th B.C.; the latter were struck under the Persian satraps of Egypt
Sabaces and Mazakes in the 330s B.C. There are rare silver drachms
marked NAU (Naucratis) instead of A[Theta]E.
iii. Hellenistic and Ptolemaic--Coins of this type are struck in
gold, silver, and bronze at Alexandria and any other mints that
operated within the borders of the modern Egyptian state. Gold coins of
and in honor of Alexander the Great, struck at Alexandria and Memphis,
depict a helmeted bust of Athena on the obverse and a winged Victory on
the reverse. Silver coins of Alexander the Great, struck at Alexandria
and Memphis, depict a bust of Herakles wearing the lion skin on the
obverse, or ``heads'' side, and a seated statue of Olympian Zeus on the
reverse, or ``tails'' side. Gold coins of the Ptolemies from Egypt will
have jugate portraits on both obverse and reverse, a portrait of the
king on the obverse and a cornucopia on the reverse, or a jugate
portrait of the king and queen on the obverse and cornucopias on the
reverse. Silver coins of the Ptolemies from Egypt tend to depict a
portrait of Alexander wearing an elephant skin on the obverse and
Athena on the reverse or a portrait of the reigning king with an eagle
on the reverse. Some silver coins have jugate portraits of the king and
queen on the obverse. Bronze coins of the Ptolemies commonly depict a
head of Zeus (bearded) on the obverse and an eagle on the reverse.
These iconographical descriptions are non-exclusive and describe only
some of the more common examples. There are other types and variants
among the Hellenistic and Ptolemaic coinage. Approximate date: ca. 332
B.C. through ca. 31 B.C.
iv. Roman--Coins of this type are struck in bronze, silver, or gold
at Alexandria and any other mints that operated within the borders of
the modern Egyptian state until approx. A.D. 498. The iconography of
the coinage in the Roman period varied widely, although a portrait of
the reigning emperor is almost always present on the obverse of the
coin. Approximate dates: ca. 31 B.C. through ca. A.D. 498.
v. Byzantine and Arab Byzantine--Coins of these types are struck in
bronze and gold at Alexandria, Fustat, and other mints that operated
within the borders of the modern Egyptian state between A.D. 498 and
ca. A.D. 696. Iconography may include one, two, or three persons (busts
or standing figures); large letters in Latin script (sometimes with
smaller Latin, Greek, or Arabic letters along the edge); and crosses,
stars, moons, and other symbols.
vi. Islamic/Medieval and Ottoman--Coins of this type are struck in
copper, bronze, silver, and gold at Cairo, Fustat, Alexandria, and
other mints that operated within the borders of the modern Egyptian
state under the Umayyad, `Abbasid, Tulunid, Ikhshidid, Fatimid,
Ayyubid, Mamluk, and Ottoman (up to A.D. 1750) dynasties. Iconography
is mostly writing in Arabic script, sometimes with stars, circles,
flowers, or other ornaments placed at center or among the text, and
rarely with human figures or trees.
C. Ceramic and Clay
1. Sculpture--This category includes terracotta statues and
statuettes (figurines), including human, animal, and hybrid figures.
Ceramic sculptures may be undecorated or decorated with paint,
appliques, or inscribed lines.
2. Architectural Decorations--These are baked clay (terracotta)
elements used to decorate buildings. Examples include carved and molded
brick, panels, acroteria, antefixes, painted and relief plaques,
revetments, carved and molded bricks, knobs, plain or glazed roof
tiles, and glazed tile wall ornaments and panels.
3. Vessels and Containers
i. Neolithic--Types are made of red Nile clay with blackened rim,
thin walls, and rippled surface. Others have smoothed surfaces, but
otherwise plain. Decorations may include painting or incised designs.
ii. Predynastic Period--Types typically have a burnished red body
with or without a white-painted decoration, or a burnished red body and
black top, or a burnished black body sometimes with incised decoration,
or an unburnished light brown body with dark red painted decoration,
including human and animal figures and boats, spirals, or an abstract
design.
iv. Dynastic Periods--Types are primarily utilitarian but also come
as ornate forms, typically undecorated and sometimes burnished. New
Kingdom examples may have elaborate painted, incised, and molded
decorations, especially floral motifs depicted in blue paint.
v. Greco-Roman Period--Types include vessels with riled decoration,
pilgrim flasks, and terra sigillata, a high-quality table ware made of
red to reddish brown clay and covered with a glossy slip.
vi. Byzantine Period/Coptic--pilgrim flasks and decorated ceramic
jars and bowls.
vii. Islamic/Medieval and Ottoman Periods--Types include glazed,
molded, and painted forms in a variety of shapes and sizes.
