Proposed Rule2021-22994
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of Critical Habitat for the Coastal Distinct Population Segment of the Pacific Marten
Primary source
Metadata and text below are from the Federal Register, a public-domain U.S. government work. Always verify the official published version before relying on it for any legal matter.
Published
October 25, 2021
Issuing agencies
Interior DepartmentFish and Wildlife Service
Abstract
We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose critical habitat for the coastal distinct population segment of Pacific marten (coastal marten) (Martes caurina), a mammal species from coastal California and Oregon, under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act). In total, approximately 1,413,305 acres (571,965 hectares) in northwestern California and southwestern Oregon fall within the boundaries of the proposed critical habitat designation. If we finalize this rule as proposed, it would extend the Act's protections to this entity's critical habitat.
Full Text
<html>
<head>
<title>Federal Register, Volume 86 Issue 203 (Monday, October 25, 2021)</title>
</head>
<body><pre>
[Federal Register Volume 86, Number 203 (Monday, October 25, 2021)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 58831-58858]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [<a href="http://www.gpo.gov">www.gpo.gov</a>]
[FR Doc No: 2021-22994]
[[Page 58831]]
=======================================================================
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
[Docket No. FWS-R8-ES-2020-0151; FF09E21000 FXES1111090FEDR 223]
RIN 1018-BE33
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of
Critical Habitat for the Coastal Distinct Population Segment of the
Pacific Marten
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Proposed rule.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose
critical habitat for the coastal distinct population segment of Pacific
marten (coastal marten) (Martes caurina), a mammal species from coastal
California and Oregon, under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
amended (Act). In total, approximately 1,413,305 acres (571,965
hectares) in northwestern California and southwestern Oregon fall
within the boundaries of the proposed critical habitat designation. If
we finalize this rule as proposed, it would extend the Act's
protections to this entity's critical habitat.
DATES: We will accept comments received or postmarked on or before
December 27, 2021. Comments submitted electronically using the Federal
eRulemaking Portal (see ADDRESSES below) must be received by 11:59 p.m.
Eastern Time on the closing date. We must receive requests for public
hearings, in writing, at the address shown in FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
CONTACT by December 9, 2021.
ADDRESSES: You may submit comments by one of the following methods:
(1) Electronically: Go to the Federal eRulemaking Portal: <a href="http://www.regulations.gov">http://www.regulations.gov</a>. In the Search box, enter the docket number or RIN
for this rulemaking (presented above in the document headings). For
best results, do not copy and paste either number; instead, type the
docket number or RIN into the Search box using hyphens. Then, click on
the Search button. On the resulting page, in the Search panel on the
left side of the screen, under the Document Type heading, check the
Proposed Rule box to locate this document. You may submit a comment by
clicking on ``Comment.''
(2) By hard copy: Submit by U.S. mail to: Public Comments
Processing, Attn: FWS-R8-ES-2020-0151; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
MS: PRB/3W, 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041-3803.
We request that you send comments only by the methods described
above. We will post all comments on <a href="http://www.regulations.gov">http://www.regulations.gov</a>. This
generally means that we will post any personal information you provide
us (see Information Requested, below, for more information).
Availability of supporting materials: The coordinates from which
the critical habitat maps are generated will be included in the
decisional record materials for this rulemaking and are available at
<a href="http://www.regulations.gov">http://www.regulations.gov</a> under Docket No. FWS-R8-ES-2020-0151, and at
the Arcata Ecological Services Field Office at <a href="https://www.fws.gov/arcata">https://www.fws.gov/arcata</a> (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT). Any additional tools or
supporting information that we may develop for this critical habitat
designation will also be available at the Service website and field
office set out above, and may also be included in the preamble of this
rule at <a href="http://www.regulations.gov">http://www.regulations.gov</a>.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Jenny Ericson, Acting Field
Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arcata Ecological Services
Field Office, 1655 Heindon Road, Arcata, California 95521, or by
telephone 707-822-7201. If you use a telecommunications device for the
deaf (TDD), call the Federal Relay Service (FRS) at 800-877-8339.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Executive Summary
Scope of this rule. The information presented in this proposed rule
pertains only to the coastal distinct population segment (DPS) of
Pacific marten (coastal marten). Any reference to the ``species''
within this document only applies to the DPS and not to the Pacific
marten as a whole unless specifically expressed. A complete description
of the DPS and area associated with the DPS is contained in the 12-
month finding and the final listing rule for the coastal marten
published in the Federal Register (80 FR 18742, April 7, 2015, and 85
FR 63806, October 8, 2020).
Why we need to publish a rule. Under the Act, to the maximum extent
prudent and determinable, we must designate critical habitat for any
species that we determine to be an endangered or threatened species.
Designations and revisions of critical habitat can only be completed by
issuing a rule. On October 8, 2020, we finalized listing the coastal
marten as a threatened species in the Federal Register (85 FR 63806).
What this document does. This is a proposed rule to designate
critical habitat for the coastal marten in 5 units in the States of
Oregon and California totaling approximately 1,413,305 acres (ac)
(571,965 hectares (ha)). In this proposed designation, we have
identified a total of approximately 76,544 ac (30,975 ha) of private
land and 26,126 ac (10,573 ha) of Tribal land that we are considering
for exclusion from the final designation (see Consideration of Impacts
Under Section 4(b)(2) of the Act).
The basis for our action. Section 4(a)(3) of the Act requires the
Secretary of the Interior (Secretary) to designate critical habitat
concurrent with listing to the maximum extent prudent and determinable.
Section 3(5)(A) of the Act defines critical habitat as (i) the specific
areas within the geographical area occupied by the species, at the time
it is listed, on which are found those physical or biological features
(I) essential to the conservation of the species and (II) which may
require special management considerations or protections; and (ii)
specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by the species at
the time it is listed, upon a determination by the Secretary that such
areas are essential for the conservation of the species. Section
4(b)(2) of the Act states that the Secretary must make the designation
on the basis of the best scientific data available and after taking
into consideration the economic impact, the impact on national
security, and any other relevant impacts of specifying any particular
area as critical habitat.
Draft economic analysis. Section 4(b)(2) of the Act states that the
Secretary shall designate critical habitat, and make revisions thereto,
on the basis of the best scientific data available and after taking
into consideration the economic impact. In order to consider the
economic impacts of critical habitat for the coastal marten, we drafted
information pertaining to the potential incremental economic impacts
for this proposed critical habitat designation. The information we used
in determining the economic impacts of the proposed critical habitat is
summarized in this proposed rule (see Consideration of Economic
Impacts) and is available at <a href="http://www.regulations.gov">http://www.regulations.gov</a> at Docket No.
FWS-R8-ES-2020-0151 and at the Arcata Fish and Wildlife Office at
<a href="http://www.fws.gov/arcata">http://www.fws.gov/arcata</a> (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT). We are
soliciting public comments on the economic information provided and any
other potential economic impact of the proposed designation. We will
continue to reevaluate the potential economic
[[Page 58832]]
impacts between this proposal and our final designation.
Peer review. In accordance with our peer review policy published in
the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34270), and our August 22,
2016, memorandum updating and clarifying the role of peer review of
listing actions under the Act, we sought the expert opinions of 8
appropriate and independent knowledgeable individuals on our Species
Status Assessment (SSA) for the coastal marten (Service 2019a, entire).
We received responses from two peer reviewers and two technical
reviewers relating to the habitat and habitat needs of coastal marten,
which informed the development of this proposed designation. We
reviewed the comments we received for substantive issues and new
information regarding habitat needs for the coastal marten. The
specialists generally concurred with our description of habitat needs
for the coastal marten and provided additional information,
clarifications, and suggestions to improve the description. We used the
SSA and specialists' comments on the SSA to inform our description and
selection of areas we are proposing as critical habitat for the coastal
marten. The peer and technical reviewers' comments are available at
<a href="http://www.regulations.gov">http://www.regulations.gov</a> at Docket No. FWS-R8-ES-2018-0076, which was
the docket for the listing rule (85 FR 63806, October 8, 2020). The
purpose of peer review is to ensure that our critical habitat
designations are based on scientifically sound data, assumptions, and
analyses. The peer reviewers have expertise in the biology, habitat,
and threats to the species.
We will solicit additional peer review of this proposed rule and
respond to any peer review comments on the proposed designation in the
final rule as appropriate.
Information Requested
We intend that any final action resulting from this proposed rule
will be based on the best scientific and commercial data available and
be as accurate and as effective as possible. Therefore, we request
comments or information from other concerned governmental agencies,
Native American Tribes, the scientific community, industry, or any
other interested parties concerning this proposed rule.
We particularly seek comments concerning:
(1) The coastal marten's biology and range; habitat requirements
for feeding, breeding, and sheltering; and the locations of any
additional populations.
(2) Specific information on:
(a) The amount and distribution of coastal marten habitat;
(b) What areas that were occupied at the time of listing and that
contain the physical or biological features essential to the
conservation of the coastal marten should be included in the
designation and why;
(c) Special management considerations or protection that may be
needed in critical habitat areas we are proposing, including managing
for the potential effects of climate change;
(d) What areas not occupied at the time of listing are essential
for the conservation of the species. We particularly seek comments:
(i) Regarding whether occupied areas are adequate for the
conservation of the species; and
(ii) Providing specific information regarding whether or not
unoccupied areas would, with reasonable certainty, contribute to the
conservation of the species and contain at least one physical or
biological feature essential to the conservation of the species.
(e) Land ownership information, including land conservation status
or management status. We particularly seek information on Tribal lands.
Our spatial data information did not show any other Tribal lands within
proposed critical habitat units beyond the ownership acreages listed
below.
(3) Land use designations and current or planned activities in the
subject areas and their possible impacts on proposed critical habitat.
(4) Any probable economic, national security, or other relevant
impacts of designating any area that may be included in the final
designation, and the related benefits of including or excluding
specific areas.
(5) Information on the extent to which the description of probable
economic impacts in the draft economic analysis is a reasonable
estimate of the likely economic impacts.
(6) Whether any specific areas we are proposing for critical
habitat designation should be considered for exclusion under section
4(b)(2) of the Act, and whether the benefits of potentially excluding
any specific area outweigh the benefits of including that area under
section 4(b)(2) of the Act. In particular, provide information for
areas with management plans or other mechanisms in place that identify
measures to protect and conserve the coastal marten or its habitat,
such as the areas managed by Green Diamond Resource Company and the
Yurok Tribe.
(7) If you request exclusion from the designation of critical
habitat of any areas under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, the Secretary
will consider credible information regarding the existence of a
meaningful economic or other relevant impact supporting a benefit of
exclusion for that particular area, as provided in 50 CFR
17.90(c)(2)(i).
(8) As provided in our regulations, we are to identify in a
proposed designation of critical habitat those areas that we are
considering for exclusion. In this proposed rule under the section
entitled Exclusions, we have indicated that we are considering areas
managed by the Green Diamond Resource Company and by the Yurok Tribe
for possible exclusion and explain why. Please provide information
regarding Green Diamond Resource Company and the Yurok Tribe lands
considered for exclusion.
(9) Information on the projected and reasonably likely impacts of
climate change on the coastal marten's habitat.
(10) Whether we could improve or modify our approach to designating
critical habitat in any way to provide for greater public participation
and understanding, or to better accommodate public concerns and
comments.
(11) Information relating to species distribution or habitat
modeling which is currently underway.
Please include sufficient documentation with your submission (such
as scientific journal articles or other publications) to allow us to
verify any scientific or commercial information you present.
Please note that submissions merely stating support for, or
opposition to, the action under consideration without providing
supporting information, although noted, do not provide substantial
information necessary to support our determination, as section 4(b)(2)
of the Act directs that critical habitat designations must be made ``on
the basis of the best scientific data available and after taking into
consideration the economic impact, the impact on national security, and
any other relevant impact.''
You may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposed
rule by one of the methods listed in ADDRESSES. We request that you
send comments only by the methods described in ADDRESSES.
If you submit information via <a href="http://www.regulations.gov">http://www.regulations.gov</a>, your
entire submission--including any personal identifying information--will
be posted on the website. If your submission is made via a hardcopy
that includes personal identifying information, you may request at the
top of your document that we withhold this information from public
review. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so.
[[Page 58833]]
We will post all hardcopy submissions on <a href="http://www.regulations.gov">http://www.regulations.gov</a>.
Comments and materials we receive, as well as supporting
documentation we used in preparing this proposed rule, will be
available for public inspection on <a href="http://www.regulations.gov">http://www.regulations.gov</a> (see FOR
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
Because we will consider all comments and information we receive
during the comment period, our final determinations may differ from
this proposal. Based on the new information we receive (and any
comments on that new information), our final critical habitat
designation may not include all areas proposed, may include some
additional areas that meet the definition of critical habitat, and may
exclude some areas if we find the benefits of exclusion outweigh the
benefits of inclusion.
Public Hearing
Section 4(b)(5) of the Act provides for a public hearing on this
proposal, if requested. Requests must be received by the date specified
in DATES. Such requests must be sent to the address shown in FOR
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT. We will schedule a public hearing on this
proposal, if requested, and announce the date, time, and place of the
hearing, as well as how to obtain reasonable accommodations, in the
Federal Register and local newspapers at least 15 days before the
hearing. For the immediate future, we will provide these public
hearings using webinars that will be announced on the Service's
website, in addition to the Federal Register. The use of these virtual
public hearings is consistent with our regulation at 50 CFR
424.16(c)(3).
Previous Federal Actions
On October 9, 2018, we proposed the coastal marten (83 FR 50574) as
a threatened species under the Act and published our proposed rule in
the Federal Register. On October 8, 2020, we published our final
determination in the Federal Register (85 FR 63806), and added the
coastal marten as threatened to the List of Endangered and Threatened
Wildlife at 50 CFR 17.11(h). All other previous Federal actions are
described in the proposed rule to list the coastal marten as a
threatened species under the Act (83 FR 50574, October 9, 2018). Please
see that document for actions leading to this proposed designation of
critical habitat.
In the final listing rule published in the Federal Register on
October 8, 2020 (85 FR 63806), we erroneously listed the range of the
coastal marten in Oregon as ``OR (south-western)'' in the List at 50
CFR 17.11(h). We are now proposing to correct the actual range of the
DPS, which includes the entire coastal region of Oregon, and the change
would appear in the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife as ``OR
(western)'' (see Proposed Regulation Promulgation).
Background
Supporting Documents
A species status assessment team prepared a SSA report for the
coastal marten (Service 2019a, entire). The SSA team was composed of
Service biologists, in consultation with other species experts. The SSA
report represents a compilation of the best scientific and commercial
data available concerning the status of the species, including the
impacts of past, present, and future factors (both negative and
beneficial) affecting the species, as well as habitat needs for the
species, which informed this critical habitat proposal. Information
regarding peer review of the SSA is in our October 8, 2020, final
listing determination (85 FR 63806). We also conducted an economic
analysis on the incremental impacts of the proposed critical habitat
designation (see Service 2019b, entire; IEc 2020, entire).
Although published too late to be included in our final listing
determination (85 FR 63806, October 8, 2020), we are aware of research
indicating that martens in coastal Oregon are of the Humboldt
subspecies (M. c. humboldtensis), as are the martens in coastal
northern California, and not the caurina subspecies (M. c. caurina), as
previously classified (Schwartz et al. 2020, p. 179). While this
research may result in a name change to the subspecific taxon of
martens in coastal Oregon, it does not change our listable entity or
DPS analysis. In essence, our coastal DPS of the Pacific marten remains
valid, but in its entirety is now synonymous with the Humboldt marten
subspecies. The change in nomenclature also does not affect our
analysis of the status of and threats to the coastal marten, nor our
analysis of critical habitat.