4. Coffins--This category includes baked clay coffins, either
rectangular or human-shaped (anthropoid). Examples are sometimes
painted.
5. Objects of Daily Use--This category includes game pieces carved
from ceramic sherds, loom weights, toys, incense burners, tobacco
pipes, andirons, and lamps.
6. Writing
i. Ostraca--Ostraca are pottery sherds used as surfaces for writing
or drawing.
ii. Cuneiform Tablets--These objects are typically small pillow-
shaped rectangles of unbaked clay incised with patterns of wedge-shaped
cuneiform symbols.
D. Wood
1. Sculpture
i. Statues--Types include large- and small-scale examples,
including human, animal, and hybrid figures. Shabti statuettes and
small mummiform human figures are especially common. Wood statues
usually lack the support at the back.
ii. Relief sculpture--Types include large- and small-scale
examples, including relief plaques for funerary purposes.
2. Architectural Elements
i. Late Antique Christian, Greek Orthodox, and Coptic--This
category includes carved and inlaid panels, doors, ceilings, altars,
episcopal thrones, pulpits, lecterns, and iconostases, often decorated
with floral, geometric, and Christian motifs.
ii. Islamic/Medieval--This category includes carved and inlaid wood
rooms, balconies, stages, panels, ceilings, and doors.
3. Funerary Objects and Equipment
i. Sarcophagi and Coffins--This category includes sarcophagi and
coffins with separate lid, either in the form of a large rectangular
box or human-shaped and carved with modeled human features. Both types
are often decorated inside and outside with painted, inlaid, or incised
images, and with inscriptions.
ii. Mummy masks--This category includes masks that were laid over
the face of the deceased. They were often painted, inlaid, and covered
with gold foil.
iii. Funerary models--Types include boats, buildings, food, and
activities from everyday life.
iv. Shrines--This category includes shrines used to house
sarcophagi or statuettes of deities.
[[Page 68550]]
v. Food Containers--Types include containers in the shape of the
product they contain, such as a loaf of bread or a duck.
4. Objects of Daily Use--This category includes furniture such as
chairs, stools, beds, chests and boxes, headrests, writing and painting
equipment, musical instruments, game boxes and pieces, walking sticks,
chariots, and chariot fittings.
5. Tools and Weapons--This category includes adzes, axes, bow
drills, carpenter's levels and squares, bows, arrows, and spears.
6. Vessels and Containers--This category includes wooden vessels
and containers including ciboria (Christian shrine-shaped receptacles
for the Eucharist).
7. Furniture--This category includes moveable furniture, such as
iconostases, lecterns, pulpits, and episcopal thrones.
E. Faience and Glass
1. Egyptian Faience--This category includes objects made from
faience: A glossy, silicate-based fired material, is usually blue or
turquoise, but other colors are found as well. Object types include
vessels and containers, canopic jars, game pieces, seals, amulets,
jewelry, inlays, and statuettes in human, animal, and hybrid forms.
2. Glass
i. Pharaonic--This category includes parts of statues, and glass
containers that are typically small and often elaborately decorated
with multi-colored bands.
ii. Roman--Types in this category include a great variety of hand-
blown vessel and container shapes.
iii. Byzantine--Types include hand-blown vessels, hanging lamps,
and chandeliers (polycandela), painted windows, stained glass, and
mosaic tesserae.
iv. Islamic/Medieval and Ottoman--This category includes vessels
and containers such as glass and enamel mosque and sanctuary lamps,
coin weights, and architectural elements including glass inlay and
tesserae pieces from floor and wall mosaics, mirrors, and windowpanes.