We evaluated all available data, published and unpublished, for
Pacific martens within the coastal DPS. Where information gaps exist,
we rely on Pacific marten information from outside the DPS, and
occasionally from American martens (Martes americana) elsewhere in
North America. We use the general term ``marten'' when speaking about
martens in general or applying information gleaned from martens across
their range in North America. We reserve the term ``coastal marten''
for when we are referring exclusively to martens within the coastal
DPS.
We are aware of species distribution modeling that is underway but
was not available for inclusion in the analysis for this proposed rule.
If this new information becomes available, it will be considered in the
final determination of critical habitat.
Species Information
The marten is a medium-sized carnivore related to weasels (Mustela
sp.), minks (Neovison sp.), otters (Lontra sp.), and fishers (Pekania
sp.). Martens have brown fur with distinctive coloration on the throat
and upper chest that varies from orange to yellow to cream. They have
proportionally large and distinctly triangular ears and a bushy long
tail. Martens are territorial, and dominant males maintain home ranges
that encompass one or more female's home ranges. Martens have a
generalist diet dominated by small mammals, but birds, insects, and
fruits are also seasonally important. Martens across North America
generally select older forest stands that are structurally complex
(e.g., late-successional, old-growth, large-conifer, mature, late-
seral). These forests generally have a mixture of old and large trees,
multiple canopy layers, snags and other decay elements, dense
understory, and have a biologically complex structure and composition.
A thorough review and assessment of the taxonomy, life history, and
ecology, including limiting factors and species resource needs of the
coastal marten is presented in the SSA report (Service 2019a, entire)
(available at <a href="https://www.fws.gov/arcata/">https://www.fws.gov/arcata/</a> and at <a href="http://www.regulations.gov">http://www.regulations.gov</a> under Docket No. FWS-R8-ES-2018-0076).
Critical Habitat
Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as:
(1) The specific areas within the geographical area occupied by the
species, at the time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which
are found those physical or biological features
(a) Essential to the conservation of the species, and
(b) Which may require special management considerations or
protection; and
(2) Specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by the
species at the time it is listed, upon a determination that such areas
are essential for the conservation of the species.
Our regulations at 50 CFR 424.02 define the geographical area
occupied by the species as: An area that may generally be delineated
around species' occurrences, as determined by the
[[Page 58834]]
Secretary (i.e., range). Such areas may include those areas used
throughout all or part of the species' life cycle, even if not used on
a regular basis (e.g., migratory corridors, seasonal habitats, and
habitats used periodically, but not solely by vagrant individuals).
Conservation, as defined under section 3 of the Act, means to use
and the use of all methods and procedures that are necessary to bring
an endangered or threatened species to the point at which the measures
provided pursuant to the Act are no longer necessary. Such methods and
procedures include, but are not limited to, all activities associated
with scientific resources management such as research, census, law
enforcement, habitat acquisition and maintenance, propagation, live
trapping, and translocation, and, in the extraordinary case where
population pressures within a given ecosystem cannot be otherwise
relieved, may include regulated taking.
Critical habitat receives protection under section 7 of the Act
through the requirement that Federal agencies ensure, in consultation
with the Service, that any action they authorize, fund, or carry out is
not likely to result in the destruction or adverse modification of
critical habitat. The designation of critical habitat does not affect
land ownership or establish a refuge, wilderness, reserve, preserve, or
other conservation area. Designation also does not allow the government
or public to access private lands, nor does designation require
implementation of restoration, recovery, or enhancement measures by
non-Federal landowners. Where a landowner requests Federal agency
funding or authorization for an action that may affect a listed species
or critical habitat, the Federal agency would be required to consult
with the Service under section 7(a)(2) of the Act. However, even if the
Service were to conclude that the proposed activity would result in
destruction or adverse modification of the critical habitat, the
Federal action agency and the landowner are not required to abandon the
proposed activity, or to restore or recover the species; instead, they
must implement ``reasonable and prudent alternatives'' to avoid
destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat.
Under the first prong of the Act's definition of critical habitat,
areas within the geographical area occupied by the species at the time
it was listed are included in a critical habitat designation if they
contain physical or biological features: (1) Which are essential to the
conservation of the species and (2) which may require special
management considerations or protection. For these areas, critical
habitat designations identify, to the extent known using the best
scientific and commercial data available, those physical or biological
features that are essential to the conservation of the species (such as
space, food, cover, and protected habitat). In identifying those
physical or biological features that occur in specific occupied areas,
we focus on the specific features that are essential to support the
life-history needs of the species, including but not limited to, water
characteristics, soil type, geological features, prey, vegetation,
symbiotic species, or other features. A feature may be a single habitat
characteristic, or a more complex combination of habitat
characteristics. Features may include habitat characteristics that
support ephemeral or dynamic habitat conditions. Features may also be
expressed in terms relating to principles of conservation biology, such
as patch size, distribution distances, and connectivity.
Under the second prong of the Act's definition of critical habitat,
we can designate critical habitat in areas outside the geographical
area occupied by the species at the time it is listed, upon a
determination that such areas are essential for the conservation of the
species. When designating critical habitat, the Secretary will first
evaluate areas occupied by the species. The Secretary will only
consider unoccupied areas to be essential where a critical habitat
designation limited to geographical areas occupied by the species would
be inadequate to ensure the conservation of the species. In addition,
for an unoccupied area to be considered essential, the Secretary must
determine that there is a reasonable certainty both that the area will
contribute to the conservation of the species and that the area
contains one or more of those physical or biological features essential
to the conservation of the species.
Section 4 of the Act requires that we designate critical habitat on
the basis of the best scientific data available. Further, our Policy on
Information Standards Under the Endangered Species Act (published in
the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34271)), the Information
Quality Act (section 515 of the Treasury and General Government
Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. L. 106-554; H.R. 5658)),
and our associated Information Quality Guidelines, provide criteria,
establish procedures, and provide guidance to ensure that our decisions
are based on the best scientific data available. They require our
biologists, to the extent consistent with the Act and with the use of
the best scientific data available, to use primary and original sources
of information as the basis for recommendations to designate critical
habitat.
When we are determining which areas should be designated as
critical habitat, our primary source of information is generally the
information from the SSA report and information developed during the
listing process for the species. Additional information sources may
include any generalized conservation strategy, criteria, or outline
that may have been developed for the species, the recovery plan for the
species, articles in peer-reviewed journals, conservation plans
developed by States and counties, scientific status surveys and
studies, biological assessments, other unpublished materials, or
experts' opinions or personal knowledge.
Habitat is dynamic, and species may move from one area to another
over time. We recognize that critical habitat designated at a
particular point in time may not include all of the habitat areas that
we may later determine are necessary for the recovery of the species.
For these reasons, a critical habitat designation does not signal that
habitat outside the designated area is unimportant or may not be needed
for recovery of the species. Areas that are important to the
conservation of the species, both inside and outside the critical
habitat designation, will continue to be subject to: (1) Conservation
actions implemented under section 7(a)(1) of the Act, (2) regulatory
protections afforded by the requirement in section 7(a)(2) of the Act
for Federal agencies to ensure their actions are not likely to
jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered or threatened
species, and (3) the prohibitions found in section 9 of the Act.
Federally funded or permitted projects affecting listed species outside
their designated critical habitat areas may still result in jeopardy
findings in some cases. These protections and conservation tools will
continue to contribute to recovery of this species. Similarly, critical
habitat designations made on the basis of the best available
information at the time of designation will not control the direction
and substance of future recovery plans, habitat conservation plans
(HCPs), or other species conservation planning efforts if new
information available at the time of these planning efforts calls for a
different outcome.
Prudency Determination
Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as amended, and implementing
regulations
[[Page 58835]]
(50 CFR 424.12), require that, to the maximum extent prudent and
determinable, the Secretary shall designate critical habitat at the
time the species is determined to be an endangered or threatened
species. Our regulations (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)) state that the Secretary
may, but is not required to, determine that a designation would not be
prudent in the following circumstances:
(i) The species is threatened by taking or other human activity and
identification of critical habitat can be expected to increase the
degree of such threat to the species;
(ii) The present or threatened destruction, modification, or
curtailment of a species' habitat or range is not a threat to the
species, or threats to the species' habitat stem solely from causes
that cannot be addressed through management actions resulting from
consultations under section 7(a)(2) of the Act;
(iii) Areas within the jurisdiction of the United States provide no
more than negligible conservation value, if any, for a species
occurring primarily outside the jurisdiction of the United States;
(iv) No areas meet the definition of critical habitat; or
(v) The Secretary otherwise determines that designation of critical
habitat would not be prudent based on the best scientific data
available.
As discussed in the final listing rule (85 FR 63806, October 8,
2020), there is currently no imminent threat of take attributed to
collection or vandalism identified under Factor B (16 U.S.C.
1533(a)(1)(B)) for this species, and identification and mapping of
critical habitat is not expected to initiate any such threat. In our
SSA and final listing rule for the coastal marten, we determined that
the present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of
habitat or range is a threat to the coastal marten and that those
threats in some way can be addressed by section 7(a)(2) consultation
measures. The species occurs wholly in the jurisdiction of the United
States, and we are able to identify areas that meet the definition of
critical habitat. Therefore, because none of the circumstances
enumerated in our regulations at 50 CFR 424.12(a)(1) have been met and
because there are no other circumstances the Secretary has identified
for which this designation of critical habitat would be not prudent, we
have determined that the designation of critical habitat is prudent for
the coastal marten.
Critical Habitat Determinability
Having determined that designation is prudent, under section
4(a)(3) of the Act we must find whether critical habitat for the
coastal marten is determinable. Our regulations at 50 CFR 424.12(a)(2)
state that critical habitat is not determinable when one or both of the
following situations exist:
(i) Data sufficient to perform required analyses are lacking, or
(ii) The biological needs of the species are not sufficiently well
known to identify any area that meets the definition of ``critical
habitat.''
When critical habitat is not determinable, the Act allows the
Service an additional year to publish a critical habitat designation
(16 U.S.C. 1533(b)(6)(C)(ii)).
In our proposed listing rule (83 FR 50574, October 9, 2018), we
stated that critical habitat was not determinable because the
assessment of the economic impacts of the designation were still
ongoing and we were in the process of acquiring the complex information
needed to perform that assessment. We have now obtained that
information and completed an economic analysis of the proposed critical
habitat. In addition, we reviewed the available information pertaining
to the biological needs of the species and habitat characteristics
where these species are located. This and other information represent
the best scientific data available and led us to conclude that the
designation of critical habitat is determinable for the coastal marten.
Physical or Biological Features Essential to the Conservation of the
Species
In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) of the Act and regulations at
50 CFR 424.12(b), in determining which areas we will designate as
critical habitat from within the geographical area occupied by the
species at the time of listing, we consider the physical or biological
features that are essential to the conservation of the species and that
may require special management considerations or protection. The
regulations at 50 CFR 424.02 define ``physical or biological features
essential to the conservation of the species'' as the features that
occur in specific areas and that are essential to support the life-
history needs of the species, including, but not limited to, water
characteristics, soil type, geological features, sites, prey,
vegetation, symbiotic species, or other features. A feature may be a
single habitat characteristic or a more complex combination of habitat
characteristics. Features may include habitat characteristics that
support ephemeral or dynamic habitat conditions. Features may also be
expressed in terms relating to principles of conservation biology, such
as patch size, distribution distances, and connectivity. For example,
physical features essential to the conservation of the species might
include gravel of a particular size required for spawning, alkali soil
for seed germination, protective cover for migration or predator
avoidance, or susceptibility to flooding or fire that maintains
necessary early-successional habitat characteristics. Biological
features might include prey species, forage grasses, specific kinds or
ages of trees for roosting or nesting, symbiotic fungi, or a particular
level of nonnative species consistent with conservation needs of the
listed species. The features may also be combinations of habitat
characteristics and may encompass the relationship between
characteristics or the necessary amount of a characteristic essential
to support the life history of the species.
In considering whether features are essential to the conservation
of the species, the Service may consider an appropriate quality,
quantity, and spatial and temporal arrangement of habitat
characteristics in the context of the life-history needs, condition,
and status of the species. These characteristics include but are not
limited to space for individual and population growth and for normal
behavior; food, water, air, light, minerals, or other nutritional or
physiological requirements; cover or shelter; sites for breeding,
reproduction, or rearing (or development) of offspring; and habitats
that are protected from disturbance.
Details on habitat characteristics for the Pacific marten can be
found in the SSA (Service 2019a, pp. 24-35) and Slauson et al. (2019a,
pp. 47-63). We summarize below the more important habitat
characteristics, particularly those that support the description of
physical and biological features essential to the conservation of the
coastal marten DPS. We also describe habitat features relative to the
scale at which coastal martens use these features, allowing us to more
logically organize the physical and biological features. Greater detail
can be found elsewhere (Slauson et al. 2019a, pp. 47-59; Service 2019a,
pp. 24-34), but we summarize these scales as follows: At the site
scale, coastal martens look for structures and surrounding features
that accommodate activities such as denning and resting (see Cover or
Shelter). At the stand scale, coastal martens select forest stands with
the structural features that
[[Page 58836]]
provide one or more life-history requirements (e.g., features that
support marten prey populations, allow prey to be vulnerable to
martens, provide structures for denning and resting, and provide
cover). At the home range scale, coastal martens position their home
ranges to include enough high-quality habitat to provide for life-
history needs (e.g., foraging, reproduction, and cover) and access to
mates, while avoiding other coastal martens of the same sex, as well as
avoiding competitors and predators. The distribution of suitable
habitat at the landscape scale influences coastal marten dispersal,
location of coastal marten home ranges, and population density. Coastal
marten dispersal across the landscape allows for gene flow and
maintains adjacent populations (or metapopulation structure where it
exists); dispersing individuals select suitable portions of the
landscape that are unoccupied by individuals of the same sex to
establish home ranges (Slauson et al. 2019a, p. 48).
Space for Individual and Population Growth and for Normal Behavior
Coastal martens are solitary animals except during mating and when
females are raising young. They establish home ranges in areas that
provide enough habitat to support their life-history needs (Table 1),
allow access to mates, and avoid individuals of the same sex (Slauson
et al. 2019a, pp. 47-48). Coastal marten home ranges typically include
a high proportion (greater than or equal to 70 percent) of older forest
habitat, and both males and females appear to spend a majority of their
time in this habitat (Service 2019, p. 30). The older forest habitats
used by coastal martens typically have large amounts of the features
necessary for cover, foraging, resting, and denning (see descriptions
of specific features under the headings immediately below), such as
large trees or snags with decay elements, down wood, and dense
ericaceous shrub understories.
Table 1--Life History and Resource Needs of the Coastal Marten
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Resources and/or circumstances needed for individuals to
Life stage complete each life stage
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kit (birth to dispersal, ~6 months)................. <bullet> Female provides food, thermal source, and
protection from predators. (Markley and Bassett 1942, pp.
606-607).
<bullet> Den sites are enclosed areas to shelter from
weather and predators and are most often large diameter
trees (live or dead) with cavities, but also include
hollow logs, crevices under rocks, log piles, and
squirrel nests. (Slauson and Zielinski 2009, p. 40;
Thompson et al. 2012, pp. 223-224; Moriarty 2017a, pp. 82-
88).
Juvenile and Adults 2+ years........................ <bullet> Dispersal habitat is an area that supports
movement from natal area to a location where home range
can be established. (Chapin et al. 1998, pp. 1334-1336;
Johnson et al. 2009, p. 3365).
<bullet> Resting sites include cavities, brooms, hollow
logs, large limbs, rock crevices, and debris piles and
are used to conserve energy and avoid predators. (Taylor
and Buskirk 1994, pp. 253-255; Shumacher 1999, pp. 26-58;
Slauson and Zielinski 2009, pp. 39-40; 223-224; Thompson
et al. 2012, pp. 223-224; Early et al. 2017, entire).