F. Ivory, Bone, and Shell
1. Sculpture--This category includes statuettes of human, animal,
and hybrid figures in bone or ivory.
2. Objects of Daily Use--This category includes writing and
painting equipment, musical instruments, games, cosmetic containers,
combs, tools (such as awls, burnishers, needles, spatulas and
fishhooks), jewelry, amulets, and seals. This category also includes
inlays of these materials from luxury objects including furniture,
chests, and boxes.
3. Reliefs, Plaques, Steles, and Inlays--These are carved and
sculpted and may have figurative, floral, and/or geometric motifs.
Examples may also have inscriptions in various languages.
G. Plaster and Cartonnage
1. Plaster--This category includes objects made of plaster, such as
mummy masks, jewelry, and other objects in imitation of expensive
materials. They are typically molded and then decorated with paint or
gilding. Plaster objects also occur as life masks and sculptor's
models.
2. Cartonnage--This category includes pieces of papyrus or linen
covered with plaster and molded into a shape, similar to papier-
m[acirc]ch[eacute], and then painted or gilded. Cartonnage was used for
coffins and mummy masks. Today, cartonnage objects are sometimes
dismantled in hopes of extracting inscribed papyrus fragments.
3. Stucco--This category includes architectural decoration in
stucco. Stucco is a fine plaster used for coating wall surfaces, or
molding and carving into architectural decorations, such as reliefs,
plaques, steles, and inlays
H. Textile, Basketry, and Rope
1. Textile
i. Linen--This category includes Pharaonic and Greco-Roman period
mummy wrapping, shrouds, garments, and sails made from linen cloth.
ii. Late Antique Christian, Greek Orthodox, and Coptic--This
category includes Christian garments and hangings made from linen and
wool.
iii. Islamic/Medieval and Ottoman--This category includes textile
fragments in linen, wool, and cotton.
2. Basketry--This category includes baskets and containers in a
variety of shapes and sizes, sandals, and mats made from plant fibers.
3. Rope--This category includes rope and string from archaeological
contexts. Rope and string were used for a great variety of purposes,
including binding planks together in shipbuilding, rigging, lifting
water for irrigation, fishing nets, measuring, and stringing beads for
jewelry and garments.
I. Leather and Parchment
1. Leather--This category includes shields, sandals, clothing
(including undergarments), and horse trappings made from leather. It
also includes leather sheets used occasionally as an alternative to
papyrus as a writing surface.
2. Parchment--This category includes documents such as illuminated
ritual manuscripts that may occur in single leaves or bound as a book
or ``codex'' written or painted on specially prepared animal skins
(cattle, sheep/goat, camel) known as parchment.
J. Papyrus--This category includes scrolls, books, manuscripts, and
documents, including religious, ceremonial, literary, and
administrative texts written on papyrus. Scripts include hieroglyphic,
hieratic, Aramaic, Syriac, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Coptic, Arabic,
Georgian, Slavonic, Ethiopian, Armenian, and Persian.
K. Painting and Drawing
1. Tomb Paintings--This category includes paintings on plaster or
stone, either flat or carved in relief. Typical subjects include the
tomb owner and family, gods, and scenes from daily life.
2. Domestic Wall Paintings--This category includes paintings on
stone, mud plaster, or lime plaster (wet--buon fresco--and dry--secco
fresco), sometimes to imitate marble. Types include simple applied
color, bands and borders, landscapes, and scenes of people and/or
animals in natural or built settings.
3. Rock Art--Rock art can be painted and/or chipped and incised
drawings on natural rock surfaces. Common motifs include humans,
animals, geometric, and/or floral elements.
4. Ostraca--This category includes paintings and drawings on stone
chips, bone, and pottery shards.
5. Mummy Portrait Panels and Funerary Masks--This category includes
panels and masks that either covered the upper body of the deceased or
appear on the outer coffin/sarcophagus. These objects were made in
wood, plaster, and cartonnage, and they were often painted to depict
the head and upper body of the deceased.
6. Late Antique Christian, Greek Orthodox, and Coptic Painting
i. Wall and Ceiling Paintings--This category includes paintings on
various kinds of plaster, and which generally portray religious images
and scenes of biblical events. Surrounding paintings may contain
animal, floral, or geometric designs, including borders and bands.
ii. Panel Paintings (Icons)--This category includes smaller
versions of the scenes on wall paintings, and may be partially covered
with gold or silver, sometimes encrusted with semi-precious or precious
stones or glass, and are usually painted on a wooden panel, often for
inclusion in a wooden screen (iconostasis). Icons also occur painted on
ceramic.
L. Mosaics
1. Floor Mosaics--Floor mosaics are made from stone cut into small
bits (tesserae) or glass and laid into a plaster matrix. Subjects may
include landscapes, scenes of humans or gods, and activities such as
hunting and fishing. There may also be vegetative, floral, or
decorative motifs.
[[Page 68551]]
2. Wall and Ceiling Mosaics--Wall and ceiling mosaics are made from
stone or glass cut into small bits (tesserae) and laid into a plaster
matrix. Subjects may include religious images and scenes of Biblical
events. Surrounding panels may contain animal, floral, or geometric
designs.
M. Writing--This category includes objects made from papyrus, wood,
ivory, stone, metal, textile, clay, and ceramic that exhibit forms of
writing including hieroglyphic, hieratic, Aramaic, Assyrian,
Babylonian, Persian, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Coptic, Syriac, Georgian,
Slavonic, Ethiopian, Armenian, Persian, and Arabic scripts.
N. Human and Animal Remains--This category includes human and
animal mummies.
II. Ethnological Material
Ethnological material covered by the Agreement includes
architectural elements, manuscripts, ecclesiastical objects, and
ceremonial and ritual objects of the Islamic culture, ranging in date
from A.D. 1517 to 1914. This would exclude Jewish ceremonial or ritual
objects.
A. Stone
1. Architectural Elements--This category includes doors, door
frames, window fittings, columns, capitals, plinths, bases, lintels,
jambs, roofs, archways, friezes, pilasters, engaged columns, altars,
prayer niches (mihrabs), screens, fountains, inlays, and blocks from
walls, floors, and ceilings of buildings. Architectural elements may be
plain, molded, or carved and are often decorated with motifs and
inscriptions. Marble, limestone, and sandstone are most commonly used.
2. Architectural and Non-Architectural Relief Sculpture--This
category includes slabs, plaques, steles, capitals, mosaic panels, and
plinths carved with religious, figural, floral, or geometric motifs or
inscriptions in Arabic for ceremonial and ritual use. Examples occur
primarily in marble, limestone, and sandstone.
3. Memorial Stones and Tombstones--This category includes
tombstones, grave markers, and cenotaphs. Examples occur primarily in
marble and are engraved with Arabic script.
4. Vessels and Containers--This category includes ceremonial and
ritual stone lamps and containers.
B. Metal
1. Architectural Elements--This category includes doors, door
fixtures, such as knockers, bolts and hinges, chandeliers, screens,
taps, spigots, fountains, and sheets. Copper, brass, lead, and alloys
are most commonly used.
2. Architectural and Non-Architectural Relief Sculpture--This
category includes appliques, plaques, and steles, primarily made of
bronze and brass, for ceremonial and ritual use. Examples often include
religious, figural, floral, or geometric motifs. They may also have
inscriptions in Arabic.
3. Lamps--This category includes handheld lamps, candelabras,
braziers, sconces, chandeliers, and lamp stands for ceremonial, ritual,
and funerary use.
4. Vessels and Containers--This category includes containers used
for religious services, such as Koran (Qur'an) cases, Greek Orthodox
and Coptic Bible caskets, patens, Eucharistic goblets, amulet boxes,
and incense burners. Brass, copper, silver, and gold are most commonly
used. Containers may be plain, engraved, hammered, or otherwise
decorated. Bible caskets may be made of wood and covered with embossed
silver sheets attached by nails.
5. Musical Instruments--This category includes instruments used in
Islamic/Sufi religious ceremonies or rituals such as cymbals and
trumpets.