<bullet> Food consists primarily of squirrels and
chipmunks, birds, berries and insects seasonally.
(Slauson and Zielinski 2017, entire; Slauson and
Zielinski 2019, entire; Eriksson et al. 2019, entire).
<bullet> Understory consists of dense shrub layer and
decayed wood structures providing prey habitat. Shrub
layer also provides protection from predators. (Andruskiw
et al. 2008, pp. 2275-2277; Slauson and Zielinski 2009,
pp. 39-42; Eriksson 2016, pp. 19-23).
<bullet> Forest canopy cover provides protection from
aerial and terrestrial predators. Unfragmented habitat
excludes bobcats, the primary predator of coastal marten,
which are found in more fragmented landscapes (Slauson
and Zielinski 2001, entire; Powell et al. 2003, entire;
Linnell et al. 2018, p. 10; Slauson et al., in prep).
<bullet> Home range is habitat that provides an adequate
mix of resting and foraging habitat and overlap with
opposite sex individuals to provide breeding season
encounters. (Ellis 1998 pp. 35-41; Bull and Heater 2001,
p. 1; Self and Kerns 2001, p. 5; Slauson 2003, pp. 49-54;
Moriarty et al. 2017b, pp. 684-686; Linnell et al. 2018,
p. 10; Slauson et al. 2019a, entire).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Martens occupying shore pine (Pinus contorta spp. contorta) habitat
in coastal Oregon have the smallest home ranges recorded in North
America, with average sizes of 0.32 square miles (mi\2\) (0.84 square
kilometers (km\2\)) and 1.18 mi\2\ (3.06 km\2\) for females and males,
respectively (Moriarty et al. 2017b, p. 685). Limited data from martens
in northern California (3 adult males) show home range sizes from 1.2
to 1.5 mi\2\ (3 to 4 km\2\), which is similar to home range sizes of
Pacific martens in the Sierra Nevada Range elsewhere in California
(Slauson et al. 2019a, p. 56).
Dispersal is the means by which marten populations maintain and
expand their distribution and population size. Successful dispersal
requires functional connections between habitat patches capable of
supporting reproduction across the landscape. Hence, individual martens
disperse by selecting portions of the landscape that facilitate
movement and searching for an area in which to select a home range that
does not overlap with same-sex individuals. Where landscapes are
heavily disturbed through intensive logging, juvenile dispersal may be
especially costly, as evidenced by lower survival and poorer body
condition of martens dispersing through regenerating vs uncut
landscapes (Johnson et al. 2009, pp. 3364-3366). Little else is known
about what constitutes dispersal habitat for martens, but the
combination of reduced foraging efficiency and increased predation risk
in predominantly clearcut landscapes may strongly influence dispersal
dynamics of martens. (Service 2019a, pp. 22, 33, 58).
Food, Water, Air, Light, Minerals, or Other Nutritional or
Physiological Requirements
Martens are dietary generalists. Small mammals dominate their diet
year round, with some mammal species varying by season. Birds, insects,
and fruits are also seasonally important. Habitat characteristics
associated with marten prey are important to provide a food source for
martens. Many of the small mammal species that martens prey on reach
their highest densities in forest stands with mature and late-
successional structural features; in these stands, the food resources
used by marten prey species, such as conifer seeds and truffles, are
most abundant. In addition, other features associated with increased
densities or abundances of marten prey species include increased
density and complexity of ericaceous shrub layers, increased amounts of
coarse woody debris, and density of large snags. Structural complexity
on the forest floor improves predation success for martens. In the
shore pine forest community of the central coastal Oregon population,
areas with an
[[Page 58837]]
ericaceous understory had a significantly higher relative abundance of
marten prey species, and had a significantly more diverse assemblage of
prey species compared to nearby interior forests (Eriksson 2016, p.
16). Many of the bird species found in marten diets are also associated
with shrub understories, and these birds feed on the fruits of
ericaceous shrub species (Service 2019a, pp. 22-24; Slauson et al.
2019a, pp. 33-36).
Cover or Shelter
Bobcats (Lynx rufus) and other felids are the primary predators
documented for coastal martens (Slauson et al. 2014, p. 2; Slauson et
al. 2019a, p. 40). Other large-bodied mammalian (e.g., coyotes (Canis
latrans)) and avian (e.g., raptors and owls) predators co-occur with
and prey upon martens across North America (Clark et al. 1987, p. 4;
Buskirk and Ruggiero 1994, p. 28). Avoiding these predators has shaped
marten behavior and likely influences their selection of highly complex
forest structure for cover and shelter while avoiding areas lacking
overhead or escape cover that are more typically occupied by generalist
predators such as bobcats and coyotes (Slauson et al. 2019a, pp. 38-
40). Cover and shelter also provide protection from the physical
elements and allow martens to maintain their body temperature
(thermoregulation).
Martens seek out cover and shelter at several scales. At the site
scale, they look for structures and surrounding features that
accommodate denning and resting. Denning sites are used by females for
birthing and raising their kits (see Sites for Breeding, Reproduction,
or Rearing (or Development) of Offspring). Resting sites are used by
both sexes on a daily basis, and martens seek them out between foraging
bouts to provide thermoregulatory benefits and protection from
predators (Taylor and Buskirk 1994, p. 255; Slauson et al. 2019a, p.
48). Martens need many resting structures distributed across their home
range to meet seasonal changes in thermoregulatory needs. Martens
primarily use large-diameter live trees, snags, and down logs, which
are typically the largest available structures in the area. Within
these structures, martens commonly rest either in cavities, formations
caused by forest pathogens such as dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium spp.),
or on platforms such as broken-top snags or large live branches.
Cavities may become more important during the winter when conditions
are wetter and colder. Less-frequented but still important resting
structures include large slash piles with large-diameter logs, natural
rock piles, and shrub clumps (Slauson et al. 2019a, pp. 48-50). In less
productive shore pine communities in coastal Oregon, where large down
wood and large standing trees and snags are not as common, martens have
been most commonly found resting in squirrel nests, but also use bare
branches and hollows at the base of overturned trees (Service 2019a, p.
25).
At larger scales (stand, home range, and landscape), martens need
sufficient habitat, such as overhead and escape cover, to minimize
their exposure to predators as they move through their home range or
disperse across the landscape. Martens tend to avoid forest openings
and landscapes with large areas of forest openings. An analysis of
martens across North America found that individual home ranges
typically contain a large proportion (greater than or equal to 70
percent) of suitable habitat; furthermore, marten density declines when
the area of suitable habitat across the landscape is reduced to less
than 70 percent as a result of wildfire, forest management, or other
stand-replacing disturbance (Thompson et al. 2012, pp. 209, 217, 228).
Within the coastal marten DPS, on sites with highly productive soil
conditions, martens select old-growth and late-mature stands dominated
by Douglas-fir overstories; these stands have dense (greater than 70
percent cover) shrub layers that are spatially extensive and dominated
by ericaceous species, including but not limited to evergreen
huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum), salal (Gaultheria shallon), and
Rhododendron sp. (Slauson et al. 2019a, p. 51). On less productive
sites, (e.g., serpentine soils and coastal shore pine communities), the
amount of overstory cover may be more variable, but the dense
understory characteristics remain similar to productive sites (Slauson
et al. 2019a, pp. 51-53). Martens favor shrub communities that comprise
shade-tolerant, long-lived, mast-producing species that maintain site
dominance, rather than early-seral shrub communities that are dominant
only for short periods after a disturbance (e.g., Ceanothus sp.)
(Slauson et al. 2019a, p. 9).
Occupying home ranges with large amounts of overhead cover provided
by shrub or forest canopy is thought to reduce marten exposure to
predators. In addition, occupying landscapes with similarly large
amounts of mature or old forest cover with complex understory minimizes
their distributional overlap with generalist predators that are
typically associated with younger forests or more open habitats
(Slauson et al. 2019a, p. 40). Mature and old-forest characteristics
differ across the DPS depending on the site and plant association. Old-
forest characteristics of example plant series are provided in Table 2;
however, old-forest conditions in other plant series within critical
habitat units may also provide sufficient habitat.
Table 2--Characteristics of Old-Growth Stands in a Sample of Different
Plant Series That Occur Within the DPS
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stand feature........ Douglas-fir on Douglas-fir Tanoak plant
western plant series.\b\
hemlock series.\b\ Mean old-
sites.\a\ Mean old- growth values.
Minimum old- growth values.
growth values.
Live trees........... >=2 species. Wide range of Wide range of
Wide range of size classes: size classes.
ages and Softwood trees Softwood trees
sizes. Douglas- 8/ac 30- to 8/ac 30- to
fir >=8/ac >32- 39.9-in 39.9-in
in diameter diameter (>=20/ diameter (>=20/
(>=20/ha >81 ha 76 to 101.5 ha 76 to 101.5
cm) or >200 cm), and 9/ac cm), and 2/ac
years old. >40'' diameter >40'' diameter
(22/ha >101.5 (5/ha >101.5
cm). cm).
Canopy............... deep, multi-
layered canopy.
Snags................ Conifers >=4/ac 2.4/ac >20'' 1.6/ac >20''
>20'' diameter diameter (5.9/ diameter (4.0/
(10/ha >51 cm) ha >51 cm) and ha >51 cm) and
and >15 ft >50 ft (4.5 m) >50 ft (4.5 m)
(4.5 m) tall. tall. tall.
[[Page 58838]]
Logs................. >=15 tons/ac 24.2 tons/ac 23.8 tons/ac
(34 metric (54.5 metric (53.5 metric
tons/ha) tons/ha) of tons/ha) of
including 4 logs >10 in logs >10 in
pieces/ac (25 cm) (25 cm)
>=24'' diameter and diameter and
diameter (10/ >1 ft (0.3 m) >1 ft (0.3 m)
ha >= 61 cm) long. 6.9 logs/ long. 6.5 logs/
and >50 ft (15 ac (17.0 logs/ ac (16.1 logs/
m) long. ha) >20 in (51 ha) >20 in (51
cm) and <30 in cm) and <30 in
(76 cm) (76 cm)
diameter; 3.8 diameter; 3.9
logs/ac (9.4 logs/ac (9.6
logs/ha) >30 logs/ha) >30
in (76 cm) in (76 cm)
diameter. diameter.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a\ Minimum old-growth definitions found in Franklin et al. (1986, p.
4).
\b\ Mean old-growth definitions found in Jimerson et al. (1996, pp. E-16
to E-23).
Sites for Breeding, Reproduction, or Rearing (or Development) of
Offspring
Females give birth to kits in forest structures called natal dens.
Subsequent structures used to raise young kits are called maternal
dens. The most common den structures used by martens across North
America are cavities in large-diameter live and dead trees, and known
coastal marten dens also correspond to this pattern. Trees containing
marten den sites are structurally complex, with large limbs, broken
tops, hollow bases, complex crowns, or multiple cavities. Martens
appear to be more selective of habitat conditions at den sites than at
rest sites; this tendency likely reflects a need for foraging habitat
to be within close proximity of a den site, allowing females to
minimize energy expenditure for foraging and minimize time spent away
from kits (Service 2019a, pp. 26-27; Slauson et al. 2019a, p. 50).
Habitats Protected From Disturbance
As noted above in the Cover or Shelter section, mature and old
forests are important to martens, and marten density declines when
landscape amounts are reduced to less than 70 percent of the area,
regardless of the disturbance type (Thompson et al. 2012, pp. 209, 217,
228). Marten habitat is lost or degraded through natural disturbances
and human-induced changes. Such disturbances can remove habitat
components necessary for marten fitness (e.g., canopy cover, denning
and resting structures, habitat for marten prey). In California,
habitat disturbances that remove escape cover and create extensive
openings are associated with increased predation risk by increasing the
abundance of habitat generalist carnivores that prey on martens
(Slauson et al. 2019a, pp. 40, 57).
Forest management is the human disturbance that has the greatest
effect on marten habitat in terms of scale and severity. The loss of
marten habitat as a result of timber harvest is considered the likely
cause of the continued low population levels in California since the
State banned trapping in 1946. Vegetation management, such as timber
harvest, thinning, fuels reduction, and non-forest habitat restoration
can result in temporary or permanent loss, degradation, or
fragmentation of suitable coastal marten habitat (Service 2019a, p.
55). Human development also results in permanent habitat conversion,
but is generally limited in scope to the area around established
communities and existing developments.
Within the DPS, wildfire is the natural disturbance that affects by
far the greatest area of habitat. Fires are a necessary disturbance
feature as they create or facilitate the development of structural
features used by martens, such as snags, hollow trees, and down logs.
However, fires can also remove large areas of suitable marten habitat
that can take many decades to recover (Service 2019a, pp. 48-51). Other
natural disturbances that affect marten habitat to a much lesser degree
than wildfire include windstorms, landslides, and forest insects and
pathogens. These events generally degrade or remove habitat in
localized areas. Similar to wildfire, however, they are also important
processes for developing forest structures used by coastal martens,
such as broken top trees, cavities, and down wood.
Summary of Physical or Biological Features for the Coastal Marten
We derive the specific physical or biological features (PBFs)
essential to the conservation of the coastal marten from studies of
this species' habitat, ecology, and life history as described in the
SSA report for the coastal marten (Service 2019a, entire). We have
determined that the following PBFs are essential to the conservation of
the coastal marten:
Physical or Biological Feature 1--Habitat that supports a coastal
marten home range by providing for breeding, denning, resting, or
foraging. This habitat provides cover and shelter to facilitate
thermoregulation and reduce predation risk, foraging sources for marten
prey, and structures that provide resting and denning sites. To provide
cover and support denning, resting, and foraging, coastal martens
require a mature forest overstory, dense understory development, and
biologically complex structure that contains snags, logs, other decay
elements, or other structures that support denning, resting, or marten
prey. Stands meeting the conditions for PBF 1 would also function as
meeting PBF 2 (facilitating movement within and between coastal marten
home ranges). Stands meeting the condition for PBF 1 contain each of
the following three components:
(1) Mature, conifer-dominated forest overstory. Overstory canopy
cover provides protection to coastal martens from aerial and
terrestrial predators, as well as shelter from physical elements such
as sun or storms. It also is the source of structural features that
coastal martens use for denning and resting, and provides suitable
coastal marten prey. Suitable overstory conditions vary depending on
the productivity of the site as follows:
a. For areas with relatively low productivity (e.g., areas where
growing conditions are harsher, such as serpentine sites or coastal
shore pine forests, compared to other areas), suitable forest overstory
conditions are highly variable. They may contain a sparse conifer
overstory, such as in some serpentine areas, or a dense conifer
overstory composed mainly of trees smaller than the typical older
forest conditions described below in (1)b (e.g., the dense shore pine
overstory found in areas occupied by marten along the Oregon coast).
b. For other areas with higher productivity, martens tend to favor
forest stands in the old-growth or late-mature seral stages. The
specific forest composition and structure conditions found in higher
productivity areas will vary by plant series and site class. Structural
and composition descriptions of old-growth or late-mature seral stages
for local plant community series should be used where available. In
general these stands exhibit high levels of canopy cover and structural
diversity in the form of: (1) A wide range of tree sizes, including
trees with large
[[Page 58839]]
diameter and height; (2) deep, dense tree canopies with multiple canopy
layers and irregular tree crowns; (3) high numbers of snags, including
large-diameter snags; and (4) abundant down wood, including large logs,
ideally in a variety of decay stages.
(2) Dense, spatially extensive shrub layer. The shrub layer should
be greater than 70 percent of the area, comprising mainly shade-
tolerant, long-lived, mast-producing species (primarily ericaceous
species such as salal, huckleberry, or rhododendron, as well as shrub
oaks). An extensive layer of dense shrubs provides protection and cover
from coastal marten predators. In addition, ericaceous and mast-
producing shrubs provide forage for marten prey.
(3) Stands with structural features. Structural features that
support denning or resting, such as large down logs, rock piles with
interstitial spaces, and large snags or live trees with decay elements
or suitable resting structures (e.g., hollows and cavities, forked or
broken tops, dead tops, brooms from mistletoe or other tree pathogens,
or large platforms including abandoned nests). These features provide
cover and thermal protection for kits and denning females, and for all
animals when they are resting between foraging bouts. Hence, these
features need to be distributed throughout a coastal marten home range.
They also tend to be among the largest structures in the stand. Many of
these features, such as down logs and snags or live trees with decayed
elements, also support coastal marten prey.
Physical or Biological Feature 2--Habitat that allows for movement
within home ranges among stands that meet PBF 1, or supports
individuals dispersing between home ranges. Habitat within PBF 2
includes: (1) Stands that meet all three conditions of PBF1; (2) forest
stands that only meet the first two components of PBF 1 (mature,
conifer-dominated forest overstory and a dense, spatially extensive
shrub layer); or (3), habitats with some lesser amounts of shrub,
canopy, forest cover, or lesser amounts of smaller structural features
as described in PBF 1, and while not meeting the definition of PBF 1,
would still provide forage and cover from predators that would allow
coastal martens to traverse the landscape to areas of higher quality
habitat.
Special Management Considerations or Protection
When designating critical habitat, we assess whether the specific
areas within the geographical area occupied by the species at the time
of listing contain features which are essential to the conservation of
the species and which may require special management considerations or
protection. The features essential to the conservation of this species
may require special management considerations or protection to reduce
the following direct or indirect threats: Incidents of roadkill;
inadvertent poisoning from rodenticides; predation; disease; impacts
from wildfire; and vegetation management actions. A detailed discussion
of activities influencing the coastal marten and its habitat can be
found in the final listing rule (85 FR 63806, October 8, 2020). Special
management considerations or protection that may be required within
critical habitat areas to address these threats include (but are not
limited to) the following: Development of wildlife crossings on major
roadways; monitoring and patrolling for unauthorized use of
rodenticides in agricultural settings including cannabis operations;
maintaining adequate cover and connectivity of habitats to provide
cover from predation; implementation of forest management practices
that prevent or reduce risk of catastrophic wildfire; reducing indirect
impacts to coastal marten habitat from activities adjacent to critical
habitat units; and minimizing habitat disturbance, fragmentation, and
destruction through use of best management practices for vegetation
management activities and providing appropriate buffers around coastal
marten habitat.
Conservation Strategy and Selection Criteria Used To Identify Critical
Habitat
Conservation Strategy
As required by section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we use the best
scientific data available to designate critical habitat. In accordance
with the Act and our implementing regulations at 50 CFR 424.12(b), we
review available information pertaining to the habitat requirements of
the species and identify specific areas within the geographical area
occupied by the species at the time of listing and any specific areas
outside the geographical area occupied by the species to be considered
for designation as critical habitat. We are not currently proposing to
designate any areas outside the geographical area occupied by the
species because we have not identified any unoccupied areas that meet
the definition of critical habitat. The occupied areas identified
encompass the varying habitat types and distribution of the species and
provide sufficient habitat to allow for maintaining and potentially
expanding the populations.
To determine and select appropriate occupied areas that contain the
physical or biological features essential to the conservation of the
species or areas otherwise essential for the conservation of the
coastal marten, we developed a conservation strategy for the species.
The goal of our conservation strategy for the coastal marten is to
recover the species to the point where the protections of the Act are
no longer necessary. The role of critical habitat in achieving this
conservation goal is to identify the specific areas within the coastal
marten's range that provide essential physical and biological features
without which the coastal marten's range-wide resiliency, redundancy,
and representation could not be achieved. This, in turn, requires an
understanding of the fundamental parameters of the species' biology and
ecology based on well-accepted conservation-biology and ecological
principles for conserving species and their habitats, such as those
described by Carroll et al. 1996 (pp. 1-12); Shaffer and Stein 2000
(pp. 301-321); Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) 2004
(entire); Tear et al. 2005 (pp. 835-849); Groom et al. 2006 (pp. 419-
551); Redford et al. 2011 (pp. 39-48); and Wolf et al. 2015 (pp. 200-
207); and more specific coastal marten habitat information such as that
described in Moriarty et al. 2016 (pp. 71-81); Delheimer et al. 2018
(pp. 510-517); Linnell et al. 2018 (pp. 1-21); Moriarty et al. 2019
(pp. 1-25); and Slauson et al. (2019a, entire).
In developing our conservation strategy, we focused on increasing
the resiliency, representation, and redundancy of coastal marten
populations by maintaining and improving extant marten populations and
suitable habitat. Because coastal marten occur in small and isolated
populations, the primary focus of the conservation strategy is to
maintain and expand extant populations and suitable habitat within
those population areas. Suitable habitat includes areas for cover,
resting, denning and foraging and also provides for dispersal habitat
when breeding or food resources may not be optimal. To maintain
redundancy of coastal marten populations, the conservation strategy
also focuses on providing for areas in the diversity of habitats that
coastal martens have been documented to use. This includes mesic
serpentine, coastal shore pine, and late-seral coniferous forests.
These habitats are spread across the species' range and typically
provide the physical and biological features essential to the
[[Page 58840]]
conservation of the species without which range-wide resiliency,
redundancy, and representation of the species could not be achieved. As
explained further below, this focus led to the inclusion of suitable
habitat within the ecological settings where the species occurs as part
of the conservation strategy.
Selection Criteria and Methodology Used To Determine Critical Habitat
As discussed above, to assist in determining which areas to
identify as critical habitat for the coastal marten, we focused our
selection on extant populations in the diversity of habitats
represented by coastal marten. We define the proposed critical habitat
as sites that contain the physical or biological features essential to
the conservation of the species within the geographical area occupied
by the species at the time of listing.
To define the areas we consider to be the areas occupied at the
time of listing, we started with a set of detection points and grouped
detections into extant population areas (EPAs). The EPAs and the
habitat areas adjacent to and within dispersal distance between the
EPAs encompass the core areas we consider to be occupied at the time of
listing. All current verifiable coastal marten detections were used to
delineate EPAs within the historical home range. If the total number of
detections in an area was less than five or they were separated by
greater than 3 mi (5 km) from other verifiable detections, the combined
detections were not designated as an EPA due to the insufficient level
of information to suggest a likely self-sustaining population (Service
2019a, p. 84). EPAs were considered separate from each other if they
were not within 4.6 mi (7.5 km) of each other, which is based on half
of the average dispersal distance of a coastal marten. This distance
assumes that animals are not regularly moving between EPAs and the EPAs
are functioning as separate populations. To better focus the areas
occupied at the time of listing and considered to be essential to the
conservation of the species, we refined the boundaries of the EPAs
using a 60 percent concave hull method to select those areas with a
higher prevalence of coastal marten detections.
Because the EPAs are based on occurrence records and not habitat,
we also used two different habitat models specific to coastal marten to
incorporate the habitat used by the coastal marten detections
associated with each EPA. These modeled areas are considered occupied
by the species based on the continuous nature of the habitat and are
within the dispersal distance and home ranges of the species. The first
model we used found that coastal martens were positively associated
with Old-Growth Structural Index (OGSI), precipitation, and serpentine
soils, and negatively with elevation (Slauson et al. 2019b, entire).
OGSI is a spatial data layer developed by the U.S. Forest Service
(USFS) and Oregon State University and is an index of one to four
measurable old-growth structure elements including (1) density of large
live trees, (2) diversity of live-tree size classes, (3) density of
large snags, and (4) percentage cover of down woody material (Davis et
al. 2015, p. 16). OGSI serves as a surrogate for the late-seral
structural features that are important to coastal marten survival and,
in conjunction with the serpentine soil layer, incorporates several of
the PBFs defined above. The inclusion of precipitation in the model
accounts for the association of the mesic shrub layer that marten
depend on for cover, resting, and foraging.
We also used a habitat connectivity model developed by the Service
that incorporates OGSI data along with a minimum patch size of habitat
to create `cores' of suitable habitat (Schrott and Shinn 2020, entire).
We used our model in conjunction with the Slauson et al. 2019b model
because the Slauson model does not include low elevation areas known to
be occupied by coastal martens. The Service model includes modeled
output in lower elevation coastal regions of California and Oregon
where we know coastal marten occur. Because the entire combined modeled
extent of habitat overestimates the amount of habitat used by and
needed for coastal marten conservation, we eliminated any modeled areas
that were not adjacent to EPAs and eliminated modeled output in arid
environments east of the Klamath River in California where suitable
habitat is more scarce and localized to moist ravines. In addition, we
trimmed the polygons where there were long tendrils displaying high
edge-to-interior ratio that were generally artifacts of roads, modeled
output, or misaligning of ownership projections and, thus, did not
contain the PBFs considered essential to the conservation of the
species.
We further evaluated the polygons based on the PBFs for coastal
marten and current land management practices under the Northwest Forest
Plan (NWFP). We prioritized inclusion of Federal reserve lands and
State lands occupied by the species at the time of listing because
these lands contribute most to the conservation of the species, but
also included those private lands that contain the PBFs essential to
coastal marten conservation and which may require special management.
When determining proposed critical habitat boundaries, we made
every effort to avoid including developed areas such as lands covered
by buildings, pavement, and other structures because such lands lack
physical or biological features necessary for the coastal marten. The
scale of the maps we prepared under the parameters for publication
within the Code of Federal Regulations may not reflect the exclusion of
such developed lands. Any such lands inadvertently left inside critical
habitat boundaries shown on the maps of this proposed rule have been
excluded by text in the proposed rule and are not proposed for
designation as critical habitat. Due to unverifiable ownership and
mapping information, some small portions of private or unclassified
lands may occur within the mapping of Units 1, 2 and 3, but which were
not intended for inclusion within the designation. These areas are
extremely small artifacts of mapping discrepancies and potential
overlapping data information, do not contain the PBFs considered
essential to the conservation of the species, and are not intended to
be included as critical habitat as defined in this rule. Accordingly,
any private lands in Units 1, 2, or 3 inadvertently included in the
proposed designation are not considered critical habitat because they
are part of inadvertent overlap or undeterminability and are too small
to be significant for coastal marten conservation. Therefore, if the
critical habitat is finalized as proposed, a Federal action involving
these lands would not trigger section 7 consultation with respect to
critical habitat and the requirement of no adverse modification unless
the specific action would affect the physical or biological features in
the adjacent critical habitat.
We propose to designate as critical habitat lands that we have
determined are occupied at the time of listing (i.e., currently
occupied) and that contain one or more of the physical or biological
features that are essential to support life-history processes of the
species.
Units are proposed for designation based on one or more of the
physical or biological features being present to support the coastal
marten's life-history processes. Some units contain all of the
identified physical or biological features and support multiple life-
history processes. Some units contain only some of the physical or
biological
[[Page 58841]]
features necessary to support the coastal marten's particular use of
that habitat.
The proposed critical habitat designation is defined by the map or
maps, as modified by any accompanying regulatory text, presented at the
end of this document under Proposed Regulation Promulgation. We include
more detailed information on the boundaries of the critical habitat
designation in the preamble of this document. We will make the
coordinates or plot points or both on which each map is based available
to the public on <a href="http://www.regulations.gov">http://www.regulations.gov</a> at Docket No. FWS-R8-ES-
2020-0151 and on our internet site, <a href="https://www.fws.gov/arcata">https://www.fws.gov/arcata</a>.
Proposed Critical Habitat Designation
We are proposing five units as critical habitat for the coastal
marten. The critical habitat areas we describe below constitute our
current best assessment of areas that meet the definition of critical
habitat for the coastal marten. Table 3 below identifies all of the
units within the geographical area occupied at the time of listing that
contain the physical or biological features that support multiple life-
history processes for the coastal marten and are thus essential to the
conservation of the species.
Table 3--Proposed Critical Habitat Units for Pacific Marten (Coastal DPS)
[Area (acres (hectares)) reflects all land within critical habitat unit boundaries and includes area that may not contain PBFs.]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ownership (in acres (hectares))
Unit No. and name --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total
Federal State Tribal Other
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit 1: OR-1 Siuslaw.............................. 94,094 (37,673) 2,124 (859) 0 0 95,218 (38,534)
Unit 2: OR-2 Siltcoos............................. 8,582 (3,472) 249 (101) 0 0 8,830 (3,574)
Unit 3: OR-3 Coos Bay............................. 14,934 (6,044) 648 (262) 0 0 15,582 (6,306)
Unit 4: OR-4 Cape Blanco.......................... 1,021 (413) 3,025 (1,224) 0 0 4,046 (1,637)
Unit 5: OR- CA-5 Klamath Mountains................ 1,154,197 (467,103) 19,829 (8,024) 26,126 (10,573) 89,475 (36,210) 1,289,627 (521,913)
Totals........................................ 1,271,828 (514,708) 25,875 (10,471) 26,126 (10,573) 89,475 (36,210) 1,413,305 (571,965)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Area sizes may not sum due to rounding. ``Other'' represents, city, county, private or otherwise unidentified land ownership areas.
We present brief descriptions of all units, and reasons why they
meet the definition of critical habitat for the coastal marten, below.
Unit 1: Siuslaw Unit. Lincoln and Lane Counties, Oregon
This unit consists of approximately 95,218 ac (38,534 ha) and
encompasses the northern portion of the central coastal Oregon
population of coastal martens. Almost all of the unit is within Lane
County, north of Oregon Highway 126, but a small portion extends north
into Lincoln County, Oregon, on lands managed by the Siuslaw National
Forest. The unit mostly borders the Pacific Ocean from just south of
the town of Yachats, south to near Sea Lion Caves; further inland, the
unit extends as far south as Mercer Lake. Portions of the unit extend
inland from the coast as much as 18 mi (29 km), but most of the unit is
within 12 mi (19 km) of the coast. The unit is almost entirely in
Federal ownership (94,094 ac (37,675 ha)) (99 percent), specifically
the Siuslaw National Forest, with approximately 74,899 ac (30,311 ha)
in Late-Successional Reserve (LSR) land use allocation under the NWFP
(USFS 1994, entire). Rock Creek and Cummins Creek Wilderness Areas make
up much of the rest of the Federal lands. Oregon State Park lands along
the coast comprise most of the remainder of the unit (2,124 ac (859
ha)), including Neptune, Heceta Head, Washburne, and Ponsler State
Parks. Recreation is a principal land use in this unit. Because the
Federal lands are in an LSR allocation, forest management is limited to
activities that are neutral or beneficial to the retention or
development of late-successional forest conditions.
This unit was occupied at the time of listing (2020), is currently
occupied by coastal martens, and contains one or more of the physical
or biological features essential to the conservation of the species.
This unit represents the northernmost distribution of coastal martens
in Oregon (based on contemporary detections), as well as relatively
unfragmented old forest compared to other forests near the ocean within
the DPS. This area may facilitate movement of coastal martens inland.
This unit provides all of the features described in PBFs 1 and 2.
Overstory conditions as described in PBF 1 are mostly associated with
high-productivity sites across much of this unit, characteristic of the
mature forests of the Sitka spruce vegetation zone as described in
Franklin and Dyrness (1988, pp. 58-59).
The habitat-based threats in this unit that may require special
management include removal of forest vegetation, primarily through
vegetation management such as timber harvest. Approximately 80 percent
of the Federal portion of this unit is managed as a Late Successional
Reserve, which requires retaining or developing late-successional
conditions that could be suitable for coastal martens. However, some
treatments that meet LSR standards and guidelines, such as thinning to
increase tree size or stand complexity, can result in loss of dense
understories that are valuable to coastal martens to escape from
predators and provide suitable prey habitat. We have not identified
potential exclusions at this time, but may consider information
regarding potential exclusions provided during the comment period for
this proposal.