C. Ceramic and Clay
1. Architectural Elements--This category includes carved and molded
brick and engraved and/or painted and glazed tile wall ornaments and
panels, sometimes with Arabic script.
2. Lamps--This category includes glazed mosque and sanctuary lamps
that may have straight or round, bulbous bodies with a flared top and
several branches.
D. Wood
1. Architectural Elements--This category includes doors, door
frames and fixtures, windows, window frames, panels, beams, balconies,
stages, screens, prayer niches (mihrabs), minbars, icons, wall shelves,
cupolas, and ceilings. Examples may be decorated with religious,
geometric, or floral motifs or inscriptions, and may be either carved,
turned (on a lathe), and/or painted. Icons may be partially covered
with gold or silver, sometimes encrusted with semi-precious or precious
stones or glass, and are usually painted on a wooden panel, often for
inclusion in a wooden screen (iconostasis).
2. Architectural and Non-Architectural Relief Sculpture--This
category includes panels, roofs, beams, balconies, stages, panels,
ceilings, and doors for ceremonial and ritual use. Examples are carved,
inlaid, or painted with decorations of religious, floral, or geometric
motifs or Arabic inscriptions.
3. Furniture--This category includes furniture, such as minbars,
dikkas, professorial chairs, episcopal thrones, lectures, divans,
stools, altars, and tables from Islamic, Greek Orthodox, and Coptic
ceremonial or ritual contexts. Examples can be carved, inlaid, or
painted and are made from various types of wood.
4. Vessels and Containers--This category includes containers used
for religious purposes such as Koran (Qur'an) cases or Greek Orthodox
and Coptic Bible caskets and ciboria. Examples may be carved, inlaid,
or painted with decorations in religious, floral, or geometric motifs,
or Arabic script. Bible caskets may be covered with embossed silver
sheets attached by nails.
5. Writing Implements--This category includes printing blocks,
writing tablets, and Islamic study tablets inscribed in Arabic and used
for teaching the Koran (Qur'an).
6. Musical Instruments--This category includes instruments used in
Islamic/Sufi religious ceremonies or rituals, such as frame drums
(banadir).
7. Beads--This category includes Islamic prayer beads (mas'baha).
Examples may be plain or decorated with carved designs.
E. Bone, Ivory, and Shell
1. Architectural Elements--This category includes lintels and
doorframes (often carved), and inlays for religious decorative and
architectural elements.
2. Ceremonial Paraphernalia--This category includes boxes,
reliquaries (and their contents), plaques, pendants, candelabra, and
stamp and seal rings.
F. Glass and Semi-Precious Stone
1. Architectural Elements--This category includes windowpanes,
mosaic elements, inlays, and stained glass from ceremonial or ritual
contexts.
2. Vessels and Containers--This category includes glass and enamel
lamps and vessels used for Islamic, Greek Orthodox, and Coptic
religious services. It also includes Greek Orthodox and Coptic Bible
caskets that may include glass decoration (cabochons) as part of the
embossed silver cover.
3. Beads--This category includes Islamic prayer beads (mas'baha) in
glass or semi-precious stones.
G. Leather, Parchment, and Paper
1. Books and Manuscripts--Manuscripts can be written or painted on
paper or papyrus. They occur as
[[Page 68552]]
single leaves, bound with leather or wood as a book or codex, or rolled
into a scroll. Types include the Koran (Qur'an) and other Islamic
books, Greek Orthodox and Coptic Bibles, prayer books, and manuscripts.
Books and manuscripts are often written in black or brown ink, and
sometimes embellished with painted colorful floral, geometric, or human
motifs.
2. Vessels and Containers--This category includes containers used
for Islamic, Greek Orthodox, and Coptic religious services, such as
leather Koran (Qur'an) cases or pouches.
3. Musical Instruments--This category includes instruments used in
Islamic/Sufi religious ceremonies or rituals, such as leather drums
(banadir).
H. Textiles--
This category includes hangings, curtains, shrine covers, prayer
rugs used in Islamic/Sufi religious ceremonies or rituals, and Greek
Orthodox and Coptic funeral shrouds and tapestries. Examples can be
made from linen, silk, cotton, and/or wool.