Unit 2: Siltcoos Unit. Lane and Douglas Counties, Oregon
This unit consists of approximately 8,830 ac (3,574 ha) and
encompasses the central portion of the central coastal Oregon
population of coastal martens in coastal Lane and Douglas Counties,
Oregon. The unit occurs along the coastline west of Highway 101 and
extends from near the city of Florence, Oregon, south approximately 12
mi (19 km) to the vicinity of Tahkenitch Creek, west of Tahkenitch
Lake. Land ownership within the unit includes approximately 8,582 ac
(3,472 ha) of Federal and 249 ac (101 ha) of State land. The Federal
portion is within the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area, managed by
the Siuslaw National Forest. The State portion comprises Honeyman State
Park. Recreation is the principal land use in this unit, primarily All-
Terrain Vehicle (ATV) use on the open dunes and forested trails within
the recreation area and surrounding areas.
[[Page 58842]]
This unit was occupied at the time of listing (2020) and is
currently occupied by coastal martens. Coastal martens in this unit and
Unit 3 exhibit the highest densities and smallest home ranges
documented in North America (Linnell et al. 2018, p. 13), indicating
that the physical and biological features coastal martens require are
widely available in this unit. The unit contains all of the components
described in PBFs 1 and 2. For the forest overstory component of PBF 1,
this unit falls into the less productive site category, due to the
harsher growing conditions along the Oregon coast. Forest vegetation in
this unit generally comprises dense strands of shore pine with
extremely dense shrub understories, as described in Franklin and
Dyrness (1988, pp. 291-294). This unit encompasses one of four known
coastal marten populations, allowing for maintaining redundancy across
the DPS. Coastal martens in this unit and Unit 3 are generally isolated
from coastal martens in the rest of the DPS, with limited ability to
connect populations across the landscape.
The habitat-based threats in this unit that may require special
management include possible loss of shore pine and understory shrub
habitat in an effort to restore movement of coastal sand dunes or
increase open areas for recreation vehicles. An additional threat is
the invasion of nonnative shrub species (e.g., Scotch broom (Cytisus
scoparius)) that may preclude the development of ericaceous shrubs and
shore pine that are known components of suitable coastal marten
habitat. We have not identified potential exclusions at this time, but
may consider information regarding potential exclusions provided during
the comment period for this proposal.
Unit 3: Coos Bay Unit. Douglas and Coos Counties, Oregon
This unit consists of approximately 15,582 ac (6,306 ha) and
encompasses the southern portion of the central coastal Oregon
population of coastal martens in coastal Douglas and Coos Counties,
Oregon. The unit extends from Winchester Bay south to the north spit of
Coos Bay proper, and lies west of U.S. Highway 101. Land ownership
includes 14,934 ac (6,044 ha) of Federal and 648 ac (262 ha) of State
land. The Federal portion is within the Oregon Dunes National
Recreation Area, managed by the Siuslaw National Forest. The State
portion comprises Umpqua Lighthouse State Park. This unit is otherwise
similar to Unit 2 in terms of primary land use, coastal marten
occupancy, presence of physical and biological features, vegetation
description, essentiality of conservation, and habitat based threats.
Recreation is the principal land use in this unit, primarily ATV use on
the open dunes and forested trails within the recreation area and
surrounding areas.
This unit was occupied at the time of listing (2020) and is
currently occupied by coastal martens. Coastal martens in this unit,
along with Unit 2, exhibit the highest densities and smallest home
ranges in North America (Linnell et al. 2018, p. 13), indicating that
the physical and biological features coastal martens require are widely
available in this unit. The unit contains all of the components
described in PBFs 1 and 2. For the forest overstory component of PBF 1,
this unit falls into the less productive site category, due to the
harsher growing conditions along the Oregon coast. Forest vegetation in
this unit generally comprises dense strands of shore pine with
extremely dense shrub understories, as described in Franklin and
Dyrness (1988, pp. 291-294). This unit encompasses one of four known
coastal marten populations, allowing for maintaining redundancy across
the DPS. Coastal martens in this unit and Unit 2 are generally isolated
from coastal martens in the rest of the DPS, with limited ability to
connect populations across the landscape.
The habitat-based threats in this unit that may require special
management include addressing the possible loss of shore pine and
understory shrub habitat in an effort to restore movement of coastal
sand dunes or increase open areas for recreation vehicles. An
additional threat is the invasion of nonnative shrub species (e.g.,
Scotch broom) that may preclude the development of ericaceous shrubs
and shore pine that are known components of suitable coastal marten
habitat. Loss of habitat adjacent to the unit as a result of the Jordan
Cove liquefied natural gas project will reduce connection capacity with
coastal martens detected on the north spit to the south (Service 2020,
pp. 46-50). We have not identified potential exclusions at this time in
this unit, but may consider information regarding potential exclusions
provided during the comment period for this proposal.
Unit 4: Cape Blanco Unit. Coos and Curry Counties, Oregon
This unit consists of approximately 4,046 ac (1,637 ha) and
encompasses the immediate coastal portion of the southern coastal
Oregon population of coastal martens in coastal Coos and Curry
Counties, Oregon. The unit extends from just south of the Bandon State
Natural Area, south to Cape Blanco State Park, and lies west of U.S.
Highway 101. Land ownership includes 1,021 ac (413 ha) of Federal and
3,025 ac (1,224 ha) of State land. The Federal portion is managed by
the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) as a District Designated Reserve
with no programmed timber harvest; portions of the reserve are managed
for recreation, while other portions are managed as the New River Area
of Critical Environmental Concern to protect and conserve natural
resources. The State portion comprises Cape Blanco State Park and
Floras Lake State Natural Area. Recreation is the principal land use in
this unit.
This unit was occupied at the time of listing (2020) and is
currently occupied by coastal martens and contains one or more of the
components described in PBFs 1 and 2 that are essential to the
conservation of the species. The unit is a mix of shore pine dominated
forests in the lowlands near the ocean, and more mature Sitka spruce
forest in the higher bluffs around Cape Blanco. This unit encompasses
occupied coastal forest that is known to be suitable habitat for
coastal martens.
The habitat-based threats in this unit that may require special
management are the prevalence of invasive shrub species that may
preclude the development of ericaceous shrubs and shore pine that are
known components of suitable coastal marten habitat. We have not
identified potential exclusions at this time, but may consider
information regarding potential exclusions provided during the comment
period for this proposal.
Unit 5: Klamath Mountains Unit. Coos, Curry, Douglas, and Josephine
Counties, Oregon. Del Norte, Humboldt, and Siskiyou Counties,
California
This unit consists of approximately 1,289,627 ac (521,913 ha) and
occurs mostly within the Klamath Mountains of southwestern Oregon and
northwestern California. Within Oregon, the unit occurs in the southern
part of Coos County, just south of Powers, Oregon, and extends south
through eastern Curry and western Josephine Counties, with the
northeastern fringe of the unit extending into Douglas County. The
northwestern portion of this unit consists of a non-contiguous portion
that encompasses Humbug Mountain State Park. The unit extends south
into California, occupying much of the eastern portion of Del Norte
County, extending south into Humboldt County and east into Siskiyou
County. In California, the unit lies west of U.S. Highway 96 and
extends all the way to the Pacific Ocean in northern Humboldt
[[Page 58843]]
County, encompassing Redwood National and State Parks. The unit is 89
percent federally owned (1,154,197 ac (467,103 ha)), with an additional
19,829 ac (8,024 ha) of State lands, 26,126 ac (10,573 ha) of Tribal
lands, and the remainder (89,475 ac (36,210 ha)) owned by private or
local governments. The USFS is the principal Federal land manager
(Rogue River-Siskiyou, Six Rivers, and Klamath National Forests), with
the BLM managing additional lands in Oregon, and the National Park
Service in California. LSRs account for 46 percent of the Federal
ownership. In addition, several Wilderness Areas are within this unit,
including Grassy Knob, Wild Rogue, Copper Salmon, and Kalmiopsis in
Oregon, and the Siskiyou Wilderness in California.
This unit was occupied at the time of listing (2020) and is
currently occupied by coastal martens and contains one or more of the
physical or biological features essential to the conservation of the
species. This unit represents the southernmost distribution of coastal
martens in the DPS and encompasses the majority of known coastal marten
detections. Outside of the northern portion of Unit 1, it also is the
only source of non-shore pine habitat, and includes a variety of
vegetation conditions that coastal martens use, enhancing
representation. This unit contains key connectivity areas for coastal
martens to move either north or south in the DPS, as well as inland or
towards the coast. This unit provides all of the features described in
PBFs 1 and 2. Overstory conditions as described in PBF 1 are associated
with high productivity sites across much of the unit, but low-
productivity serpentine sites also occur across this unit.
The habitat-based threats in this unit that may require special
management include removal of forest vegetation, primarily through
vegetation management such as timber harvest. Fuels management to
reduce the risk of fire is also a regular activity throughout much of
this unit. We have identified potential exclusions for some private and
Tribal lands in this unit (see Exclusions). These potential exclusions
include 76,544 ac (30,975 ha) of private land and 26,126 ac (10,573 ha)
of Tribal land in the California portion of the unit.
Effects of Critical Habitat Designation
Section 7 Consultation
Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies, including the
Service, to ensure that any action they fund, authorize, or carry out
is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered
species or threatened species or result in the destruction or adverse
modification of designated critical habitat of such species. In
addition, section 7(a)(4) of the Act requires Federal agencies to
confer with the Service on any agency action which is likely to
jeopardize the continued existence of any species proposed to be listed
under the Act or result in the destruction or adverse modification of
proposed critical habitat.
We published a final rule revising the definition of destruction or
adverse modification on August 27, 2019 (84 FR 44976). Destruction or
adverse modification means a direct or indirect alteration that
appreciably diminishes the value of critical habitat as a whole for the
conservation of a listed species.
If a Federal action may affect a listed species or its critical
habitat, the responsible Federal agency (action agency) must enter into
consultation with us. Examples of actions that are subject to the
section 7 consultation process are actions on State, Tribal, local, or
private lands that require a Federal permit (such as a permit from the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers under section 404 of the Clean Water Act
(33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.) or a permit from the Service under section 10
of the Act) or that involve some other Federal action (such as funding
from the Federal Highway Administration, Federal Aviation
Administration, or the Federal Emergency Management Agency). Federal
actions not affecting listed species or critical habitat--and actions
on State, Tribal, local, or private lands that are not federally funded
or authorized, or carried out by a Federal agency--do not require
section 7 consultation.
Compliance with the requirements of section 7(a)(2) is documented
through our issuance of:
(1) A concurrence letter for Federal actions that may affect, but
are not likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical habitat;
or
(2) A biological opinion for Federal actions that may affect and
are likely to adversely affect listed species or critical habitat.
When we issue a biological opinion concluding that a project is
likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species and/or
destroy or adversely modify critical habitat, we provide reasonable and
prudent alternatives to the project, if any are identifiable, that
would avoid the likelihood of jeopardy and/or destruction or adverse
modification of critical habitat. We define ``reasonable and prudent
alternatives'' (at 50 CFR 402.02) as alternative actions identified
during consultation that:
(1) Can be implemented in a manner consistent with the intended
purpose of the action,
(2) Can be implemented consistent with the scope of the Federal
agency's legal authority and jurisdiction,
(3) Are economically and technologically feasible, and
(4) Would, in the Service Director's opinion, avoid the likelihood
of jeopardizing the continued existence of the listed species and/or
avoid the likelihood of destroying or adversely modifying critical
habitat.
Reasonable and prudent alternatives can vary from slight project
modifications to extensive redesign or relocation of the project. Costs
associated with implementing a reasonable and prudent alternative are
similarly variable.
Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 set forth requirements for Federal
agencies to reinitiate formal consultation on previously reviewed
actions. These requirements apply when the Federal agency has retained
discretionary involvement or control over the action (or the agency's
discretionary involvement or control is authorized by law) and,
subsequent to the previous consultation, we have listed a new species
or designated critical habitat that may be affected by the Federal
action, or the action has been modified in a manner that affects the
species or critical habitat in a way not considered in the previous
consultation. In such situations, Federal agencies sometimes may need
to request reinitiation of consultation with us, but the regulations
also specify some exceptions to the requirement to reinitiate
consultation on specific land management plans after subsequently
listing a new species or designating new critical habitat. See the
regulations for a description of those exceptions.
Application of the ``Destruction or Adverse Modification'' Standard
The key factor related to the destruction or adverse modification
determination is whether implementation of the proposed Federal action
directly or indirectly alters the designated critical habitat in a way
that appreciably diminishes the value of the critical habitat as a
whole for the conservation of the listed species. As discussed above,
the role of critical habitat is to support physical or biological
features essential to the conservation of a listed species and provide
for the conservation of the species.
[[Page 58844]]
Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us to briefly evaluate and
describe, in any proposed or final regulation that designates critical
habitat, activities involving a Federal action that may violate section
7(a)(2) of the Act by destroying or adversely modifying such habitat,
or that may be affected by such designation.
The scale and context of activities are particularly important in
evaluating the potential effects on coastal marten habitat. The degree
to which management activities are likely to affect the capability of
critical habitat to support coastal martens will vary depending on
factors such as the scope and location of the action, and the quantity
of critical habitat affected. Activities that the Service may, during a
consultation under section 7(a)(2) of the Act, be considered likely to
destroy or adversely modify critical habitat include, but are not
limited to:
(1) Actions that would remove, manipulate, degrade, or destroy
coastal marten habitat at such a magnitude that the entirety of the
designated critical habitat would no longer serve its intended value of
providing for conservation of the species. Activities that could result
in such an impact could include very large-scale mechanical (including
controlled fire), chemical, or biological (biocontrol agents) actions
that may cause significant reductions in the amount, extent, or quality
of habitat available to coastal martens for resting, denning, feeding,
breeding, sheltering, and dispersing. While we are currently unaware of
any planned activities involving Federal actions that could reach this
magnitude of impact to the essential physical or biological features,
known activities that have the potential to impact components of these
features include timber sales, vegetation management, hazard tree
removal, salvage of large areas of trees killed by fire or other
mortality source, noxious weed treatments, forest pest and disease
management, fire management including fire suppression and fuel
reduction treatments, forest and aquatic restoration projects,
activities conducted under mining permits, activities conducted under
travel management plans (e.g., road maintenance, construction, and
decommissioning), cleaning up and restoring unauthorized cannabis
cultivation sites, recreation and visitor services projects and site
development, communication projects and other infrastructure projects.
Federal agencies likely to engage with the Service on these activities
include the USFS, BLM, National Park Service, and Bureau of Indian
Affairs.
(2) Actions in relation to the Federal highway system, as regulated
by the U.S. Department of Transportation, that would remove, fragment,
manipulate, degrade, or destroy coastal marten habitat at such a
magnitude that the entirety of the designated critical habitat would no
longer serve its intended value of providing for conservation of the
species. While we are currently unaware of any planned activities
involving the Federal highway system that could reach this magnitude of
impact to the essential physical or biological features, known
activities that have the potential to impact components of these
features include very large-scale road and bridge construction and
right-of-way designation, maintenance or improvements of existing
highways, and other infrastructure projects. These activities could
remove, fragment, or reduce the amount, extent, or quality of habitat
needed by coastal martens for resting, denning, feeding, breeding,
sheltering, and dispersing.
(3) Actions regulated by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission,
which are energy development projects that would remove, manipulate,
degrade, or destroy coastal marten habitat at such a magnitude that the
entirety of the designated critical habitat would no longer serve its
intended value of providing for conservation of the species. While we
are currently unaware of any planned activities involving Federal
actions that could reach this magnitude of impact to the essential
physical or biological features, known energy development projects that
have the potential to impact components of these features could
include, but are not limited to, very large-scale powerlines, liquefied
natural gas pipelines and terminals, and solar and wind farms. These
activities could remove or reduce the amount, extent, or quality of
habitat needed by coastal martens for resting, denning, feeding,
breeding, sheltering, and dispersing.
Exemptions
Application of Section 4(a)(3) of the Act
Section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)(B)(i))
provides that: ``The Secretary shall not designate as critical habitat
any lands or other geographical areas owned or controlled by the
Department of Defense, or designated for its use, that are subject to
an integrated natural resources management plan (INRMP) prepared under
section 101 of the Sikes Act (16 U.S.C. 670a), if the Secretary
determines in writing that such plan provides a benefit to the species
for which critical habitat is proposed for designation.'' There are no
Department of Defense (DoD) lands with a completed INRMP within the
proposed critical habitat designation.
Consideration of Exclusions Under Section 4(b)(2) of the Act
Section 4(b)(2) of the Act states that the Secretary shall
designate and make revisions to critical habitat on the basis of the
best available scientific data after taking into consideration the
economic impact, national security impact, and any other relevant
impact of specifying any particular area as critical habitat. The
Secretary may exclude an area from critical habitat if she determines
that the benefits of such exclusion outweigh the benefits of specifying
such area as part of the critical habitat, unless she determines, based
on the best scientific data available, that the failure to designate
such area as critical habitat will result in the extinction of the
species. In making the determination to exclude a particular area, the
statute on its face, as well as the legislative history, are clear that
the Secretary has broad discretion regarding which factor(s) to use and
how much weight to give to any factor.
We describe below the process that we undertook for taking into
consideration each category of impacts and our analyses of the relevant
impacts.
Consideration of Economic Impacts
Section 4(b)(2) of the Act and its implementing regulations require
that we consider the economic impact that may result from a designation
of critical habitat. To assess the probable economic impacts of a
designation, we must first evaluate specific land uses or activities
and projects that may occur in the area of the critical habitat. We
then must evaluate the impacts that a specific critical habitat
designation may have on restricting or modifying specific land uses or
activities for the benefit of the species and its habitat within the
areas proposed. We then identify which conservation efforts may be the
result of the species being listed under the Act versus those
attributed solely to the designation of critical habitat for this
particular species. The probable economic impact of a proposed critical
habitat designation is analyzed by comparing scenarios both ``with
critical habitat'' and ``without critical habitat.''
The ``without critical habitat'' scenario represents the baseline
for the analysis, which includes the existing regulatory and socio-
economic burden imposed on landowners, managers, or other resource
users potentially affected
[[Page 58845]]
by the designation of critical habitat (e.g., under the Federal listing
as well as other Federal, State, and local regulations). The baseline,
therefore, represents the costs of all efforts attributable to the
listing of the species under the Act (i.e., conservation of the species
and its habitat incurred regardless of whether critical habitat is
designated). The ``with critical habitat'' scenario describes the
incremental impacts associated specifically with the designation of
critical habitat for the species. The incremental conservation efforts
and associated impacts would not be expected without the designation of
critical habitat for the species. In other words, the incremental costs
are those attributable solely to the designation of critical habitat,
above and beyond the baseline costs. These are the costs we use when
evaluating the benefits of inclusion and exclusion of particular areas
from the final designation of critical habitat should we choose to
conduct a discretionary section 4(b)(2) exclusion analysis.
For this particular designation, we developed an incremental
effects memorandum (IEM) (Service 2019b, entire) considering the
probable incremental economic impacts that may result from this
proposed designation of critical habitat. The information contained in
our IEM was then used to develop a screening analysis of the probable
effects of the designation of critical habitat for the coastal marten
(Industrial Economics (IEc) 2020, entire). We began by conducting a
screening analysis of the proposed designation of critical habitat in
order to focus our analysis on the key factors that are likely to
result in incremental economic impacts. The purpose of the screening
analysis is to filter out particular geographic areas of critical
habitat that are already subject to such protections and are,
therefore, unlikely to incur incremental economic impacts. In
particular, the screening analysis considers baseline costs (i.e.,
absent critical habitat designation) and includes probable economic
impacts where land and water use may be subject to conservation plans,
land management plans, best management practices, or regulations that
protect the habitat area as a result of the Federal listing status of
the species. Ultimately, the screening analysis allows us to focus our
analysis on evaluating the specific areas or sectors that may incur
probable incremental economic impacts as a result of the designation.
If there are any unoccupied units in the proposed critical habitat
designation, the screening analysis assesses whether any additional
management or conservation efforts may incur incremental economic
impacts. This screening analysis combined with the information
contained in our IEM are what we consider our draft economic analysis
(DEA) of the proposed critical habitat designation for the coastal
marten; our DEA is summarized in the narrative below.
Executive Orders (E.O.s) 12866 and 13563 direct Federal agencies to
assess the costs and benefits of available regulatory alternatives in
quantitative (to the extent feasible) and qualitative terms. Consistent
with the E.O. regulatory analysis requirements, our effects analysis
under the Act may take into consideration impacts to both directly and
indirectly affected entities, where practicable and reasonable. If
sufficient data are available, we assess to the extent practicable the
probable impacts to both directly and indirectly affected entities. As
part of our screening analysis, we considered the types of economic
activities that are likely to occur within the areas likely affected by
the critical habitat designation. In our evaluation of the probable
incremental economic impacts that may result from the proposed
designation of critical habitat for the coastal marten, first we
identified, in the IEM dated October 22, 2019, probable incremental
economic impacts associated with the following categories of
activities: (1) Timber harvest activities; (2) wildfire or wildfire
suppression activities; (3) road construction activities; (4)
remediation of unauthorized cannabis cultivation sites; and (5) habitat
restoration activities. We considered each industry or category
individually. Additionally, we considered whether their activities have
any Federal involvement. Critical habitat designation generally will
not affect activities that do not have any Federal involvement; under
the Act, designation of critical habitat only affects activities
conducted, funded, permitted, or authorized by Federal agencies. In
areas where the coastal marten is present, Federal agencies already are
required to consult with the Service under section 7 of the Act on
activities they fund, permit, or implement that may affect the species.
If we finalize this proposed critical habitat designation,
consultations to avoid the destruction or adverse modification of
critical habitat would be incorporated into the existing consultation
process.
In our IEM, we attempted to clarify the distinction between the
effects that would result from the species being listed and those
attributable to the critical habitat designation (i.e., difference
between the jeopardy and adverse modification standards) for the
coastal marten's critical habitat. Because the designation of critical
habitat for coastal marten is being proposed nearly concurrently with
the listing, it has been our experience that it is more difficult to
discern which conservation efforts are attributable to the species
being listed and those which will result solely from the designation of
critical habitat. However, the following specific circumstances in this
case help to inform our evaluation: (1) The essential physical or
biological features identified for critical habitat are the same
features essential for the life requisites of the species, and (2) any
actions that would result in sufficient harm or harassment to
constitute jeopardy to the coastal marten may also be likely to
adversely affect the essential physical or biological features of
critical habitat. The IEM outlines our rationale concerning this
limited distinction between baseline conservation efforts and
incremental impacts of the designation of critical habitat for this
species. This evaluation of the incremental effects has been used as
the basis to evaluate the probable incremental economic impacts of this
proposed designation of critical habitat.
The proposed critical habitat designation for the coastal marten is
made up of five units, four within Oregon and one along the Oregon
border extending south into California. All of the units are occupied
by the coastal marten. The amount of area being proposed within each
unit along with ownership information is summarized in Table 3 (see
Proposed Critical Habitat Designation). Federal land makes up 90
percent of the total proposed designation (Table 3). As a result, a
large percentage of the designation would be subject to a Federal nexus
and section 7 consultation. Approximately 81 percent of the Federal
lands are specifically managed by the USFS. A number of existing land
use and management plans exist within proposed critical habitat that
may provide benefits to coastal marten critical habitat. In particular,
USFS lands proposed as critical habitat are managed under the Northwest
Forest Plan, which entails a network of late-successional reserve land-
use allocations to be managed for the retention and development of
late-successional forest that may benefit habitat for coastal martens.
In addition, most proposed BLM lands are included in reservation
allocations where programmed timber harvest does not occur.
[[Page 58846]]
Because the proposed units are occupied, any actions that may
affect the species or its habitat would also affect designated critical
habitat, and it is unlikely that any additional conservation efforts
would be recommended to address the adverse modification standard over
and above those recommended as necessary to avoid jeopardizing the
continued existence of the coastal marten. Therefore, only
administrative costs associated with an adverse modification analysis
are expected in approximately 90 percent of the proposed critical
habitat designation. While this additional analysis will require time
and resources by both the Federal action agency and the Service, it is
believed that, in most circumstances, these costs would predominantly
be administrative in nature and would not be significant.
In addition, nearly 48 percent of the proposed designation for
coastal marten overlaps with existing critical habitat for the
endangered marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), threatened
northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina), threatened Oregon
silverspot butterfly (Speyeria zerene hippolyta), and the threatened
Pacific coast population of the western snowy plover (Charadrius
nivosus nivosus) (IEc 2020, Exhibit A-1, p. 18). Although the western
snowy plover's and Oregon silverspot butterfly's habitat needs are
distinctly different than the coastal marten's, the overall habitat
needs of both the marbled murrelet and northern spotted owl would
provide at least some overlap in maintaining appropriate forested
habitat. The overlap between the murrelet and northern spotted owl make
up the majority (42 percent) of critical habitat overlap with the
coastal marten As a result, any consultation requirements for listed
species and resulting costs would be at least partially split between
each overlapped species with not one species being the sole source of
the entire costs.
The entities most likely to incur incremental costs are parties to
section 7 consultations, including Federal action agencies and, in some
cases, third parties, most frequently State agencies or Tribes. Because
the proposed critical habitat designation includes other lands not
owned by Federal, State, or Tribal governments, incremental costs
arising from public perception of the designation have some potential
to arise; however, these non-governmental lands make up only a small
portion (6.3 percent) of the proposed designation. Further, there do
not appear to be significant development pressures in the area. We are
not aware of any Tribal, State, or local government regulations or
requirements that could be triggered by the designation of critical
habitat for the coastal marten and attribute any change in behavior
from private entities to be associated with public perception or
attitudes rather than any specific requirements. Based on coordination
efforts with Tribal partners and State and local agencies, the cost to
private entities within these sectors is expected to be relatively
minor (administrative costs of less than $10,000 per consultation
effort); they, therefore, would not be significant.
Our analysis of economic costs estimates that considering adverse
modification of coastal marten critical habitat during section 7
consultation will result in incremental costs of approximately $280,000
(2018 dollars) per year. The incremental administrative burden
resulting from the designation of critical habitat for the coastal
marten will not reach $100 million in a given year based on the
estimated annual number of consultations and per-unit consultation
costs. The designation is unlikely to trigger additional requirements
under State or local regulations and is not expected to have
perceptional effects to third parties.
We are soliciting data and comments from the public on the DEA
discussed above, as well as all aspects of this proposed rule and our
required determinations. During the development of a final designation,
we will consider the information presented in the DEA and any
additional information on economic impacts received during the public
comment period to determine whether any specific areas should be
excluded from the final critical habitat designation under authority of
section 4(b)(2) and our implementing regulations at 50 CFR 424.19. In
particular, we may exclude an area from critical habitat if we
determine that the benefits of excluding the area outweigh the benefits
of including the area, provided the exclusion will not result in the
extinction of this species.
Consideration of National Security Impacts
In preparing this proposal, we have determined that the lands
within the proposed designation of critical habitat for the coastal
marten are not owned, managed, or used by the Department of Defense or
Department of Homeland Security; therefore, we anticipate no impact on
national security or homeland security as a result of the designation.
However, during the development of a final designation, we will
consider any additional information received through the public comment
period on the impacts of the proposed designation on national security
or homeland security to determine whether any specific areas should be
excluded from the final critical habitat designation under authority of
section 4(b)(2) of the Act and our implementing regulations at 50 CFR
424.19.
Consideration of Other Relevant Impacts
Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we consider any other relevant
impacts, in addition to economic impacts and impacts on national
security discussed above. We consider a number of factors including
whether there are permitted conservation plans covering the species in
the area such as HCPs, safe harbor agreements (SHAs), or candidate
conservation agreements with assurances (CCAAs), or whether there are
non-permitted conservation agreements and partnerships that would be
encouraged by designation of, or exclusion from, critical habitat. In
addition, we look at the existence of Tribal conservation plans and
partnerships and consider the government-to-government relationship of
the United States with Tribal entities. We also consider any social
impacts that might occur because of the designation.
When identifying the benefits of inclusion for an area, we consider
the additional regulatory benefits that area would receive due to the
protection from destruction or adverse modification as a result of
actions with a Federal nexus, the educational benefits of mapping
essential habitat for recovery of the listed species, and any benefits
that may result from a designation due to State or Federal laws that
may apply to critical habitat.
When considering the benefits of exclusion, we consider, among
other things, whether exclusion of a specific area is likely to result
in conservation, or in the continuation, strengthening, or
encouragement of partnerships.
In the case of the coastal marten, the benefits of critical habitat
include public awareness of the presence of the coastal marten and the
importance of habitat protection, and, where a Federal nexus exists,
increased habitat protection for the coastal marten due to protection
from destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat.
Additionally, continued implementation of an ongoing management or
conservation plan that provides equal to or more conservation than a
critical habitat designation would reduce the benefits of including
that
[[Page 58847]]
specific area in the critical habitat designation.
We evaluate the existence of a management or conservation plan when
considering the benefits of inclusion. We consider a variety of
factors, including, but not limited to, whether the plan is finalized;
how it provides for the conservation of the essential physical or
biological features; whether there is a reasonable expectation that the
conservation management strategies and actions contained in a
management plan will be implemented into the future; whether the
conservation strategies in the plan are likely to be effective; and
whether the plan contains a monitoring program or adaptive management
to ensure that the conservation measures are effective and can be
adapted in the future in response to new information or changing
conditions.
After identifying the benefits of inclusion and the benefits of
exclusion, we carefully weigh the two sides to evaluate whether the
benefits of exclusion outweigh those of inclusion. If our analysis
indicates that the benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of
inclusion, we then determine whether exclusion would result in
extinction of the species. If exclusion of an area from critical
habitat will result in extinction, we will not exclude it from the
designation.
Private or Other Non-Federal Conservation Plans or Agreements and
Partnerships, in General
We sometimes exclude specific areas from critical habitat
designations based in part on the existence of private or other non-
Federal conservation plans or agreements and their attendant
partnerships. A conservation plan or agreement describes actions that
are designed to provide for the conservation needs of a species and its
habitat, and may include actions to reduce or mitigate negative effects
on the species caused by activities on or adjacent to the area covered
by the plan. Conservation plans or agreements can be developed by
private entities with no Service involvement, or in partnership with
the Service.
We evaluate a variety of factors to determine how the benefits of
any exclusion and the benefits of inclusion are affected by the
existence of private or other non-Federal conservation plans or
agreements and their attendant partnerships when we undertake a
discretionary section 4(b)(2) exclusion analysis. A non-exhaustive list
of factors that we will consider for non-permitted plans or agreements
is shown below. These factors are not required elements of plans or
agreements, and all items may not apply to every plan or agreement.
(i) The degree to which the plan or agreement provides for the
conservation of the species or the essential physical or biological
features (if present) for the species.
(ii) Whether there is a reasonable expectation that the
conservation management strategies and actions contained in a
management plan or agreement will be implemented.
(iii) The demonstrated implementation and success of the chosen
conservation measures.
(iv) The degree to which the record of the plan supports a
conclusion that a critical habitat designation would impair the
realization of benefits expected from the plan, agreement, or
partnership.
(v) The extent of public participation in the development of the
conservation plan.