References
A Catalogue of Greek Coins in the British Museum: Alexandria and the
Nomes, 1893, R.S. Poole, Trustees of the British Museum, London.
A Checklist of Islamic Coins (3rd ed.), 2011, S. Album, Stephen Album
Rare Coins, Santa Rosa, CA.
An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, 2015, K.A. Bard,
Wiley Blackwell, Malden, MA and Oxford, UK.
Arts of the City Victorious: Islamic Art and Architecture in Fatimid
North Africa and Egypt, 2008, J.M. Bloom, American University in Cairo
Press, Cairo and New York.
Catalogue of Alexandrian Coins, 1933, J.G. Milne, Oxford University
Press, Oxford.
Ptolemaic Coins: An Introduction for Collectors, 1985, R.A. Hazzard,
Kirk & Bentley, Toronto.
Renaissance of Islam: Art of the Mamluks. 1981, E. At[inodot]l,
Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Roman Provincial Coinage, multiple volumes, 1992-, A. Burnett, et al.,
The British Museum Press, London.
The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volumes 1 and 2, 1998, C.F. Petry and
M.W. Daly (editors), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
The Tetradrachms of Roman Egypt, 1969, J.W. Curtis, Argonaut, Chicago.
The Treasures of Islamic Art in the Museums of Cairo, 2006, B. O'Kane
(editor), American University in Cairo Press, Cairo and New York.
Inapplicability of Notice and Delayed Effective Date
This amendment involves a foreign affairs function of the United
States and is, therefore, being made without notice or public procedure
under 5 U.S.C. 553(a)(1). For the same reason, a delayed effective date
is not required under 5 U.S.C. 553(d)(3).
Regulatory Flexibility Act
Because no notice of proposed rulemaking is required, the
provisions of the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) do
not apply.
Executive Order 12866
CBP has determined that this document is not a regulation or rule
subject to the provisions of Executive Order 12866 because it pertains
to a foreign affairs function of the United States, as described above,
and therefore is specifically exempted by section 3(d)(2) of Executive
Order 12866.
Signing Authority
This regulation is being issued in accordance with 19 CFR 0.1(a)(1)
pertaining to the Secretary of the Treasury's authority (or that of
his/her delegate) to approve regulations related to customs revenue
functions.
Troy A. Miller, the Acting Commissioner, having reviewed and
approved this document, is delegating the authority to electronically
sign this document to Robert F. Altneu, who is the Director of the
Regulations and Disclosure Law Division for CBP, for purposes of
publication in the Federal Register.
List of Subjects in 19 CFR Part 12
Cultural property, Customs duties and inspection, Imports,
Prohibited merchandise, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.
Amendment to the CBP Regulations
For the reasons set forth above, part 12 of title 19 of the Code of
Federal Regulations (19 CFR part 12) is amended as set forth below:
PART 12--SPECIAL CLASSES OF MERCHANDISE
0
1. The general authority citation for part 12 and the specific
authority citation for Sec. 12.104g continue to read as follows:
Authority: 5 U.S.C. 301; 19 U.S.C. 66, 1202 (General Note 3(i),
Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS)), 1624.
* * * * *
Sections 12.104 through 12.104i also issued under 19 U.S.C. 2612;
* * * * *
0
2. In Sec. 12.104g, the table in paragraph (a) is amended by revising
the entry for Egypt to read as follows:
Sec. 12.104g Specific items or categories designated by agreements or
emergency actions.
(a) * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
State party Cultural property Decision No.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
Egypt................................. Archaeological material representing CBP Dec. 21-17.
Egypt's cultural heritage ranging
approximately from 300,000 B.C. to A.D.
1750, and ethnological material ranging
from A.D. 1517 to 1914.
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 68553]]
* * * * *
Robert F. Altneu,
Director, Regulations & Disclosure Law Division Regulations & Rulings,
Office of Trade U.S. Customs and Border Protection.
Approved:
Timothy E. Skud,
Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Treasury.
[FR Doc. 2021-26348 Filed 12-1-21; 11:15 am]
BILLING CODE 9111-14-P
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