(vi) The degree to which there has been agency review and required
determinations (e.g., State regulatory requirements), as necessary and
appropriate.
(vii) Whether National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA; 42 U.S.C.
4321 et seq.) compliance was required.
(viii) Whether the plan or agreement contains a monitoring program
and adaptive management to ensure that the conservation measures are
effective and can be modified in the future in response to new
information.
Green Diamond Resource Company Lands; Unit 5 Klamath Mountains
The Green Diamond Resource Company (GDRC) owns and manages
approximately 76,544 ac (30,976 ha) of lands included in the proposed
designation for the coastal marten in California. Using the criteria
described under Criteria Used To Identify Critical Habitat, we have
determined that these lands are essential to the conservation of the
species.
The GDRC has developed an MOU with the Service (GDRC-Service 2020,
entire) and a State Safe Harbor Agreement (SHA) with the California
Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW 2018, entire) to assist in
conservation of the coastal marten and its habitat. Conservation
measures identified for the coastal marten and its habitat in the MOU
and State SHA include:
<bullet> Engage in survey, monitoring, reporting, and coordination
efforts for coastal marten.
<bullet> Provide funding and technical support for assisted coastal
marten dispersal actions.
<bullet> Develop and implement a coastal marten training program.
<bullet> Establish a 127,217 ac ``Marten Special Management Area''
with a 2,098 ac reserve.
<bullet> Create slash piles to benefit coastal marten and provide
habitat around natal dens.
<bullet> Implement avoidance and minimization measures for GDRC
actions in coastal marten habitat.
<bullet> Discourage and prevent unauthorized cannabis cultivation
and use of pesticides.
<bullet> Implement adaptive management strategies for conservation
of coastal marten and its habitat.
<bullet> Designate an internal compliance team and MOU Coordinator
to oversee coastal marten conservation through the MOU and SHA.
<bullet> Provide access to GDRC lands to State and Service staff to
verify compliance of agreements.
<bullet> Retain live and snag tree habitat components to benefit
coastal marten (Retention Scorecard) and their habitat.
In addition, the GDRC has been and continues to be a member of a
multi-agency management group for conservation of the coastal marten in
California and Oregon. The group has developed a conservation strategy
and management plan for conserving the coastal marten in California
(Slauson et al. 2019a, entire). The conservation strategy was developed
to address coastal marten declines and synthesizes current knowledge on
the species and identifies current threats, management goals, and
outlines numerous conservation actions and information needs. The
implementation of the conservation measures outlined in the strategy
would assist in conserving the species and its habitat.
We have determined that the conservation measures and management
actions identified above being undertaken by GDRC will conserve and
manage coastal marten habitat including the species' PBFs and that
these actions meet our criteria for exclusion under section 4(b)(2) of
the Act. Based on GDRC working with the Service and the CDFW on
development and implementation of the MOU and State SHA that benefit
coastal marten habitat, involvement and development of the conservation
strategy, and its continued partnership with us in coastal marten
conservation, we are considering excluding GDRC lands from the final
designation. We will continue to work with the GDRC throughout the
public comment period and during development of the final designation
of critical habitat for the coastal marten and are seeking comment on
whether
[[Page 58848]]
the existing management and conservation efforts of GDRC meet our
criteria for exclusion from the final designation under section 4(b)(2)
of the Act.
Tribal Lands
Several Executive Orders, Secretarial Orders, and policies concern
working with Tribes. These guidance documents generally confirm our
trust responsibilities to Tribes, recognize that Tribes have sovereign
authority to control Tribal lands, emphasize the importance of
developing partnerships with Tribal governments, and direct the Service
to consult with Tribes on a government-to-government basis.
A joint Secretarial Order that applies to both the Service and the
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Secretarial Order 3206,
American Indian Tribal Rights, Federal-Tribal Trust Responsibilities,
and the Endangered Species Act (June 5, 1997) (S.O. 3206), is the most
comprehensive of the various guidance documents related to our
relationships with Tribes and Act implementation, and it provides the
most detail directly relevant to the designation of critical habitat.
In addition to the general direction discussed above, S.O. 3206
explicitly recognizes the right of Tribes to participate fully in the
listing process, including designation of critical habitat. The Order
also states: ``Critical habitat shall not be designated in such areas
unless it is determined essential to conserve a listed species. In
designating critical habitat, the Services shall evaluate and document
the extent to which the conservation needs of the listed species can be
achieved by limiting the designation to other lands.'' In light of this
instruction, when we undertake a discretionary section 4(b)(2)
exclusion analysis, we will always consider exclusions of Tribal lands
under section 4(b)(2) of the Act prior to finalizing a designation of
critical habitat, and will give great weight to Tribal concerns in
analyzing the benefits of exclusion.
However, S.O. 3206 does not preclude us from designating Tribal
lands or waters as critical habitat, nor does it state that Tribal
lands or waters cannot meet the Act's definition of ``critical
habitat.'' We are directed by the Act to identify areas that meet the
definition of ``critical habitat'' (i.e., areas occupied at the time of
listing that contain the essential physical or biological features that
may require special management or protection and unoccupied areas that
are essential to the conservation of a species), without regard to
landownership. While S.O. 3206 provides important direction, it
expressly states that it does not modify the Secretaries' statutory
authority.
Yurok Tribal Lands; Unit 5 Klamath Mountains
Approximately 26,126 ac (10,573 ha) of Yurok Tribal lands are
included in the proposed designation of critical habitat for the
coastal marten in Unit 5 in California. Using the criteria described
under Criteria Used To Identify Critical Habitat, we have determined
that these Tribal lands are occupied by the coastal marten and contain
the features essential to the conservation of the species.
The Yurok Tribe has a demonstrated track record of maintaining its
lands for natural resources through implementation of their Yurok
Forest Management Plan (FMP) (Yurok 2012, entire) and the Blue Creek
Interim Management Plan (BCIMP) (Yurok Tribe and Western Rivers
Conservancy 2018, entire). The FMP and BCIMP identify management
guidance for specific forest types to enhance and restore healthy,
resilient riparian and old growth forests on Yurok Tribal lands. The
FMP and BCIMP identify actions that contribute to the conservation of
coastal forest habitat important to coastal marten including:
<bullet> Establishment of the Humboldt Marten Special Management
Area (currently 10,906 ac).
<bullet> Surveys for coastal marten in and around project areas.
<bullet> Retention and enhancement of suitable reproductive
habitat.
<bullet> Strategic habitat management to improve connectivity.
<bullet> Population monitoring combined with adaptive management to
evaluate management effectiveness and prevent disease and predation.
<bullet> When appropriate, use of timber harvest, thinning, fuels
reduction, and prescribed fire methods that avoid or minimize
alteration of dense understory shrubs that are beneficial to coastal
marten.
<bullet> Identification of stand management alternative to restore
and enhance shrub cover where it has been lost or reduced.
<bullet> Maintenance of spatial database of coastal marten
distribution.
<bullet> Nonnative and invasive species control and eradication.
<bullet> Fire and fuels management (including variable density
thinning, shaded fuel breaks, cultural burning, and emergency
rehabilitation).
<bullet> Development, testing, and creation of surrogate structures
that meet key life-history needs for resting and denning to increase
habitat suitability in the short term.
Additionally, we have begun coordination with the Yurok Tribe to
assist in identifying additional management actions that may benefit
the coastal marten or its habitat. The intent of the discussions is to
ultimately develop an MOU with the Tribe to further solidify our
partnership with the Tribe in developing and implementing land
management practices beneficial to the Tribe and the coastal marten.
The current draft MOU identifies habitat management practices, habitat
restoration, fuels reduction, and research opportunities that will
benefit the coastal marten. The Yurok Tribe has also been and continues
to be a member of a multi-agency management group for the conservation
of coastal marten in California and Oregon. The group has developed a
conservation strategy and management plan for conserving the coastal
marten in California (Slauson et al. 2019a, entire). We will continue
to work with the Tribe throughout the public comment period and during
development of the final designation of critical habitat for the
coastal marten to further develop and finalize the MOU and build on our
existing partnership in implementing specific conservation measures for
the coastal marten.
Based on existing conservation and management actions for natural
resources by the Yurok Tribe, maintaining and strengthening our working
relationship with the Tribe, and preliminary development of the coastal
marten MOU with the Tribe, we are considering excluding the Yurok
Tribal lands from the final designation. We are seeking comment on
whether the Yurok Tribal lands are appropriate for exclusion from the
final critical habitat designation to the extent consistent with the
requirements of section 4(b)(2) of the Act.
Summary of Exclusions Considered Under 4(b)(2) of the Act
Based on the information provided by entities whose lands we are
considering for exclusion, as well as any additional public comments we
receive, we will evaluate whether certain lands in Unit 5 of the
proposed critical habitat are appropriate for exclusion from the final
designation under section 4(b)(2) of the Act. If the analysis indicates
that the benefits of excluding lands from the final designation
outweigh the benefits of designating those lands as critical habitat,
then the Secretary may exercise her discretion to exclude the lands
from the final designation. We may also consider areas not identified
above for exclusion from the final critical habitat designation based
on information we
[[Page 58849]]
may receive during the public comment period.
We are considering whether to exclude the following areas under
section 4(b)(2) of the Act from the final critical habitat designation
for the coastal marten. Table 4 below provides approximate areas (ac,
ha) of lands that meet the definition of critical habitat but for which
we are considering possible exclusion under section 4(b)(2) of the Act
from the final critical habitat rule. These areas include lands owned
and managed by the Green Diamond Resource Company and the Yurok Tribe
in California in Unit 5.
Table 4--Areas Considered for Exclusion by Critical Habitat Unit
[Ac (ha)]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Areas meeting the
definition of Areas considered for Rationale for
Unit Name critical habitat in possible exclusion proposed
ac (Ha) in ac (Ha) exclusion
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.................. Klamath Mountains............ 1,290,604 (573,058) 76,544 (30,975) Existing Land
Management,
State Safe
Harbor, MOU,
Maintaining
Partnership.
26,126 (10,573) Existing Land
Management,
Draft MOU,
Maintaining
Partnership.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Required Determinations
Clarity of the Rule
We are required by Executive Orders 12866 and 12988 and by the
Presidential Memorandum of June 1, 1998, to write all rules in plain
language. This means that each rule we publish must:
(1) Be logically organized;
(2) Use the active voice to address readers directly;
(3) Use clear language rather than jargon;
(4) Be divided into short sections and sentences; and
(5) Use lists and tables wherever possible.
If you feel that we have not met these requirements, send us
comments by one of the methods listed in ADDRESSES. To better help us
revise the rule, your comments should be as specific as possible. For
example, you should tell us the numbers of the sections or paragraphs
that are unclearly written, which sections or sentences are too long,
the sections where you feel lists or tables would be useful, etc.
Regulatory Planning and Review (Executive Orders 12866 and 13563)
Executive Order 12866 provides that the Office of Information and
Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) in the Office of Management and Budget will
review all significant rules. OIRA has determined that this rule is not
significant.
Executive Order 13563 reaffirms the principles of E.O. 12866 while
calling for improvements in the nation's regulatory system to promote
predictability, to reduce uncertainty, and to use the best, most
innovative, and least burdensome tools for achieving regulatory ends.
The executive order directs agencies to consider regulatory approaches
that reduce burdens and maintain flexibility and freedom of choice for
the public where these approaches are relevant, feasible, and
consistent with regulatory objectives. E.O. 13563 emphasizes further
that regulations must be based on the best available science and that
the rulemaking process must allow for public participation and an open
exchange of ideas. We have developed this proposed rule in a manner
consistent with these requirements.
Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)
Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA; 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) as
amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act
(SBREFA) of 1996 (5 U.S.C 801 et seq.), whenever an agency is required
to publish a notice of rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it
must prepare and make available for public comment a regulatory
flexibility analysis that describes the effects of the rule on small
entities (i.e., small businesses, small organizations, and small
government jurisdictions). However, no regulatory flexibility analysis
is required if the head of the agency certifies the rule will not have
a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small
entities. The SBREFA amended the RFA to require Federal agencies to
provide a certification statement of the factual basis for certifying
that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities.
According to the Small Business Administration, small entities
include small organizations such as independent nonprofit
organizations; small governmental jurisdictions, including school
boards and city and town governments that serve fewer than 50,000
residents; and small businesses (13 CFR 121.201). Small businesses
include manufacturing and mining concerns with fewer than 500
employees, wholesale trade entities with fewer than 100 employees,
retail and service businesses with less than $5 million in annual
sales, general and heavy construction businesses with less than $27.5
million in annual business, special trade contractors doing less than
$11.5 million in annual business, and agricultural businesses with
annual sales less than $750,000. To determine whether potential
economic impacts to these small entities are significant, we considered
the types of activities that might trigger regulatory impacts under
this designation as well as types of project modifications that may
result. In general, the term ``significant economic impact'' is meant
to apply to a typical small business firm's business operations.
Under the RFA, as amended, and as understood in light of recent
court decisions, Federal agencies are required to evaluate the
potential incremental impacts of rulemaking on those entities directly
regulated by the rulemaking itself; in other words, the RFA does not
require agencies to evaluate the potential impacts to indirectly
regulated entities. The regulatory mechanism through which critical
habitat protections are realized is section 7 of the Act, which
requires Federal agencies, in consultation with the Service, to ensure
that any action authorized, funded, or carried out by the agency is not
likely to destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. Therefore,
under section 7, only Federal action agencies are directly subject to
the specific regulatory requirement (avoiding destruction and adverse
modification) imposed by critical habitat designation. Consequently, it
is our position that only Federal action agencies would be directly
regulated if we adopt the proposed critical habitat designation. There
is no requirement under the RFA to evaluate the potential impacts to
entities not directly
[[Page 58850]]
regulated. Moreover, Federal agencies are not small entities.
Therefore, because no small entities would be directly regulated by
this rulemaking, the Service certifies that, if made final as proposed,
the proposed critical habitat designation will not have a significant
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
In summary, we have considered whether the proposed designation
would result in a significant economic impact on a substantial number
of small entities. For the above reasons and based on currently
available information, we certify that, if made final, the proposed
critical habitat designation will not have a significant economic
impact on a substantial number of small business entities. Therefore,
an initial regulatory flexibility analysis is not required.
Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use--Executive Order 13211
Executive Order 13211 (Actions Concerning Regulations That
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use) requires
agencies to prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking
certain actions. In our economic analysis, we did not find that this
proposed critical habitat designation would significantly affect energy
supplies, distribution, or use, because these types of activities are
not occurring and not expected to occur in areas being proposed as
critical habitat. Therefore, this action is not a significant energy
action, and no Statement of Energy Effects is required.
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.)
In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501
et seq.), we make the following finding:
(1) This proposed rule would not produce a Federal mandate. In
general, a Federal mandate is a provision in legislation, statute, or
regulation that would impose an enforceable duty upon State, local, or
tribal governments, or the private sector, and includes both ``Federal
intergovernmental mandates'' and ``Federal private sector mandates.''
These terms are defined in 2 U.S.C. 658(5)-(7). ``Federal
intergovernmental mandate'' includes a regulation that would impose an
enforceable duty upon State, local, or Tribal governments with two
exceptions. It excludes ``a condition of Federal assistance.'' It also
excludes ``a duty arising from participation in a voluntary Federal
program,'' unless the regulation ``relates to a then-existing Federal
program under which $500,000,000 or more is provided annually to State,
local, and Tribal governments under entitlement authority,'' if the
provision would ``increase the stringency of conditions of assistance''
or ``place caps upon, or otherwise decrease, the Federal Government's
responsibility to provide funding,'' and the State, local, or Tribal
governments ``lack authority'' to adjust accordingly. At the time of
enactment, these entitlement programs were: Medicaid; Aid to Families
with Dependent Children work programs; Child Nutrition; Food Stamps;
Social Services Block Grants; Vocational Rehabilitation State Grants;
Foster Care, Adoption Assistance, and Independent Living; Family
Support Welfare Services; and Child Support Enforcement. ``Federal
private sector mandate'' includes a regulation that ``would impose an
enforceable duty upon the private sector, except (i) a condition of
Federal assistance or (ii) a duty arising from participation in a
voluntary Federal program.''
The designation of critical habitat does not impose a legally
binding duty on non-Federal Government entities or private parties.
Under the Act, the only regulatory effect is that Federal agencies must
ensure that their actions do not destroy or adversely modify critical
habitat under section 7. While non-Federal entities that receive
Federal funding, assistance, or permits, or that otherwise require
approval or authorization from a Federal agency for an action, may be
indirectly impacted by the designation of critical habitat, the legally
binding duty to avoid destruction or adverse modification of critical
habitat rests squarely on the Federal agency. Furthermore, to the
extent that non-Federal entities are indirectly impacted because they
receive Federal assistance or participate in a voluntary Federal aid
program, the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act would not apply, nor would
critical habitat shift the costs of the large entitlement programs
listed above onto State governments.
(2) We do not believe that this rule would significantly or
uniquely affect small governments. The lands being proposed for
critical habitat designation are owned by cities, Tribes, the State of
California or Oregon, and the National Park Service, Bureau of Land
Management, or the U.S. Forest Service. None of these government
entities fits the definition of a ``small governmental jurisdiction.''
Therefore, a Small Government Agency Plan is not required.
Takings--Executive Order 12630
In accordance with E.O. 12630 (Government Actions and Interference
with Constitutionally Protected Private Property Rights), we have
analyzed the potential takings implications of designating critical
habitat for the coastal marten in a takings implications assessment.
The Act does not authorize the Service to regulate private actions on
private lands or confiscate private property as a result of critical
habitat designation. Designation of critical habitat does not affect
land ownership, or establish any closures, or restrictions on use of or
access to the designated areas. Furthermore, the designation of
critical habitat does not affect landowner actions that do not require
Federal funding or permits, nor does it preclude development of habitat
conservation programs or issuance of incidental take permits to permit
actions that do require Federal funding or permits to go forward.
However, Federal agencies are prohibited from carrying out, funding, or
authorizing actions that would destroy or adversely modify critical
habitat. A takings implications assessment has been completed for the
proposed designation of critical habitat for coastal marten, and it
concludes that, if adopted, this designation of critical habitat does
not pose significant takings implications for lands within or affected
by the designation.
Federalism--Executive Order 13132
In accordance with E.O. 13132 (Federalism), this proposed rule does
not have significant Federalism effects. A federalism summary impact
statement is not required. In keeping with Department of the Interior
and Department of Commerce policy, we requested information from, and
coordinated development of this proposed critical habitat designation
with, appropriate State resource agencies. From a federalism
perspective, the designation of critical habitat directly affects only
the responsibilities of Federal agencies. The Act imposes no other
duties with respect to critical habitat, either for State and local
governments, or for anyone else. As a result, the proposed rule does
not have substantial direct effects either on the States, or on the
relationship between the national government and the States, or on the
distribution of powers and responsibilities among the various levels of
government. The proposed designation may have some benefit to these
governments because the areas that contain the features essential to
the conservation of the species are more clearly defined, and the
physical or biological features of the habitat necessary for the
conservation of the species are specifically identified. This
information does not alter where and
[[Page 58851]]
what federally sponsored activities may occur. However, it may assist
State and local governments in long-range planning because they no
longer have to wait for case-by-case section 7 consultations to occur.
Where State and local governments require approval or authorization
from a Federal agency for actions that may affect critical habitat,
consultation under section 7(a)(2) of the Act would be required. While
non-Federal entities that receive Federal funding, assistance, or
permits, or that otherwise require approval or authorization from a
Federal agency for an action, may be indirectly impacted by the
designation of critical habitat, the legally binding duty to avoid
destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat rests squarely
on the Federal agency.
Civil Justice Reform--Executive Order 12988
In accordance with Executive Order 12988 (Civil Justice Reform),
the Office of the Solicitor has determined that the rule would not
unduly burden the judicial system and that it meets the requirements of
sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order. We have proposed designating
critical habitat in accordance with the provisions of the Act. To
assist the public in understanding the habitat needs of the species,
this proposed rule identifies the elements of physical or biological
features essential to the conservation of the species. The proposed
areas of designated critical habitat are presented on maps, and the
proposed rule provides several options for the interested public to
obtain more detailed location information, if desired.
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.)
This rule does not contain information collection requirements, and
a submission to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under the
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.) is not
required. We may not conduct or sponsor and you are not required to
respond to a collection of information unless it displays a currently
valid OMB control number.
National Environmental Policy Act (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.)
It is our position that, outside the jurisdiction of the U.S. Court
of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, we do not need to prepare
environmental analyses pursuant to the National Environmental Policy
Act (NEPA; 42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) in connection with designating
critical habitat under the Act. We published a notice outlining our
reasons for this determination in the Federal Register on October 25,
1983 (48 FR 49244). This position was upheld by the U.S. Court of
Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (Douglas County v. Babbitt, 48 F.3d 1495
(9th Cir. 1995), cert. denied 516 U.S. 1042 (1996)).
Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes
In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994
(Government-to-Government Relations with Native American Tribal
Governments; 59 FR 22951), Executive Order 13175 (Consultation and
Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments), and the Department of the
Interior's manual at 512 DM 2, we readily acknowledge our
responsibility to communicate meaningfully with recognized Federal
Tribes on a government-to-government basis. In accordance with
Secretarial Order 3206 of June 5, 1997 (American Indian Tribal Rights,
Federal-Tribal Trust Responsibilities, and the Endangered Species Act),
we readily acknowledge our responsibilities to work directly with
Tribes in developing programs for healthy ecosystems, to acknowledge
that Tribal lands are not subject to the same controls as Federal
public lands, to remain sensitive to Indian culture, and to make
information available to Tribes. The Yurok Tribe has lands identified
in the proposed designation. We have coordinated with the Tribe in
development of the SSA and will continue to work with the Yurok Tribe
throughout the process of designating critical habitat for the coastal
marten.
References Cited
A complete list of references cited in this rulemaking is available
on the internet at <a href="http://www.regulations.gov">http://www.regulations.gov</a> and upon request from the
Arcata Fish and Wildlife Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
Authors
The primary authors of this proposed rule are the staff members of
the Fish and Wildlife Service's Species Assessment Team and the Arcata
Fish and Wildlife Field Office and Oregon State Fish and Wildlife
Service Office.
List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements, Transportation.
Proposed Regulation Promulgation
Accordingly, we propose to amend part 17, subchapter B of chapter
I, title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as set forth below:
PART 17--ENDANGERED AND THREATENED WILDLIFE AND PLANTS
0
1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 1531-1544; 4201-4245, unless
otherwise noted.
0
2. Amend Sec. 17.11(h) by revising the entry for ``Marten, Pacific
[Coastal DPS]'' under MAMMALS in the List of Endangered and Threatened
Wildlife to read as follows:
Sec. 17.11 Endangered and threatened wildlife.
* * * * *
(h) * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Listing citations
Common name Scientific name Where listed Status and applicable
rules
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mammals
* * * * * * *
Marten, Pacific [coastal DPS].... Martes caurina..... U.S.A. (CA (north- T 85 FR 63806, 10/8/
western), OR 2020; 50 CFR
(western)). 17.40(s).\4d\ 50
CFR 17.95(a).\CH\
* * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0
3. In Sec. 17.95, amend paragraph (a) by adding an entry for ``Pacific
Marten (Martes caurina), Coastal DPS'' after the entry for ``Florida
Manatee (Trichechus manatus)'' to read as follows:
Sec. 17.95 Critical habitat--fish and wildlife.
(a) Mammals.
* * * * *
[[Page 58852]]
Pacific Marten (Martes caurina), Coastal DPS
(1) Critical habitat units are depicted for California and Oregon,
on the maps below in this entry.
(2) Within these areas, the physical or biological features (PBFs)
essential to the conservation of the Pacific marten (Coastal DPS)
consist of the following components:
(i) Habitat that supports a coastal marten home range by providing
for breeding, denning, resting, or foraging. This habitat provides
cover and shelter to facilitate thermoregulation and reduce predation
risk, foraging sources for marten prey, and structures that provide
resting and denning sites. To provide cover and support denning,
resting, and foraging, coastal martens require a mature forest
overstory, dense understory development, and biologically complex
structure that contains snags, logs, other decay elements, or other
structures that support denning, resting, or marten prey. Stands
meeting the conditions for PBF 1 would also function as meeting PBF 2
(facilitating movement within and between coastal marten home ranges).
Stands meeting the condition for PBF 1 contain each of the following
three components:
(A) Mature, conifer-dominated forest overstory. Overstory canopy
cover provides protection to coastal martens from aerial and
terrestrial predators, as well as shelter from physical elements such
as sun or storms. It also is the source of structural features that
coastal martens use for denning and resting, and provides suitable
marten prey. Suitable overstory conditions vary depending on the
productivity of the site as follows:
(1) For areas with relatively low productivity (e.g., areas where
growing conditions are harsher, such as serpentine sites or coastal
shore pine forests, compared to other areas), suitable forest overstory
conditions are highly variable. They may contain a sparse conifer
overstory, such as in some serpentine areas, or a dense conifer
overstory composed mainly of trees smaller than the typical older
forest conditions described below in paragraph (2)(i)(B)(2) of this
entry (e.g., the dense shore pine overstory found in areas occupied by
marten along the Oregon coast).
(2) For other areas with higher productivity, martens tend to favor
forest stands in the old-growth or late-mature seral stages. The
specific forest composition and structure conditions found in higher
productivity areas will vary by plant series and site class. Structural
and composition descriptions of old-growth or late-mature seral stages
for local plant community series should be used where available. In
general these stands exhibit high levels of canopy cover and structural
diversity in the form of:
(i) A wide range of tree sizes, including trees with large diameter
and height;
(ii) Deep, dense tree canopies with multiple canopy layers and
irregular tree crowns;
(iii) High numbers of snags, including large-diameter snags; and
(iv) Abundant down wood, including large logs, ideally in a variety
of decay stages.
(B) Dense, spatially extensive shrub layer. The shrub layer should
be greater than 70 percent of the area, comprising mainly shade-
tolerant, long-lived, mast-producing species (primarily ericaceous
species such as salal, huckleberry, or rhododendron, as well as shrub
oaks). An extensive layer of dense shrubs provides protection and cover
from coastal marten predators. In addition, ericaceous and mast-
producing shrubs provide forage for marten prey.
(C) Stands with structural features. Structural features that
support denning or resting, such as large down logs, rock piles with
interstitial spaces, and large snags or live trees with decay elements
or suitable resting structures (e.g., hollows and cavities, forked or
broken tops, dead tops, brooms from mistletoe or other tree pathogens,
or large platforms including abandoned nests). These features provide
cover and thermal protection for kits and denning females, and for all
animals when they are resting between foraging bouts. Hence, these
features need to be distributed throughout a coastal marten home range.
They also tend to be among the largest structures in the stand. Many of
these features, such as down logs and snags or live trees with decayed
elements, also support coastal marten prey.
(ii) Habitat that allows for movement within home ranges among
stands that meet PBF 1 or that supports individuals dispersing between
home ranges. Habitat within PBF 2 includes:
(A) Stands that meet all three conditions of PBF1;
(B) Forest stands that meet only the first two components of PBF 1
(mature, conifer-dominated forest overstory and a dense, spatially
extensive shrub layer); or
(C) Habitats with lesser amounts of shrub, canopy, or forest cover,
or lesser amounts of smaller structural features as described in PBF 1,
and while not meeting the definition of PBF 1, would still provide
forage and cover from predators that would allow a coastal marten to
traverse the landscape to areas of higher quality habitat.
(3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as
buildings, aqueducts, runways, roads, and other paved or hardened areas
as a result of development) and the land on which they are located
existing within the legal boundaries of the critical habitat units for
the species on [EFFECTIVE DATE OF THE FINAL RULE]. Due to the scale on
which the critical habitat boundaries are developed, some areas within
these legal boundaries may not contain the physical or biological
features and therefore are not considered critical habitat.
(4) Critical habitat map units. In the critical habitat map units,
data layers defining map units were created using ArcGIS Pro 2.5.2
(Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI)), a Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) program. ESRI base maps of world topographic,
world imagery, and the program's world imagery USGS Imagery were used.
Base map service was last refreshed April 2020. Critical habitat units
were then mapped using North American Datum (NAD) 1983, Albers. The
maps in this entry, as modified by any accompanying regulatory text,
establish the boundaries of the critical habitat designation. The
coordinates or plot points or both on which each map is based are
available to the public at the Service's Arcata Fish and Wildlife
Office's internet site at <a href="http://www.fws.gov/arcata">http://www.fws.gov/arcata</a>, or on <a href="http://www.regulations.gov">http://www.regulations.gov</a> at Docket No. FWS-R8-ES-2020-0151, and at the field
office responsible for this designation. You may obtain field office
location information by contacting one of the Service regional offices,
the addresses of which are listed at 50 CFR 2.2.
[[Page 58853]]
(5) Note: Index map for California and Oregon follows:
BILLING CODE 4333-15-P
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP25OC21.000
[[Page 58854]]
(6) Unit 1: Siuslaw Unit, Lincoln and Lane Counties, Oregon.
(i) General description: Unit 1 consists of 95,218 ac (38,543 ha)
and comprises Federal (94,094 ac (37,673 ha)), State (2,124 ac (859
ha)), and less than 1 ac (1 ha) other lands.
(ii) Map of Unit 1 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP25OC21.001
[[Page 58855]]
(7) Unit 2: Siltcoos Unit. Lane and Douglas Counties, Oregon.
(i) General description: Unit 2 consists of 8,830 ac (3,574 ha) and
comprises Federal (8,582 ac (3,472 ha)) and State (249 ac (101 ha))
lands.
(ii) Map of Unit 2 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP25OC21.002
[[Page 58856]]
(8) Unit 3: Coos Bay Unit. Douglas and Coos Counties, Oregon.
(i) General description: Unit 3 consists of 15,582 ac (6,306 ha)
and comprises Federal (14,934 ac (6,044 ha)) and State (648 ac (262
ha)) lands.
(ii) Map of Unit 3 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP25OC21.003
[[Page 58857]]
(9) Unit 4: Cape Blanco Unit. Coos and Curry Counties, Oregon.
(i) General description: Unit 4 consists of 4,046 ac (1,637 ha) and
comprises Federal (1,021 ac (413 ha)) and State (3,025 ac (1,224 ha))
lands.
(ii) Map of Unit 4 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP25OC21.004
[[Page 58858]]
(10) Unit 5: Klamath Mountains Unit. Coos, Curry, Douglas, and
Josephine Counties, Oregon. Del Norte, Humboldt, and Siskiyou Counties,
California.
(i) General description: Unit 5 consists of 1,289,627 ac (521,913
ha) and comprises Federal (1,154,197 ac (467,103 ha)), State (19,829 ac
(8,024 ha)), Tribal (26,126 ac (10,573 ha)), and private or undefined
(89,475 ac (36,210 ha)) lands.
(ii) Map of Unit 5 follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP25OC21.005
* * * * *
Martha Williams,
Principal Deputy Director, Exercising the Delegated Authority of the
Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
[FR Doc. 2021-22994 Filed 10-22-21; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4333-15-C
</pre></body>
</html>Indexed from Federal Register on October 25, 2021.
This is legal information, not legal advice. Laws vary by jurisdiction and change frequently. Always verify current law with official sources and consult a licensed attorney in your jurisdiction for advice on your specific situation.